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县域尺度土壤有机碳储量估算的样点密度优化 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
县域是我国国家尺度土壤碳库估算的基本地域单元,合理的土壤样品采集密度是保证估算精度要求的基础。以桃源县为例,设置4.70、0.90、0.60、0.40、0.25、0.15、0.10和0.05个km-2共8个样点密度梯度,利用经典统计学和地统计学方法,研究样点密度对县域尺度土壤有机碳库估算精度的影响。经典统计表明,随着样点密度的降低,重复抽样下土壤有机碳均值及其变异系数的波动逐渐增大,标准误差呈幂函数增加(Y=0.025X-0.47,R2=0.97,p0.01)。地统计学分析表明,随着样点密度的降低,块金值和基底效应逐渐增加,偏基台、变程和决定系数的波动幅度逐渐增大,拟合残差呈幂函数增加(Y=0.001 4X-1.66,R2=0.56,p0.05);土壤有机碳空间分布的局部差异逐渐被弱化,重复抽样下县域土壤有机碳库储量及其平均误差的波动逐渐增强,均方根误差呈幂函数增加(Y=0.77X-0.05,R2=0.59,p0.05)。从整体上看,样点密度小于0.15个km-2时,以上变化均急剧增强,土壤碳储量估算的精度快速降低。因此,综合科学、高效和经济方面的考虑,估算县域农田表层土壤有机碳储量的最佳样点密度为0.15个km-2。本研究结果可为开展区域尺度土壤有机碳野外调查提供辅助支持。 相似文献
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Impact of soil properties on weed distribution within agricultural fields Occurrence and distribution of weeds on agricultural fields are often heterogenous. The influence of various soil properties on the spatial structure and density of weed populations was investigated on two agricultural fields with special regard to three weed species (Polygonum amphibium, Cirsium arvense, Veronica hederifolia). Based on field specific sampling grids, weed counting and soil sampling were done. For all grid points, soil analysis was carried out (texture, organic C, total N, pH, soil nutrients P, K, Mg). Soil texture, soil organic C, and soil nutrients are the factors with the highest influence on the occurrence of the species studied. 相似文献
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Weixia Sun Yongcun Zhao Biao Huang Xuezheng Shi Jeremy Landon Darilek Jinsong Yang Zhigang Wang Beier Zhang 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2012,175(5):671-680
An extensive knowledge of how sampling density affects soil organic C (SOC) estimation at regional scale is imperative to reduce uncertainty to a meaningful confidence level and aid in the development of sampling schemes that are both rational and economical. Using kriging prediction, this paper examined the effect of sampling density on regional SOC‐concentration estimations in cultivated topsoils at six scales in a 990 km2 area of Yucheng County, a typical region in the N China Plain. Except the original data set (n = 394), five other sampling densities were recalculated using grids of 8 km × 8 km (n = 28), 8 km × 4 km (n = 44), 4 km × 4 km (n = 82), 4 km × 2 km (n = 142), and 2 km × 2 km (n = 257), respectively. Experimental SOC semivariances and kriging interpolations at six sampling density scales were calculated and modeled to estimate regional SOC variability. Accuracy