首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
An experiment with factorial arrangement of treatments on a randomized complete block (RCB) design basis with three replications was conducted in a greenhouse during Spring 2010 to investigate changes in sodium ion (Na+), potassium ion (K+), Na+/K+ and to determine proline, protein content, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) of four wheat and four barley cultivars. Three salt levels {1, control (no salt), 7, and 13 dS m?1 [2.5 and 5 g salt [sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) in 1:1 ratio] per kg of soil, respectively]} were used in this investigation. Salt stress treatments were applied 4 weeks after planting (at 2 leaf stage). Leaf samples were taken four weeks after imposition of salt treatment. The results showed that salinity caused an increased in proline and protein content, and SOD in all wheat and barley cultivars. The highest proline and protein content of barley and wheat cultivars at all salinity levels were observed in ‘Nimrooz’ and ‘Bam’ cultivars, respectively. At all salinity levels, wheat and barley cultivars ‘Kavir’ and ‘Nimrooz’, respectively, had the lowest Na+ content. Barley cultivar ‘Kavir’ and wheat cultivar ‘Bam’ had higher K+ and K+:Na+ ratios. This might be related to salt tolerance in these two cultivars. Wheat and barley cultivars showed differences with regard to proline, protein, and SOD content, Na+, K+, and K+:Na+ ratio, indicating existence of genetic diversity among the cultivars. These findings indicated that higher K+, K+:Na+ ratio, proline, protein, and SOD content could be the key factors, which offer advantage to barley over wheat for superior performance under saline conditions.  相似文献   

2.
Strawberry is listed as the most salt sensitive fruit crop in comprehensive salt tolerance data bases. Recently, concerns have arisen regarding declining quality of irrigation waters available to coastal strawberry growers in southern and central California. Over time, the waters have become more saline, with increasing sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl?). Due to the apparent extreme Cl? sensitivity of strawberry, the rising Cl? levels in the irrigation waters are of particular importance. In order to establish the specific ion causing yield reduction in strawberry, cultivars ‘Ventana’ and ‘Camarosa’ were grown in twenty-four outdoor sand tanks at the ARS-USDA U. S. Salinity Laboratory in Riverside, CA and irrigated with waters containing a complete nutrient solution plus Cl? salts of calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), Na+, and potassium (K+). Six salinity treatments were imposed with electric conductivities (EC) = 0.835, 1.05, 1.28, 1.48, 1.71, and 2.24 dS m?1, and were replicated four times. Fresh and dry weights of ‘Camarosa’ shoots and roots were significantly higher than those of ‘Ventana’ at all salinity levels. Marketable yield of ‘Camarosa’ fruit decreased from 770 to 360 g/plant as salinity increased and was lower at all salinity levels than the yield from the less vigorous ‘Ventana’ plants. ‘Ventana’ berry yield decreased from 925 to 705 g/plant as salinity increased from 0.835 to 2.24 dS m?1. Relative yield of ‘Camarosa’ decreased 43% for each unit increase in salinity once irrigation water salinity exceeded 0.80 dS m?1. Relative ‘Ventana’ yield was unaffected by irrigation water salinity up to 1.71 dS m?1, and thereafter, for each additional unit increase in salinity, yield was reduced 61%. Both cultivars appeared to possess an exclusion mechanism whereby Na+ was sequestered in the roots, and Na+ transport to blade, petiole and fruit tissues was limited. Chloride content of the plant organs increased as salinity increased to 2.24 dS m?1 and substrate Cl increased from 0.1 to13 mmolcL?1. Chloride was highest in the roots, followed by the leaves, petioles and fruit. Based on plant ion relations and relative fruit yield, we determined that, over the range of salinity levels studied, specific ion toxicity exists with respect to Cl?, rather than to Na+ ions, and, further, that the salt tolerance threshold is lower for ‘Camarosa’ than for ‘Ventana’.  相似文献   

