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1.
沟头发生侵蚀的地形临界模型可有效预测侵蚀沟的形成条件,浅层滑坡失稳形成的洼地也是沟头形成的方式之一。为探究浅层滑坡临界起动模型的特点,以甘肃省天水市小陇山林区的降雨型浅层滑坡为研究对象,运用汇水面积-坡度关系,构建临界起动模型,与黄土高原典型侵蚀沟(浅沟、切沟)的临界起动模型进行对比分析,并探讨土地利用类型、植被类型和土壤质地对该模型的影响。结果表明:(1)浅层滑坡临界起动模型为S=3.50As-0.34,其侵蚀阈值为3.50,大于黄土高原典型浅沟(0.96)和切沟(1.54)的侵蚀阈值。研究区浅层滑坡一般发生于土层较薄的陡坡地带,其平均坡度(S=1.26)大于浅沟(S=0.35)与切沟(S=0.46),单位汇水面积(A=89.08 m2/m)小于浅沟(A=920.93 m2/m)和切沟(A=1 129.82 m2/m)。(2)汇水面积与坡度平方的乘积(AS2)代表了沟头产生侵蚀的能量指标值。研究区浅层滑坡AS2值在269.1~5 703.2 m2,平均值为1 772.97 m2,黄土高原浅沟AS2值在4.74~892.66 m2,切沟在41~814 m2,启动能量值方面,浅沟<切沟<浅层滑坡。(3)土地利用类型、植被类型和土壤质地通过影响土壤的抗冲力、渗透性和黏粒含量,从而对浅层滑坡的起动难易程度产生影响。在不同的土地利用方式中,农地最易发生侵蚀,其次是林地。油松林附近浅层滑坡的抗侵蚀能力高于日本落叶松林。研究结果为探究浅层滑坡的起动条件提供理论依据。 相似文献
2.
中国陕西省施有机肥黄土NH4+固定的热力学性质 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Some thermodynamic properties of NH4+ fixation by loess soil in plowing and clay layers are discussed. The results indicate that the four ion adsorption equations commonly used can describe the properties of NH4+ fixation in these soils under constant temperature. Among the four adsorption equations, the single-surface Langmuir equation is the best. When the concentration of NH4Cl solution is 10-1 mol below, the Freundlich equation can be used. The changes of apparent standard free energy (ΔG°), enthalpy (ΔH°) and entropy (ΔS°) illustrate that NH4+ fixation in soil is an endothermic adsorption and spontaneous reaction, and the process can be enhanced by a higher temperature and clay content in soil. The "proper value of NH4+ fixation by soil (K1 × qm) increased with increasing clay content and temperature. The heat of NH4+ fixation in soil (Qm) confirms the conclusions made in this paper. 相似文献
3.
[目的] 探究片蚀泥沙轻组有机碳(LFOC)和重组有机碳(HFOC)不均匀富集的水动力学和碳同位素特征,为正确理解水蚀作用下土壤有机碳库变化提供理论与技术支撑。[方法] 以陕西省咸阳市杨凌区土为研究对象,采用改进"三区"移动式变坡钢制土槽,结合人工模拟降雨技术,测定径流水动力学参数和泥沙各粒径团聚体有机碳组成及其δ13C值,并辅以棕壤侵蚀泥沙有机碳δ13C值和水力参数,验证土试验结果的准确性。[结果] ①雨强和坡度较小时,侵蚀泥沙LFOC和HFOC易发生富集,且相较黏粉粒和微团聚体,大团聚体LFOC与HFOC含量受雨强和坡度的影响更大; ②侵蚀泥沙黏粉粒中有机碳δ13C值与其有机碳活跃分数(λ)呈负相关,而其他粒径团聚体有机碳δ13C值与其λ呈显著正相关(p<0.05); ③流速与黏粉粒λ显著正相关(p<0.05),雷诺数与各粒径团聚体有机碳δ13C值均呈显著负相关(p<0.01),片蚀过程中流速越大,黏粉粒中LFOC越易于优先输移,而紊流加剧则促进低δ13C值团聚体有机碳的优先输移; ④对于侵蚀泥沙黏粉粒,流速和雷诺数越大,其有机碳δ13C值越小,λ越大;对于微团聚体和大团聚体,雷诺数越小,其有机碳δ13C值与λ越大。[结论] 片蚀过程中轻重组有机碳流失与流速和雷诺数密切相关。并进一步验证了13C同位素对侵蚀泥沙有机碳示踪的有效性。 相似文献
4.