of the effects of the five sampling densities on regional SOC estimations was assessed using the indices of mean error (ME) and root mean square error (RMSE) with 100 independent validation samples. By comparison with the kriged grid map derived from the 394 samples data set, the relative error (RE,%) was spatially calculated to highlight the spatial variability of prediction errors at five sampling‐density scales due to the intrinsic limitations of ME and RMSE in accuracy assessment. The results indicated that sampling density significantly affected the estimation of regional SOC concentration. Particularly when the sampling density was < 4 km × 4 km, the large spatial variation of SOC was concealed. Semivariance analysis indicated that different sampling density had significant effect on reasonable detection of the dominant factors which influenced SOC spatial variation. Greater sampling density could more exactly reveal regional SOC variation caused by human management. The prediction accuracy for regional SOC estimation increased with the increasing of sampling density. The critical areas with larger RE values should be intensified in the future sampling scheme, and the areas of lower RE values should be decreased relatively. A specific sampling scheme should be considered in accordance with the demand to the estimation accuracy of regional SOC stock at a certain confidence level. Our results will facilitate a better understanding of the effect of sampling density on regional SOC estimation for future sampling schemes by providing meaningful confidence levels. 相似文献
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基于吉林省汪清林业局所辖林场10块近天然林样地,采集0—20,20—40和40—60cm土层土壤样品,对土样进行了粒径分析及养分测定。运用侵蚀—土地生产力影响评估模型(EPIC)对研究区土壤可蚀性因子K值进行了估算,分析讨论了K值的影响因素及其与土壤养分之间的相关性。结果表明,研究区内土壤可蚀性K值平均为0.060 7t·hm2·h/(MJ·mm·hm2);0—20cm深度的土壤可蚀性K值较20—60cm土层土壤大,针阔混交林的K值比阔叶混交林的大;当林分密度小于1 200株/hm2,郁闭度小于0.75时,K值随林分密度和郁闭度的增大而减小。K值与土壤养分的相关性由高到低依次为:全氮速效钾有效磷全磷,除全氮外其他土壤养分均与K值呈负相关。最适林分密度为750~1 200株/hm2,在该密度下各土壤养分含量状况较好且土壤抗蚀能力较高。 相似文献
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为阐明银川市黄河滩地土壤性质的空间分布特征,分析不同用地类型(荒地、林地、耕地、退耕地)之间土壤性质的差异,通过均匀取样法实地采集银川市黄河滩地耕层土壤样品92份,采用地统计学和模糊数学法对土壤容重、孔隙度、田间持水量等物理性质和pH、电导率、可溶性盐、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、硝态氮、铵态氮等化学性质的空间分布特征进行了分析和综合评价。结果表明:银川市黄河滩地表层土壤容重在1.07～1.52 g/cm3,田间持水量为18.18%～31.16%,总孔隙度介于33.60%～49.83%,毛管孔隙度在26.67%～36.43%,非毛管孔隙度为5.6%～17.00%;土壤均为盐碱土,氮、磷元素含量偏低,其余养分含量处于中等水平;不同用地类型之间,林地的物理特征表现最优,退耕地土壤pH显著高于耕地(P<0.05),电导率、可溶性盐和铵态氮含量均表现为退耕地显著高于其他3种用地类型(P<0.05),全磷含量表现为林地显著低于其他3种用地类型(P<0.05),有效磷含量表现为耕地和退耕地显著高于林地和荒地(P<0.05),其余理... 相似文献