3.
The sensitivity of crop genotypes determines the level of growth reduction by salinity. Effect of salinity levels (7.5 and 15 dihydrate m?1) using completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications per treatment were compared on germination, chlorophyll content, water potential, ionic sodium and potassium (Na+, K+) balance, and other growth-related parameters of six wheat genotypes for varietal differences under long-term salinity stress. Chlorophyll contents at flowering stage and yield aspects at maturity of all the wheat genotypes decreased with increasing salinity. The maximum Na+ concentration was observed at 7.5 and 15 dS m?1 in Bhakhar and Saher-2000, respectively, while minimum Na+ concentration was observed for 9476. However, the maximum K+ concentration and water potential was noticed in 9476 at 7.5 dS m?1. Careful selection of salt-tolerant genotypes for field crops is an important perspective especially in the developing countries facing salinity problem. Our results revealed that the wheat genotype 9476 performed best regarding growth and physiological parameters compared to other wheat genotypes.  相似文献   

4.
Fertilization with nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P) can improve plant growth in saline soils. This study was undertaken to determine wheat (Triticum aestivum L; cv Krichauff) response to the combined application of N and P fertilizers in the sandy loam under saline conditions. Salinity was induced using sodium (Na+) and calcium (Ca2+) salts to achieve four levels of electrical conductivity in the extract of the saturated soil paste (ECe), 2.2, 6.7, 9.2 and 11.8?dS?m?1, while maintaining a low sodium adsorption ratio (SAR; ≤1). Nitrogen was applied as Ca(NO3)2?·?4H2O at 50 (N50), 100 (N100) and 200 (N200)?mg?N?kg?1 soil. Phosphorus was applied at 0 (P0), 30 (P30) and 60 (P60)?mg?kg?1?soil in the form of KH2PO4. Results showed that increasing soil salinity had no effect on shoot N or P concentrations, but increased shoot Na+ and chlorine ion (Cl?) concentrations and reduced dry weights of shoot and root in all treatments of N and P. At each salinity and P level, increasing application of N reduced dry weight of shoot. At each salinity and N level P fertilization increased dry weights of shoot and root and shoot P concentration. Addition of greater than N50 contributed to the soil salinity limiting plant growth, but increasing P addition up to 60?mg?P?kg?1 soil reduced Cl? absorption and enhanced the plant salt tolerance and thus plant growth. The positive effect of the combined addition of N and P on wheat growth in the saline sandy loam is noticeable, but only to a certain level of soil salinity beyond which salinity effect is dominant.  相似文献   

5.
The effects of salinity on four faba bean (Vicia faba L) cultivars [Giza 429, Giza 843, Misr 1 (Orobanche-tolerant), and Giza 3 (Orobanche-susceptible)] and soil properties were investigated in a pot experiment with addition of 0, 50, and 100 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) for 9 weeks. Salinity significantly decreased calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), potassium (K+), bicarbonate (HCO3 ?), and sulfate (SO4 2?) while significantly increasing sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl?), pH, and electrical conductivity (EC; dS m?1). Root length density (cm cm?3), root mass density (mg cm?3), total dry weight, and salt-tolerance indexes were significantly reduced as a result of application of salinity. The results presented support evidence on the positive relationship between Orobance tolerance and salt tolerance in the three cultivars (Giza 429, Giza 843, and Misr 1). This adaptation was mainly due to a high degree of accumulation of inorganic nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ and lesser quantities of Na+ and Cl?, as well as greater K+/Na+ and Ca2+/Na+ ratios.  相似文献   