为提升油炒数值模拟的可靠性及准确度,揭示可控操作对烹饪过程参数的影响及关键过程参数对烹饪的影响。通过无量纲水分含量分析解法,测定了中式油炒猪里脊肉过程中的表面传质系数（surface mass transfer coefficient, hm）和有效水分扩散系数（effective moisture diffusion coefficient, Deff）,分析了预热油温及样品比表面积Ω对hm及Deff的影响;基于已构建的油炒热质传递数学模型、成熟值理论,对比了hm和流体-颗粒表面传热系数（fluid-to-particle surface heat transfer coefficient, hfp）对烹饪成熟控制的影响。结果表明：与油炸过程类似研究的文献数据相比,该研究中hm值偏大在5.927×10?6～2.481×10?5 m/s之间,Deff在6.281×10?9～4.148×10?8 m2/s之间,Deff活化能（Ea）在24.2～30.6 kJ/mol范围内;预热油温、比表面积Ω对hm及Deff有显著影响（P<0.05）,预热油温越高hm和Deff越大,比表面积Ω越大hm越大,Deff越小;hm对烹饪成熟控制影响较小,而hfp是烹饪成熟控制的关键过程参数。研究结果为油炒过程模拟提供了重要参数,为烹饪过程控制提供依据。 相似文献
5.
通过人工控制水分,形成单株幼龄侧柏的不同土壤水分梯度环境。在自然环境下对侧柏叶片定时、定位进行蒸腾速率及林冠层的光照、空气温度、空气湿度、叶水势和土壤水分等因子的同步观测。蒸腾速率与各个因子的相关分析表明:黄土半干旱地区侧柏蒸腾速率ηt/(μg·cm-2·s-1)与光照强度E/(μmol·m-2·s-1)、空气饱和差pv/kPa、叶水势Ψ/kPa、气温t/℃的关系可以分别表示为:ηt=>αEb,ηt=αpvb,ηt=αψb,ηt=αt2+bt+c;侧柏的蒸腾速率ηt与气孔阻力Rs/(s·cm-1)和土壤含水量W/％有密切关系,可以分别表示为:ηt=α+bW+cW2+dW3,Rs=α+bW+cW2+dW3。用气温、空气饱和差、叶水势3个因素建立了半干旱黄土地区幼龄单株侧柏蒸腾速率的非线性指数预测模型:ηt=0.6950exp（0.03158t-14.2492/pv+0.7606/Ψ）,经检验获得了满意的数值模拟结果。 相似文献
6.
[目的] 揭示土壤理化特性与细菌丰度之间的内在关系,为红壤侵蚀区马尾松林水土流失分区精准治理提供参考。[方法] 以福建省长汀县红壤侵蚀区马尾松林为研究对象,选择侏罗系中统漳平组中段(J2Z2)、侏罗系中统漳平组下段(J2Z1)、侏罗纪燕山期早期侵入岩(γ52(3) c)、第四系全新统(Qh)4种地层背景,分析测定不同地层背景马尾松林土壤理化特性和细菌群落组成及多样性。[结果] 不同地层背景马尾松林土壤理化指标整体表现为：J2Z1＞J2Z2＞Qh＞γ52(3) c;土壤养分含量各地层背景各有丰缺,J2Z1地层背景土壤有机质含量大于其他地层,Qh地层背景氮含量大于其他地层,而γ52(3) c地层背景磷和钾含量较高;4种地层背景土壤细菌差异操作分类单元(OTU)数目表现为：Qh＞J2Z2＞J2Z1＞γ52(3) c,分别占总OTU数目的21.62%,18.29%,16.79%,12.08%;细菌群落多样性表现为：J2Z2＞Qh＞γ52(3) c＞J2Z1;J2Z1地层和Qh地层土壤细菌多样性与土壤含水率和土壤pH值正相关,J2Z2地层与土壤容重以及全磷含量正相关,γ52(3) c地层与土壤钾含量和速效氮含量正相关。[结论] 红壤侵蚀区不同地层背景马尾松林土壤理化特性存在一定差异,在植被恢复过程中应考虑地层背景因素进行分区治理,细菌对不同地层背景土壤性质具有一定指示作用。 相似文献
7.