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基于GIS的亚热带典型地区土壤有机碳空间分布预测 总被引：19，自引：4，他引：19
CHENG Xian-Fu SHI Xue-Zheng YU Dong-Sheng PAN Xian-Zhang WANG Hong-Jie SUN Wei-Xia 《土壤圈》2004,14(4):425-431
Spatial distribution of organic carbon in soils is difficult to estimate because of inherent spatial variability and insufficient data. A soil-landscape model for a region, based on 151 samples for parent material and topographic factors, was established using a GIS spatial analysis technique and a digital elevation model (DEM) to reveal spatial distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon (SOC). Correlations between organic carbon and topographic factors were analyzed and a regression model was established to predict SOC content. Results for surface soils (0-20 cm) showed that the average SOC content was 12.8 g kg-1, with the SOC content between 6 and 12 g kg-1 occupying the largest area and SOC over 24 g kg-1 the smallest. Also, soils derived from phyllite were the highest in the SOC content and area, while soils developed on purple shale the lowest. Although parent material, elevation, and slope exposure were all significant topographic variables (P < 0.01), slope exposure had the highest correlation to SOC content (r = 0.66). Using a multiple regression model (R2 = 0.611) and DEM (with a 30 m × 30 m grid), spatial distribution of SOC could be forecasted. 相似文献
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养猪微生物发酵床真菌空间分布特性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
微生物发酵床养猪是一种新型环保的养殖方式,发酵床中的微生物在分解消纳、去污除臭方面发挥着重要的作用。为了解大栏养猪微生物发酵床的真菌空间分布特性,通过空间格局采样、分离鉴定发酵床中的真菌并统计其在不同空间的种类与含量;利用空间分布频次、空间分布型指数、多样性指数和生态位特征等指标,评估发酵床真菌种群的空间分布特性,为养猪发酵床管理、猪粪资源化利用、猪病防控等提供理论依据。结果表明:从32个空间样本中共分离鉴定出真菌18个种,归于10个属,其中种最多的是曲霉属,包含7个种。发酵床不同空间样本的真菌种与数量存在明显差异,种数为1~4,数量为4×102~5.8×105菌落数·g-1。高频次分布的种有总状毛霉和橘青霉,分布频次大于10次;高数量分布的种有短柄帚霉、构巢曲霉和亮白曲霉,大于2.00×105菌落数·g-1。利用6个空间分布型指数和Taylor幂法则的分析结果表明:发酵床的真菌种群呈聚集分布型。32个空间样本种群多样性指数分析结果表明:除两个空间样本仅分离到1个种类外,其他30个空间样本呈现明显的空间分布多样性,为集聚分布和不均匀分布。空间样本2-A和3-D真菌种群具有较高的丰富度、均匀度和优势度,包含出现频次和数量较高种类,如总状毛霉、尖孢枝孢菌、橘青霉和构巢曲霉。空间样本1-A和1-B的真菌数量最大、种类也较多,但它们的丰富度、均匀度和优势度均较低,所包含的多为出现频次低于3次的种类,如亮白曲霉、短柄帚霉和白地霉。生态位特征的分析表明:发酵床中真菌的生态位宽度与生态位重叠没有明显的正相关性。总状毛霉和尖孢枝孢菌生态宽度值大,分别为7.60和5.18,为广适应种;而亮白曲霉、薛氏曲霉、土曲霉、短柄帚霉、水贼镰刀菌和毛壳属菌等6个种的生态位宽度值较小,仅介于1.00~1.10,为窄适应种。总状毛霉可与其他12个种存在重叠,但尖孢枝孢菌仅与其他2个种存在重叠。总之,养猪微生物发酵床的真菌种群呈现明显的群落多样性,空间分布特性为聚集分布和不均匀分布,总状毛霉和尖孢枝孢菌为优势种群,在发酵床中分布广、适应性强。 相似文献
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云南省土壤有机碳储量估算及空间分布 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2