6.
The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of saline groundwater depths (SGDs) (0.3, 0.55, and 0.80 m) with salinity equivalent to irrigation water salinity (WS) and irrigation WS (10, 20, 30, and 40 dS m?1) on physiological characteristics, gas exchange, and plant ion relations of quinoa in cylindrical lysimeters in greenhouse conditions. Root length density (RLD) in the soil layer close to the saline shallow groundwater decreased. Soil aeration was the key point for reduction in RLD by decreasing SGD that was intensified by the increase in WS. It is concluded that root of quinoa was sensitive to anaerobic soil conditions. Results showed that the mean value of leaf water potential (Ψ) dropped from ?1.53 to ?3.09 MPa by increasing WS from 10 to 40 dS m?1. Increasing WS from the lowest to the highest level resulted in 48% decrease in leaf photosynthesis rate (An). Results revealed that leaf stomatal conductance (gs) was more sensitive to salinity than An. Stomatal closure in quinoa started to occur when the Ψ value fell below approximately ?1.0 MPa. In general, increasing WS from 10 to 40 dS m?1 resulted in about 4.6-fold, 2.1-fold, and 2.6-fold increase in plant Na+, Ca2+, and Cl? concentration, respectively.  相似文献   

7.
Thermography is proposed to be an alternative non-destructive and rapid technique for the study and diagnosing of salt tolerance in plants. In a pot experiment, 30 cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were evaluated in terms of their leaf temperature and shoot growth and their ion distribution responses to NaCl salinity at two concentration levels: the control with electrical conductivity (EC) of 1 dS m?1 and salinity treatment with EC of 16 dS m?1 (150 mM). A completely randomized block design with factorial treatments was employed with three replications. The results indicated that thermography may accurately reflect the physiological status of salt-stressed wheat plants. The salt stress-based increase in leaf temperature of wheat cultivars grown at 150 mM NaCl reached 1.34°C compared to the control. According to the results obtained, it appears that thermography has the capability of discerning differences of salinity tolerance between the cultivars. Three salt-tolerant wheat cultivars, namely Roshan, Kharchia and Sholeh, had higher mean shoot dry matter (0.039 g plant?1) and higher mean ratio of leaf K+/Na+ (14.06) and showed lower increase in the mean leaf temperature (0.37°C) by thermography compared to the control. This was while nine salt-sensitive cultivars, namely Kavir, Ghods, Atrak, Parsi, Bahar, Pishtaz, Falat, Gaspard and Tajan, had lower mean plant dry matter production (0.027 g plant?1), lower mean ratio of K+/Na+ (9.49) and higher mean increases in leaf temperature (1.24°C).  相似文献   

8.
Salinity can affect germination of seeds either by creating osmotic potentials that prevent water uptake or by toxic effects of specific ions. This work was carried out to evaluate the germination of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seeds under increasing salinity by using the most abundant salts in China. Potassium (K+), sodium (Na+), and calcium (Ca2+) contents in hypocotyls were determined on the fifth day. At same concentration of salt solution, the adverse effect of ions is in the following sequence: carbonate radical (CO3 2?) > sulfate radical (SO4 2?), chloride (Cl?) > bicarbonate radical (HCO3 ?), magnesium (Mg2+) > Ca2+, and Na+ > K+. The effect of salinity on the germination phase of development is mainly due to its osmotic component other than the ion toxicity. Calcium decreased as increasing of the concentration of salt solutions, and cannot act as the role of enhancing cell division and membrane permeability.  相似文献   

9.
ABSTRACT

This study reports the relationship of the leaf ionic composition with the grain yield and yield components of wheat in response to salinity x sodicity and salinity alone. The study was conducted in soil culture in pots with three treatments including control (ECe 2.6 dS m? 1 and SAR 4.53), salinity (ECe 15 dS m? 1 and SAR 9.56), and salinity x sodicity (ECe 15 dS m? 1 and SAR 35). The soil was treated before being put in the pots and the pots were arranged in a completely randomized factorial arrangement with five replications. The seeds of three wheat genotypes were sown directly in the pots and the study was continued till the crop maturity. At booting stage, the leaf second to the flag leaf of each plant was collected and analyzed for sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and chloride (Cl?). At maturity, plants were harvested and data regarding grain yield and yield components were recorded. This study shows that salinity and sodicity in combination decreases the grain yield of wheat more than the salinity alone with a greater difference in the sensitive genotype. This study also shows that as for salinity, the maintenance of lower Na+ and higher K+ concentrations and higher K+: Na+ ratio in the leaves relates positively with the better development of different yield components and higher grain yield in saline sodic soil conditions. Although, the leaf Cl? concentration was increased significantly by salinity as well as salinity x sodicity and would have affected the growth and yield, yet it does not seem to determine the genotypic tolerance or sensitivity to either salinity or salinity x sodicity.  相似文献   