农作物的红边特征与农学参数的关系 总被引：12，自引：4，他引：12
The hyperspectral reflectance of the canopy and the leaves on the main stem for six varieties, two each of rice, corn, and cotton crops, were measured at different growth stages with an ASD FieldSpec Pro FRTM to analyze red edge characteristics for leaf area indices (LAI), aboveground biomass, as well as the chlorophyll, carotenoid, and nitrogen content, emphasizing comparative differences on the red edge parameters. The results showed a ‘double peak' phenomenon for the red edge of the canopy spectra but not for the leaves. There were ‘increase' and ‘decrease' change rules for the red edge position, λr, the red edge slope, Dλr, and the red edge area, Sr, of the canopy spectra for all 3 crops with a ‘blue shift' for λr of the leaf spectra for all 3 crops as the development stages progressed. For rice, corn, and cotton the LAI and fresh leaf mass had highly significant correlations (P < 0.01) so the red edge parameters λr, Dλr, and Sr of their canopy spectra. Additionally, for all crops the chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid content of the leaves all had highly significant (P < 0.01) correlations to their λr. For rice, the nitrogen content of the leaves in g kg-1 and phytomass for a unit area of land in g m-2 also had a highly significant (P < 0.01) correlation to λr, Dλr, and Sr of the canopy spectra. 相似文献
8.
[目的] 探究南亚热带地区乡土针阔树种人工林土壤不同形态铁铝氧化物对土壤有机碳含量的作用特征,为深入理解该地区乡土树种人工林土壤有机碳积累机理提供科学依据。[方法] 以位于广西壮族自治区凭祥市的中国林业科学研究院林业试验中心的马尾松(Pinus massoniana)纯林、格木(Erythrophleum fordii)纯林和马尾松—格木混交林3个乡土针阔树种人工林为研究对象,应用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪以及重铬酸钾法分别测定各林分不同土层(0—20,20—40,40—60 cm)土壤铁铝氧化物含量和有机碳含量,采用方差分析法检验各观测指标在不同林分不同土层间的差异性,利用Pearson相关分析法探讨土壤不同形态铁铝氧化物与有机碳之间的关系。[结果] 马尾松—格木混交林土壤有机碳含量显著高于马尾松林和格木林,且3个林分土壤有机碳含量均随土层深度增加而减少;3个人工林土壤中各形态铁铝氧化物含量总体表现为：游离态氧化铁(Fed)＞游离态氧化铝(Ald)＞无定形氧化铁(Fe0)＞无定形氧化铝(Alo)＞络合态氧化铁(Fep)＞络合态氧化铝(Alp);土壤Fed与土壤有机碳含量显著负相关(p＜0.05),而土壤Feo,Fep和Alp与土壤有机碳含量呈显著正相关关系(p＜0.05)。[结论] 南亚热带乡土针阔树种人工林土壤Fed含量高,因而增强了土壤有机碳的矿化能力,Feo,Fep和Alp含量虽少,但有助于提升土壤有机碳的固持与稳定。 相似文献
9.
[目的] 探讨甘蔗等高种植与新植适宜的配置比例,为甘蔗种植区减少坡面沟蚀和养分流失、提升耕地质量和合理种植甘蔗提供技术支撑。[方法] 通过野外测量与试验分析相结合,确定苗期、分蘖期、伸长期和成熟期4个甘蔗生长时期内低、中、高3种等高种植和新植比例的甘蔗坡面沟蚀量和养分流失量,并明确其影响因素。[结果] ①整个甘蔗生育期,那辣流域甘蔗种植坡面沟蚀及其导致的全氮、全磷流失量分别在31.3～66.3 t/hm2,39.0～82.5 kg/hm2,18.0～38.4 kg/hm2之间; ②苗期是那辣流域沟蚀和养分流失的主要时期,其贡献量占甘蔗全生育期的比例为47.7%～57.7%。③全生育期,高比例等高(HC)的坡面沟蚀和养分流失比低比例新植坡面(LC)低33.03%～35.42%(p＜0.05),但中比例等高(MC)和HC,LC的流失量均不显著;低比例新植(LRp)坡面沟蚀和养分流失量比高比例新植(HRp)低27.41%～32.98%,比中比例新植(MRp)低21.02%～25.86%(p＜0.05),凋落物覆盖度和根系密度是影响沟蚀与养分流失的重要因素。④全生育期,坡面全氮和全磷流失量分别占年氮肥和磷肥施用量的24.1%～39.5%和107.0%～156.7%。[结论] 在甘蔗种植时,60%以上的等高种植比例和30%以下新植比例,可以有效减少坡面土肥流失。 相似文献
10.