根据云南省第二次土壤普查资料,采用土壤类型法估算了云南省主要土壤类型的有机碳(SOC)密度和储量,并对云南省土壤有机碳密度的空间分布差异和影响土壤有机碳储量的主要因子进行了分析。结果表明,云南省0-20 cm土层平均SOC密度为59.77 t/hm2,SOC储量为2.30×109 t;0-100 cm土层平均SOC密度为159.95 t/hm2,SOC储量为6.15×109 t,占全国储量的7.28%,占全球陆地生态系统SOC储量的0.41%;其中SOC储量占前4位的土壤类型为红壤、黄棕壤、赤红壤、棕壤,不同深度下4者之和约占云南省总储量的60%。在土壤有机碳密度空间分布上,SOC密度分布最高的区域为云南省西北部和东北部地区,其次是西部的横断山脉和东部的云南高原地区,而以紫色土为主的中北部地区SOC密度则最低。由于降雨量、温度、海拔和土地利用类型的共同影响,导致了区域内的SOC密度分布不均,其中降雨量、温度和海拔等自然因素是影响SOC密度分布的主要因子。 相似文献
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Michelle Thorn Matthew Green Philip W. Bateman Stephen Waite Dawn M. Scott 《Biological conservation》2011,(6):1799-1807
Carnivore survey protocols that properly address spatial sampling and detectability issues are seldom feasible at a landscape-scale. This limits knowledge of large-scale patterns in distribution, abundance and their underlying determinants, hindering conservation of globally threatened carnivore populations. Occupancy analysis of data from logistically efficient sign surveys along consecutive road segments (spatially auto-correlated replicates) offers a potential solution. We adapted and applied this newly-developed method over 62,979 km2 of human-modified land in South Africa. Our aims were to (1) generate unbiased estimates of brown hyaena occupancy and abundance (2) investigate two suspected determinants of occupancy using a combination of biological and socio-economic sampling techniques, and (3) use simulations to evaluate the effort required for abundance and occupancy estimates with acceptable bias, precision and power. Brown hyaena occupancy was estimated at 0.748 (±SE 0.1), and estimated overall density in agricultural land (0.15/100 km2, ±SE 0.08) was an order of magnitude lower than in protected areas. Positive attitudes to carnivores and presence of wildlife farms exerted strong positive effects on occupancy, so changes in these factors may well exert monotonic impacts on local metapopulation status. Producing reliable occupancy and abundance estimates would require ?6 replicates and ?12 replicates per site respectively. Detecting 50% and 30% declines in brown hyaena occupancy with adequate power would require five annual surveys at ?65 sites and ?125 sites respectively. Our results suggest that protocols based on spatially auto-correlated sign survey replicates could be used to monitor carnivore populations at large, and possibly even country-wide spatial scales. 相似文献