10.
Salinity is the major environmental stress that affects the growth and productivity of plants. The present study was conducted to determine the effect of salinity on growth and ions uptake by moringa (Moringa oleifera L.) plant. The experiment was carried out in two phases. Initially, a germination test was conducted in the laboratory under the different salinity levels (control, 5, 10, 15, and 20 dS m?1) and found that moringa seeds were germinated only at 5 and 10 dS m?1 salinity levels, and no germination occurred at higher salinity levels (15 and 20 dS m?1). The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with five replications. In the second phase, three-week old nursery grown plants of moringa were shifted in pots under the five salinity levels (control, 5, 10, 15, and 20 dS m?1). The experiment was laid out in CRD and replicated four times. In pot experiment, the root, shoot length, and dry weights were significantly affected by increasing the salinity levels. The uptake of K+ and Ca2+ was highly affected at different salinity levels as compared to control and Na+ ions accumulation was higher in roots rather than shoot. The results reveal that moringa plant can germinate, survive, and can be cultivated in areas with moderate saline condition.  相似文献   

11.
《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(12):2705-2717
ABSTRACT

It has been suggested that polyamines are involved in many growth and development processes in plants and may serve as growth regulators. These nitrogenous compounds have been shown to be involved in cell division, nucleic acid and proteins synthesis, and normal senescence. It is thought by some that polyamines may be involved in the plant's mechanistic response to stress. More importantly, some reports indicate that exogenously applied polyamines can overcome the growth reduction brought about by salinity stress. In this report, growth studies were performed on to examine the effect of exogenously applied putrescine, spermidine, and spermine on the alleviation of salinity stress. Spinacia oleracea, L. cv. Space was chosen since much of our understanding of the sugar metabolism needed for growth has been derived from this plant. Polyamines were applied in a manner used in earlier reports, i.e., foliar spray. The effect of salinity and polyamines on leaf number, leaf area, fresh and dry weight was observed. Our analysis showed that putrescine and spermine had no significant effect on plant growth throughout the range of salinities studied (2 to 11.7?dS?m?1). Spermidine slightly decreased growth. Further studies on ion uptake indicated that none of the polyamines tested had a significant effect on plant ion content. While we failed to document any growth response to putrescine or spermine treatment, we did find a significant reduction of growth as salinity increased in the irrigation water. Further analysis of the ion data indicated that K+:Na+ selectivity significantly increased with increasing salinity. This preferential increased influx of K+ ions may be an important mechanism by which spinach maintains low Na+ tissue levels relative to external concentrations. Additionally, Ca2+:Na+ selectivity as measured by the Gapon constant, K g , greatly increased. Conversely, Ca2+:Mg2+ selectivity decreased resulting in an increase in Mg2+ tissue concentrations. Our results are discussed in terms of possible salt tolerance mechanisms in spinach as they relate to the preferential uptake of specific nutrient ions from saline irrigation waters.  相似文献   