[目的] 探究塔里木河流域地表水和地下水的转化关系,为该流域水资源形成机制研究和促进水资源合理开发利用提供科学依据。[方法] 以氧同位素（δ18O）作为示踪剂,采用稳定同位素技术和水化学原理分析了塔里木河流域地表水与地下水转化关系。2018年沿塔里木河上、中、下游采集了90组地表水样和地下水样,并测量相应的氘氧稳定同位素和水化学离子（Cl-,SO42-,HCO3-,Ca2+,Mg2+,Na+）,运用Gibbs图和Piper三线图探测了塔里木河流域地上和地下水化学特征及其转化关系。[结果] ①地下水和河水的δ18O值具有不同的变化情况：地下水δ18O值随着流向呈现明显的逐渐富集特点,而地表水则变化较小。通过总溶解固体（total dissolved solids,TDS）的沿程分析可知,对于上游地下水而言,由于河水下渗补给,加上侧向径流影响,δ18O呈现了大幅下降。随着河水补给的增加,其值不断富集。对于地表水而言,随着流向其δ18O值逐渐下降,此时地下水呈现富集,说明此时期地下水能够对地表水产生补给。②根据地下水和河水测试数据分别建立地下水线和河水线方程,且二者斜率均小于大气降水线斜率,说明地下水和河水同位素组成受到一定程度蒸发作用影响。③塔里木河上游地下水向地表水补给平均速率为1.76 m3/（d·m）,中游地下水向地表水补给平均速率为1.71 m3/（d·m）,下游地下水向地表水补给平均速率为1.65 m3/（d·m）。[结论] 地表水—地下水的频繁转化是塔里木河流域水资源循环的主要特征,地下水补给是河流水资源的主要补给来源。 相似文献
11.
紫花苜蓿、黑麦草和狼尾草对Cu、Pb复合污染土壤修复能力的研究 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
随着经济和社会的发展,土壤重金属污染对粮食安全及人类的身体健康构成了巨大的威胁,而目前对于土壤重金属污染的治理主要以植物修复为主。为了寻找适宜修复Cu、Pb复合污染土壤的牧草,采用盆栽试验法,将试验的植物设置9组处理:1组对照组(CK),不添加任何重金属盐;4组单一污染,即单一Cu低(Cu1,200 mg×kg-1)、高浓度(Cu2 400 mg×kg-1),单一Pb低(Pb1 300 mg×kg-1)、高浓度(Pb2 800 mg×kg-1);4组Cu、Pb复合污染(Cu1Pb1、Cu1Pb2、Cu2Pb1、Cu_2Pb_2)。通过比较紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)、黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、狼尾草(Pennisetum alopecuroides)的适应能力和富集特征,研究了这3种常见牧草植物对受Cu、Pb复合污染土壤的修复效果。结果表明:1)紫花苜蓿地上部和根部生物量均在Pb1处理组时最大,显著高于其他处理组;黑麦草地上部生物量在Cu1Pb1处理组最大,根部生物量在Pb1处理组最大;狼尾草地上部生物量在Cu_2Pb_2处理组最大,根部生物量在Cu2处理组最大。2)Cu单一污染下,狼尾草抗性系数最大;Pb单一污染下,紫花苜蓿抗性系数最大;Cu-Pb复合污染下,狼尾草的抗性系数较大。高浓度Cu处理组3种牧草植物的地上部生物量、根部生物量和抗性系数均呈现:狼尾草黑麦草紫花苜蓿,且狼尾草显著大于黑麦草和紫花苜蓿。3)种植3种牧草植物后,土壤重金属Cu、Pb含量均有所降低。在一定浓度下,土壤Cu-Pb重金属间会相互促进对方在牧草植物中的吸收。4)3种牧草中紫花苜蓿地上部对Cu的富集系数在Cu_2Pb_2处理组最大,达1.61;黑麦草根部对Cu的富集系数在Cu_2Pb_2处理组最大,达3.80;3种牧草地上部和根部对Pb的富集系数只在黑麦草根部的Cu1Pb1处理组时大于1,达1.46。5)黑麦草对Pb的吸收能力较强,且主要积累在根系;紫花苜蓿对Cu-Pb复合污染综合修复效果最好。紫花苜蓿和黑麦草分别在Cu-Pb复合污染和Pb单一污染土壤中对Pb的转运系数大于1,分别为2.72和2.06,反映其对土壤中的Pb具有富集潜力。综合表明,黑麦草对重金属Pb具有较强的耐性,在Pb单一污染土壤的植物修复及尾矿废弃地的植被重建中,可优先作为选择的材料;紫花苜蓿对重金属Cu、Pb均具有较强的耐性,在重金属Cu单一或Cu-Pb复合污染土壤的植物修复及尾矿废弃地的植被重建中,可优先作为选择的材料。 相似文献
12.