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[目的] 黄土丘陵区“治沟造地”工程形成的部分新造耕地面临着土壤盐碱化的风险,探究新造耕地土壤水盐空间分异特征及其影响因素,为预防和防治土壤盐碱化,促进新造耕地可持续利用提供理论依据。[方法] 选择该区典型新造耕地,沿沟头至沟口设置6个试验小区,依次为采样点1,2,3,4,5,6,利用网格法获取每个小区0—20,20—40 cm深度的土壤样品,采用多重分形方法分析新造耕地土壤水、盐空间分异特征。[结果] 新造耕地土壤水、盐含量沿沟头至沟口皆逐渐降低,采样点1,2,3地块的平均土壤水分和平均盐分含量分别为17.6%和0.81 g/kg,分别比采样点4,5,6地块的平均值高23.0%和14.1%（p<0.05）。采样点1,2,3地块土壤水、盐的多重分形参数D1小于采样点4,5,6地块,而ΔD表现出相反的结果,表明采样点1,2,3地块土壤水、盐的空间变异性均较高。浅的地下水影响深度是促进采样点1,2,3地块盐分在表层土壤积累的主要原因（p<0.05）;地形特征也是一个重要原因,采样点1,2,3地块地形狭窄,不利于排水,易发生涝渍,加剧了盐分积累（p<0.05）。此外,采样点1,2,3地块可能受到较高盐分含量的坡面径流和泥沙侵入,提高了该区域土壤水、盐分含量及其变异性。[结论] 地下水影响深度、地形特征及坡面径流泥沙是造成采样点1,2,3地块土壤水、盐含量及其空间变异性较高的重要原因。因此,靠近沟头位置的新造耕地是未来土壤盐碱化预防的重点区域。 相似文献
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基于地形因子和随机森林的丘陵区农田土壤有效铁空间分布预测 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
为了掌握丘陵地区农田土壤有效铁含量及其空间分布,本文以重庆市江津区永兴镇内同源成土母质的典型丘陵(2 km2)为研究区,采集309个土壤样点,利用普通克里格(Ordinary Kriging,OK)、多元线性回归(Multiple Linear Regression,MLR)、随机森林(Random Forest,RF)模型,结合高程、坡度、坡向、谷深、平面曲率、剖面曲率、汇聚指数、相对坡位指数、地形湿度指数等地形因子对土壤有效铁进行空间分布预测,并通过85个验证点评价、筛选预测模型。结果表明:1)土壤有效铁与谷深、地形湿度指数存在极显著水平正相关关系,与坡度、平面曲率、剖面曲率、汇聚指数、相对坡位指数存在极显著水平负相关关系。2)随机森林模型的预测精度明显高于多元线性回归和普通克里格插值,其平均绝对误差为22.33 mg·kg-1、均方根误差为27.98 mg·kg-1、决定系数为0.76,是研究区土壤有效铁含量空间分布的最适预测模型。3)地形湿度指数和坡度是影响该区域土壤有效铁含量空间分布的主要地形因子。土壤有效铁与坡度、谷深、平面曲率、剖面曲率、汇聚指数、相对坡位指数、地形湿度指数均达到极显著水平相关关系。4)研究区土壤有效铁含量范围为3.00~276.97 mg?kg-1,水田有效铁含量大于旱地;土壤有效铁具有较强的空间相关性,土壤有效铁含量空间变异主要受到结构性因素的影响。可见,基于地形因子的随机森林预测模型可以较好地解释丘陵区农田土壤有效铁含量的空间变异,研究结果为丘陵区土壤中、微量元素含量及空间分布预测提供方法借鉴和理论依据。 相似文献
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化学农药过量施用不仅杀死了害虫和自然天敌,也影响天敌与害虫之间的空间关系。桃园生态系统中草间钻头蛛(Hylyphantes graminicola)是桃蚜(Myzus persicae)的重要捕食性天敌,本文系统调查了化学农药长期胁迫下不同时期(4月中旬至9月上旬)桃树桃蚜和草间钻头蛛种群数量,并运用地统计学方法和地理信息系统(GIS)分析了桃树桃蚜和草间钻头蛛种群的空间结构,并采用基于高斯模型、指数模型、球型模型和圆型模型的普通克立格插值法模拟了其种群空间分布格局。结果表明,桃蚜和草间钻头蛛种群在10次调查期间均呈随机分布格局;桃蚜和草间钻头蛛空间分布距离相关性较弱,其变动范围均为6.863 0~43.174 1 m;桃蚜和草间钻头蛛的空间结构比例分别为0.788 8~0.983 9和0.811 6~0.980 6,块金值分别为0.254 2~4.896 3和0.218 4~0.749 9,偏基台值分别为0.010 5~0.250 0和0.004 8~0.075 7。本研究结果显示,长期使用化学农药致使桃树桃蚜和草间钻头蛛种群的空间结构比例值均大于0.7500,这表明化学农药胁迫下桃蚜和草间钻头蛛种群之间的跟随效应不明显,草间钻头蛛对桃蚜的捕食作用不强。 相似文献
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不同采样设计会对土壤呼吸空间变异特征的预测精度产生重要影响。本研究选取黄淮海平原北部潮土区1 km×1 km夏玉米样地,在7×7单元规则格网(样点间距167 m)、完全随机(样点平均间距433 m)以及3×3单元规则格网+完全随机(样点平均间距405m)3种布点方式的基础上,保持样本总量(49)不变,以占总样点2%～14%的短距离样点(样点间距4m)随机替换原方案相应样点个数的方法优化布点方式,应用普通克里金法插值,以均方根误差(RMSE)和确定系数(R2)作为验证指标,检验基于3种布点方式设置的短距离样点对土壤呼吸空间变异预测精度的影响。结果表明:研究区土壤呼吸平均速率为2.65μmol·m?2·s?1,空间分布均呈西高东低,表现出中等程度变异。采样设计对土壤呼吸空间分布的预测精度影响显著,基于3种布点方式设置短距离样点可提高预测精度7%～13%。无短距离样点替换时,规则格网+完全随机的布点方式最优,比完全随机布点和规则格网布点的空间插值预测精度分别提高10%和22%;设置短距离样点替换后,在最优布点方式(规则格网+完全随机)中,对土壤呼吸空间变异的预测精度可再提高4%～7%,其中短距离样点个数占样本总量10%对土壤呼吸空间变异预测精度的提高最为明显。研究发现,基于相同的样本数量设置短距离样点可增加区域范围内样点密度,提高土壤呼吸空间变异预测精度及试验结果的可靠性。因此,在黄淮海平原北部潮土区100 hm2尺度的夏玉米样地中,规则格网+完全随机+10%短距离样点的布点方式是预测土壤呼吸空间变异最适宜的采样布点方式。 相似文献
16.