12.
A pot experiment was conducted to study the response of wheat to concurrent stresses of salinity and nickel (Ni)-toxicity. Soil was spiked with Ni (0, 20 and 40 mg kg?1) combined with two levels of salinity (control and 10 dS m?1) using Ni(ii) nitrate hexahydrate (Ni(NO3)2.6H2O) and sodium chloride (NaCl), respectively, in a completely randomized design with four replicates. Plants were harvested at the tailoring stage and the results showed that wheat growth was positively affected by Ni at 20 mg kg?1, and negatively at 40 mg kg?1 concentration both in control and at 10 dS m?1. Ni (20 mg kg?1) had a nonsignificant positive effect on tissue potassium (K+) and a significant negative effect on Na+ concentration. Moreover, Ni translocation from root to shoot and accumulation decreased by increasing the levels of Ni in both control and salinity treatments. It can be concluded that Ni at 20 mg kg?1 increased wheat growth by alleviating salinity stress; however, at 40 mg kg?1 it aggravated the plant stress and decreased the plant growth.  相似文献   

13.
Wheat (Tritcum aestivum L.) genotypes were screened and characterized for performance under salt stress and/or water‐logging. In a solution‐culture study, ten wheat genotypes were tested under control, 200 mM–NaCl salt stress and 4‐week water‐logging (nonaerated solution stagnated with 0.1% agar), alone or in combination. Shoot and root growth of the wheat genotypes was reduced by salinity and salinity × water‐logging, which was associated with increased leaf Na+ and Cl– concentrations as well as decreased leaf K+ concentration and K+ : Na+ ratio. The genotypes differed significantly for their growth and leaf ionic composition. The genotypes Aqaab and MH‐97 were selected as salinity×water‐logging‐resistant and sensitive wheat genotypes, respectively, on the basis of their shoot fresh weights in the salinity × water‐logging treatment relative to control. In a soil experiment, the effect of water‐logging was tested for these two genotypes under nonsaline (EC = 2.6 dS m–1) and saline (EC = 15 dS m–1) soil conditions. The water‐logging was imposed for a period of 21 d at various growth stages, i.e., tillering, stem elongation, booting, and grain filling alone or in combinations. The maximum reduction in grain yield was observed after water‐logging at stem‐elongation + grain‐filling stages followed by water‐logging at grain‐filling stage, booting stage, and stem‐elongation stage, respectively. Salinity intensified the effect of water‐logging at all the growth stages. It is concluded that the existing genetic variation in wheat for salinity × water‐logging resistance can be successfully explored using relative shoot fresh weight as a selection criterion in nonaerated 0.1% agar–containing nutrient solution and that irrigation in the field should be scheduled to avoid temporary water‐logging at the sensitive stages of wheat growth.  相似文献   

14.
Salinity is a major abiotic stress that limits the productivity of crops, particularly cereal crops, while decreasing nutrient availability, especially of nitrogen. An experiment was conducted to study the effects of salt stress [i.e., S0, S1, and S2 (control, 1.09; 5; and 10 dS m?1)] and four different nitrogen (N) levels [i.e., N0, N1, N2, and N3 (control, 175, 225, and 275 kg N ha?1)] on two maize hybrids, Pioneer 32B33 (salt tolerant) and Dekalb 979 (salt sensitive). The experiment was conducted in a wire house. The experiment was laid out with three factors in a completely randomized design. The plant tissue was analyzed for solute and ion contents. With the increase in salt stress and N rate, solute (i.e., glycinebetaine), protein, total soluble sugar, and total free amino acids accumulated in both hybrids. Nitrate (NO3) and nitrite (NO2) reductase activity decreased sharply at 10 dS m?1 compared to lower levels of salinity but it increased significantly with the addition of N. The uptake of potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), N, and phosphorus (P) reduced significantly in shoots with increased salinity while the sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl) contents were increased. It is concluded from the present study that at greater salinity level, hybrid Pioneer32B33 maintained statistically greater solute and ion contents excluding Na+ and Cl ions and significantly decreased enzyme activity. However, these parameters were increased by N rate.  相似文献   