采用悉生培养系统,研究不同浓度菲对秀丽隐杆线虫、拟丽突属与中杆属线虫的毒性效应,以及3种线虫对菲的去除作用。结果表明:(1)随着菲浓度的增加,3种线虫存活率逐渐降低。秀丽隐杆线虫在不添加菲的处理中,48 h内出现繁殖,而在添加菲的处理中,即使在最低浓度5 mg/L下,繁殖现象也会消失。中杆属与拟丽突属线虫由于世代时间较长,在本试验周期内均未出现繁殖现象。(2)暴露24 h时,比较不同浓度菲处理下线虫的相对死亡率,得到3种线虫的耐性依次为中杆属线虫≥秀丽隐杆线虫≥拟丽突属线虫,且随菲浓度的增加,秀丽隐杆线虫耐性水平逐渐降低;暴露48 h时中杆属线虫耐性依旧高于拟丽突属,而72 h时中杆属与拟丽突属线虫的耐性趋于一致。(3)3种线虫受菲胁迫后均失去头部正常摆动能力,且秀丽隐杆线虫与拟丽突属线虫体长随菲浓度的增加而逐渐降低。(4)不同种类线虫的添加均能促进菲的去除,不同线虫之间无显著差异。因此,菲会显著抑制3种线虫的存活率和生长发育,抑制秀丽隐杆线虫的繁殖。线虫的存活率受线虫种类、暴露时间、菲浓度及其交互作用的影响显著,其中中杆属线虫对菲的综合耐性最强,3种线虫均能促进溶液中菲的去除。 相似文献
13.
Mika Rty 《Pedobiologia》2004,48(4):321-328
A laboratory experiment was carried out to test the hypothesis that the earthworms Lumbricus terrestris and Aporrectodea caliginosa are able to maintain their populations and reproduce in the acid forest soil of a deciduous forest where no lumbricids were found in the field. The experiment was conducted in 45-l containers in which layers of mineral subsoil, humus and organic topsoil collected from the site were established. Both species survived and at least L. terrestris reproduced during the 60 weeks’ incubation. Burrows and middens of L. terrestris were recorded and quantities of litter were consumed. The presence of lumbricids increased the organic matter content of humus, reduced the acidity of the topsoil and humus layers, and suppressed the population of the enchytraeid Cognettia sphagnetorum. A dense population of Enchytraeus albidus was found in L. terrestris middens. It is concluded that edaphic factors do not explain the absence of earthworms, but isolation from cultural landscapes and lack of opportunity to colonize the site from the surroundings is the decisive factor. 相似文献
14.