高阳县农田土壤速效养分空间变异特征研究 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
土壤养分空间变异的研究对指导测土配方施肥具有重要意义。为了便于土壤养分的管理, 以河北省保定市高阳县为例, 应用地统计学和GIS相结合的方法, 研究了农田土壤速效氮、磷、钾含量的空间变异特征。结果表明: 土壤速效氮、磷、钾的含量范围分别为10.50~210.00 mg·kg-1、1.02~197.75 mg·kg-1和14.51~376.18 mg·kg-1, 平均值分别为76.32 mg·kg-1、22.28 mg·kg-1和128.34 mg·kg-1, 变异系数范围为36.11%~79.71%, 属于中等强度变异。速效氮、磷、钾的C0/(C0+C)值均介于25%~75%, 表现出中等强度的空间自相关, 空间变异是结构因素和随机因素共同作用的结果, 空间相关距离分别为43.96 km、1.05 km和51.94 km。通过插值误差的比较得出最优拟合模型, 速效氮、磷、钾最好的理论模型分别为球状模型、指数模型和球状模型, 趋势效应参数宜选取0阶。然后用普通克里格方法绘制了土壤速效氮、磷、钾的空间分布图, 速效氮含量绝大部分属低等水平, 无明显分布特征, 速效磷空间分布呈条带状, 速效钾空间分布呈条带状和岛状分布相结合的特点。 相似文献
17.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(19-20):2969-2985
Abstract Research is needed to compare the different techniques for developing site‐specific phosphorus (P) recommendations on a field‐wide basis. The objective of this study was to determine the impact different techniques for developing site‐specific P recommendation maps on yield and profitability. Enterprise analysis combined with a crop simulation model and detailed field characterization was used to estimate the value of spatial P information in a system where N was not limiting. The systems evaluated were continuous corn (Zea mays) and corn and soybean (Gfycine max) rotations where sampling and fertilizer applications were applied annually and semi‐annually, respectively. The sampling techniques tested were: (i) an unfertilized P control; (ii) whole field; (iii) whole field plus historic information (feedlot); (iv) landscape positions; (v) soil type; (vi) soil type plus historic information (feedlot); and (vii) 90‐m grid sampling. The finding of this study were based on soil samples collected from a 30 by 30‐m grid. The value of the spatial information was dependent on the crops response to P, the accuracy of the different sampling techniques, crop rotation, and the length of time between sampling dates. All of the sampling techniques produced different application maps. The recommendation map based on a single composite sample under fertilized 56.5% of the field. Increasing the sampling density reduced the percentage of under‐fertilized land. If corn had a low P response, then simulation/enterprise analysis indicated that applying P did not increased profits. For all scenarios tested: (i) the soil type + historic sampling approach had higher potential profits than the 90 m grid sampling approach; and (ii) there was no economic benefit associated with the 90‐m grid sampling. However, if research shows that amortization of sampling and analysis costs over 3 or 4 years is appropriate, then it may be possible to derive economic benefit from a 90‐m grid sampling. For a corn/soybean rotation, where fertilizer was applied when corn was planted and N and P was not applied to soybeans, enterprise/ simulation analysis (2.8 Mg ha‐1 soybean yield goal and a moderate P model) showed that soil + historic sampling approach increased profitability $3.74 ha‐1 when compared to the uniform P treatment. 相似文献
18.
This study focuses on spatial heterogeneity in the soil microbial biomass (SMB) of typical climax beech (Fagus crenata) at the stand scale in forest ecosystems of the cold-temperate mountain zones of Japan. Three beech-dominated sites were selected along an altitudinal gradient and grid sampling was used to collect soil samples at each site. The highest average SMB density was observed at the site 1500 m a.s.l. (44.9 gC m−2), the lowest was recorded at the site 700 m a.s.l. (18.9 gC m−2); the average SMB density at the 550 m site (36.5 gC m−2) was close to the overall median of all three sites. Geostatistics, which is specifically designed to take spatial autocorrelation into account, was then used to analyze the data collected. All sites generally exhibited stand-scale spatial autocorrelation at a lag distance of 10-18 m in addition to the small-scale spatial dependence noted at <3.5 m at the 550 m site. Correlation analysis with an emphasis on spatial dependency showed SMB to be significantly correlated with bulk density at the 550 and 1500 m sites, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) at the 700 and 1500 m sites, and nitrogen (N) at the 550 and 700 m sites. However, no soil parameter showed a significant correlation with SMB at every site, and some variables were also differently correlated (negative or positive) with SMB at different sites. This suggests that the factors controlling the spatial distribution of SMB are very complex and responsive to local in situ conditions. SMB regression models were generated from both the ordinary least-squares (OLS) and generalized least-squares (GLS) models. GLS performance was only superior to OLS when cross-variograms were accurately fitted. Geostatistics is preferable, however, since these techniques take the spatial non-stationarity of samples into account. In addition, the sampling numbers for given minimum detectable differences (MDDs) are provided for each site for future SMB monitoring. 相似文献
19.