15.
This study aimed at investigating mechanisms of salt tolerance and ionic relations of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars with different nitrogen (N) sources. Two resistant genotypes, ILC‐205 and ILC‐1919, were subjected to four levels of salinity (0.5, 3.0, 6.0, and 9.0 dS m‐1). Nitrogen sources consisted of inoculation with two resistant Rhizobium strains, CP‐29 and CP‐32, mineral N additions, and no N application. Data was collected on root and shoot contents of sodium (Na+) chlorine, (Cl‐,) and potassium (K+), and shoot to root Na+ratio, as well as shoot K+ to Na+ ratio. Salinity affected shoot Na+ and Cl‐contents, but nodulating plants had higher shoot Na+ contents than plants supplied with mineral N. Shoot to root Na+ ratios were lower in the mineral N treatment than in nodulating treatments at 3.0 dS m‐1, indicating that root compartmentalization and shoot exclusion were only possible at low salinities. Potassium levels of nodulating plant shoots were lower than those of non‐nodulating plants only at low salinities. N‐source significantly affected shoot K+/Na+ ratio, with nodulating plants having lower ratios than non‐nodulating plants, indicating that rhizobial infection or nodule formation may lead to salt entry curtailing the selective ability of chickpea roots.  相似文献   

16.
Application of plant growth regulator (PGR) may alleviate some negative effects of environmental stresses such as salinity. A controlled environment experiment was conducted to study barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Reyhane) growth, yield, antioxidant enzymes and ions accumulation affected by PGRs under salinity stress conditions at Shiraz University during 2012. The treatments were PGRs at four levels—water (as control), cycocel (CCC, 19 mM), salicylic acid (SA, 1 mM), and jasmonic acid (JA, 0.5 mM)—and four salinity levels—no stress (0.67 dS m?1, as control), 5, 10, and 15 dS m?1, which were arranged in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with four replicates. The results showed that salinity stress significantly decreased plant height, peduncle length, leaf area, ear length, grain number, dry weight, grain yield, harvest index, potassium (K+) accumulation, and potassium/sodium (K+/Na+) concentration ratio, which were closely associated with stress severity. However, PGRs compensated some of these negative effects, so that SA foliar application had the most ameliorative effect. Salt stress also increased Na+ accumulation as well as the activity of peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Since ion discrimination and enhanced antioxidant enzymes are associated with salt tolerance, in this experiment PGRs application might have enhanced K+ accumulation and antioxidant enzyme activity. The activity of SOD and K+/Na+ ratio were found to be useful in salt tolerance manipulation in barley plants.  相似文献   

17.
The magnitude of crop growth and yield depends on the salinity level, the toxic ions present, and the irrigation system used. In order to study the effect of saline sprinkler irrigation on soybean growth and ionic accumulation in plant tissues a pot experiment was set up. There were three irrigation water quality treatments [electrical conductivity (EC) 0, 2, and 4 dS m?1]. Soybean aerial biomass was 25% lower than the Control when irrigation salinity was 4 dS m?1. Clearly salinity entering via leaves affected the grain filling stage and severely reduced soybean grain production (80% reduction) when salinity in irrigation water surpassed 2 dS m?1. Sprinkler irrigation aggravates soybean's low salinity tolerance and restricts its cropping in such conditions. For early stages two linear relationships between leaf chloride (Cl?) concentration (Y = 14.2–2x) or potassium (K+)/ sodium (Na+) ratio (Y = 5.3x?3.4) and soybean grain yield were found. Both relationships may be used as diagnostic tools for soybean growing under saline sprinkler irrigation.  相似文献   

18.
Salinity is one of the most important agricultural problems in Iran. The effect of different levels of salinity and phosphorus on shoot length, root and shoot fresh and dry weight, nutrient elements (sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), phosphorus (P) and chloride (Cl?), proline and soluble sugar contents of barley were investigated. Two cultivars of barley, Hordeum murinum (wild resistant germplasm) and Hordeum vulgar, variety Afzal were treated in vegetative stage under hydroponics condition in a factorial arrangement based on completely randomized block (CRB) design with four levels of salinity [0, 100, 200 and 300 mM sodium chloride (NaCl)] and three levels of phosphorus (15, 30 and 55 μm L?1) with three replications. By increasing salinity, all the measured parameters, except sodium (Na+) content were reduced. Furthermore, with increased in phosphorus levels from 15 to 55 μm, Na+ content of the plant shoots decreased, but length, fresh and dry weights of roots and shoots and K+, P, Cl?, proline, and soluble sugars content of the shoots increased. The results indicated that accumulation of mineral ions for osmotic adjustment and restriction of Na+ accumulation in shoots were involved in phosphorus enhancement of the salt tolerance of barley. Thus, it seems that in saline soils, where there is no possibility for soil leaching and amending, application of phosphorus fertilizers can lead to a satisfactory growth and production in barely yield.  相似文献   