Abstract. Recent developments in in situγ ray spectrometry offer a new approach to measuring the activity of radionuclides such as 137Cs and 40K in soils, and thus estimating erosion or deposition rates and field moist bulk density (ρm). Such estimates would be rapid and involve minimal site disturbance, especially important where archaeological remains are present. This paper presents the results of a pilot investigation of an eroded field in Scotland in which a portable hyper pure germanium (HPGe) detector was used to measure γ ray spectra in situ. The gamma (γ) photon flux observed at the soil surface is a function of the 137Cs inventory, its depth distribution characteristics and ρm. A coefficient, QCs, derived from the forward scattering of 137Cs γ ray photons within the soil profile relative to the 137Cs full energy peak (662 keV), was used to correct the in situ calibration for changes in the 137Cs vertical distribution in the ploughed field, a function of tillage, soil accumulation and ρm. Based on only 8 measurements, the agreement between in situγ ray spectrometry and soil sample measurements of 137Cs inventories improved from a non significant r2=0.05 to a significant r2=0.62 (P<0.05). Erosion and deposition rates calculated from the corrected in situ137Cs measurements had a similarly good agreement with those calculated from soil cores. Mean soil bulk density was also calculated using a separate coefficient, QK, derived from the forward scattering γ photons from 40K within the soil relative to the 40K full energy peak (1460 keV). Again there was good agreement with soil core measurements (r2=0.64; P<0.05). The precision of the in situ137Cs measurement was limited by the precision with which QCs can be estimated, a function of the low 137Cs deposition levels associated with the weapons testing fallout and relatively low detector efficiency (35%). In contrast, the precision of the in situ ρm determination was only limited by the spatial variability associated with soil sampling. 相似文献
20.
基于遥感影像的桂西北喀斯特区植被碳储量及密度时空分异 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本研究基于1990年、2000年和2005年遥感影像数据, 结合高程、气象与样地调查等数据, 运用地理信息系统技术, 对桂西北喀斯特区植被碳储量及密度进行了分析。研究结果表明: 从1990年到2005年, 研究区域植被碳储量与密度呈增加趋势, 1990年、2000年和2005年植被碳储量分别为1.03×108 t、1.41×108 t和1.63×108 t, 植被碳密度分别为14.82 t·hm-2、20.38 t·hm-2和23.49 t·hm-2, 基本与四川省(18.47 t·hm-2)、江西省(25.38 t·hm-2)植被碳密度值一致; 在空间分布上, 区域植被储量与碳密度大致呈现西高东低、中低山(海拔>500 m)高而峰丛洼地(海拔<500 m)低的分布格局, 1990年西部大部分县市的植被碳密度为15~22 t·hm-2, 而中东部大部分县市的植被碳密度为8~15 t·hm-2; 而时间上的变化在空间上表现为, 植被碳储量与密度不同程度地表现为低值区的东部增加, 高值区的西部减少或轻微增加, 典型喀斯特区植被碳密度增加明显(1990年和2005年植被碳储量比例分别为45.54%和51.99%)。研究结果表明, 峰丛洼地植被碳储量与密度显著增加, 生态环境移民、退耕还林等石漠化治理措施效果显著, 有利于增强区域植被碳汇。 相似文献