19.
Pistachio is one of the most important horticultural crops in Iran. The majority of the pistachio producing regions is located in arid and semi-arid areas with saline conditions. Therefore, selection of suitable rootstocks is important for increasing yield efficiency of this important nut crop. In this study, the effect of four water salinity levels (0.75, 5, 10 and 15 ds m?1) on growth indices and physiological parameters of four Pistacia vera L. rootstocks (Badami-e-Zarand A, Badami-e-Zarand B, Qazvini, and Sarakhs) were investigated under greenhouse conditions. After treatment for three months, leaf dry weight was reduced by about 30-50% at an irrigation water electrical conductivity (ECw) of 10 ds m?1. Badami-e-Zarand B was the most vigorous rootstock at the highest EC. Decreases in root and stem dry weight (average of all rootstocks combined) occurred at water salinity of 10 ds m?1. Chemical analysis of shoot and root indicated that the salinity affected the concentration and distribution of sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and calcium (Ca2+) in pistachio rootstocks. The concentrations of Na+ and K+ increased with a rise in water salinity levels. Comparison between Na+ concentration of shoot and root showed that all examined rootstocks limited the Na+ transportation to shoot tissue up-to 15 ds m-1, and retained it in the roots. However, this ability was less in the Sarakhs rootstock. Based on measured parameters, Badami-e-Zarand B and Sarakhs could be considered as tolerant and sensitive pistachio rootstocks to water salinity, respectively.  相似文献   

20.
Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinn. (lisianthus) is a moderately salt tolerant species that can be produced commercially under irrigation with saline wastewaters prevalent in two salt-affected areas of California. The objective of the present studies was to determine the effect of irrigation with saline waters of two different compositions on the ion accumulation and ion relations of lisianthus ‘Pure White’ and ‘Echo Blue’. The ionic composition of irrigation waters simulated the compositions typical of i) seawater dilutions (SWD) and ii) concentrations of Colorado River water (CCRW). Electrical conductivities (EC) of SWD and CCRW were between 2 and 12 dS · m?1. Plants irrigated with CCRW were higher in Ca2+ compared to plants irrigated with SWD water. Calcium was also higher in ‘Pure White’ than in ‘Echo Blue’. Increasing EC of irrigation water caused a significant decrease in shoot and leaf Ca2+ concentration in ‘Echo Blue’, but had no effect on Ca2+ content of ‘Pure White’ shoots and leaves. Magnesium concentration in ‘Echo Blue’ was higher than in ‘Pure White’. Electrical conductivity did not significantly affect Mg2+ concentration of either cultivar, despite the increasingly higher external concentration. Potassium concentration of young and mature leaves of ‘Echo Blue’ increased as EC increased from 2 to 8 dS · m?1, then decreased significantly once EC exceeded 8 dS · m?1. Potassium concentration of ‘Pure White’ leaves decreased over the range of salinity treatments tested, suggesting that the reduced potassium ion (K+) activity at EC levels of 8 dS · m?1, or less, that resulted in lower leaf?K+ in ‘Pure White’ did not cause a decrease in K+ uptake in ‘Echo Blue’. Increases in external Na+ caused a significant increase in Na+ in ‘Pure White’ leaves and these plants exhibited the best growth even when levels of Na+ were high enough to be considered detrimental for growth.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号