Jonah Piovia-Scott Karen L. Pope Sharon P. Lawler Esther M. Cole Janet E. Foley 《Biological conservation》2011,144(12):2913-2921
The fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), which causes the disease chytridiomycosis, has been associated with declines and extinctions of montane amphibians worldwide. To gain insight into factors affecting its distribution and prevalence we focus on the amphibian community of the Klamath Mountains in northwest California. The Cascades frog (Rana cascadae), one of the most common amphibians in these mountains, experienced increased mortality as a result of Bd exposure in laboratory trials and has experienced recent, dramatic declines in other parts of California. We surveyed 112 sites in the Klamaths, all of which supported R. cascadae between 1999 and 2002, for amphibians and Bd to (1) determine the distribution of Bd, (2) evaluate changes in the distribution of R. cascadae, and (3) assess associations between potential biotic and abiotic drivers and Bd infection. Bd was widely distributed in the Klamath Mountains – we detected the pathogen at 64% of sites. R. cascadae was found at 79% of sites, and was often infected with Bd. These results suggest that Bd has not caused dramatic declines in R. cascadae in the Klamaths in recent years. Subadult R. cascadae had a higher Bd prevalence than other R. cascadae life stages (subadults: 36%, adults: 25%, metamorphs: 4%, larvae: 1%), and while the probability of infection decreased over the season for adults, it did not for subadults, suggesting that subadults may be more vulnerable to chytridiomycosis than other R. cascadae life stages. Bd prevalence in R. cascadae was highest early in the season at high-elevation sites, which may indicate that populations inhabiting high elevation sites may have a greater risk of being affected by chytridiomycosis. Three other common amphibian species also tested positive for Bd: Pacific chorus frog (Pseudacris regilla), western toad (Anaxyrus boreas), and rough-skinned newt (Taricha granulosa). 相似文献
15.
冀西北山地华北落叶松和白桦林下枯落物水文特征 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
[目的]探讨冀西北山区不同人工林枯落物持水特性的差异,为该地区森林水文循环和森林开发管理提供基础依据。[方法]以冀西北张家口市崇礼山区的华北落叶松、白桦人工林为研究对象,在林下设置标准样地,测定枯落物层厚度和蓄积量,通过室内浸泡法测定持水特征。[结果]华北落叶松和白桦林下枯落物层厚度分别为4.2,3.4cm,枯落物蓄积量为10.90,4.92t/hm2;浸泡24h后华北落叶松枯落物(未分解层和半分解层)总持水量为4 228.5g/kg,白桦枯落物(未分解层和半分解层)总持水量为5 208.6g/kg,二者的有效拦蓄量分别为14.06,8.85t/hm2。在整个持水过程中,华北落叶松、白桦林下枯落物持水量、吸水速率与浸水时间的变化规律基本一致,均在前4h内持水作用较强,4~8h后逐渐变缓,10h后其持水量基本达到饱和;枯落物持水量与浸水时间存在对数曲线关系,而吸水速率与浸泡时间存在幂函数关系。[结论]森林枯落物层发挥水文功能由持水能力和蓄积量共同决定,在森林经营管理过程中应充分考虑包括树种组成和搭配、林分密度等因子的影响。 相似文献
16.
长江三角洲地区麻栎和栓皮栎蒸腾规律及其对气候因子的响应 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
森林蒸腾在维系森林生态系统水量平衡上起着重要作用,研究麻栎和栓皮栎的蒸腾耗水规律,有助于了解栎林的水文过程和水量平衡。采用热扩散探针法,对江苏省句容市麻栎和栓皮栎林蒸腾速率进行连续观测,研究蒸腾速率在晴天、阴天和雨天的日变化特征,以及不同天气下气候因子对蒸腾速率的影响机制。结果表明,麻栎和栓皮栎蒸腾速率日变化在晴天、阴天均为单峰型,而雨天峰型波动较大。晴天峰值出现在11:30—12:30,阴天峰值出现在13:30—14:00。不同天气下,麻栎、栓皮栎日均蒸腾速率表现为麻栎>栓皮栎,晴天>阴天>雨天。总辐射、气温、饱和水汽压差与麻栎、栓皮栎蒸腾速率呈极显著正相关。总辐射对麻栎、栓皮栎蒸腾速率的贡献最大,在晴天其贡献度分别为91.7%和85.5%,而在阴天为71.0%和80.1%,在雨天为50.4%和57.9%。总辐射是影响麻栎和栓皮栎蒸腾速率最大的气候因子,其次是饱和水汽压差、气温和土壤含水量。 相似文献
17.
L. A. Materon 《Applied soil ecology》1994,1(4)
Seed inoculation is frequently essential for annual Medicago establishment in Mediterranean dryland farming systems. As post-planting soil inoculation is often practiced when seed inoculation fails, the effect of delayed inoculation was investigated. Roots of Medicago rigidula (L.). All selection 716, and Medicago rotata Boiss. selection 2132, were initially pre-exposed to Rhizobium meliloti strains. Subsequently, roots were exposed to a secondary inoculum after 6, 48 and 168 h to simulate delayed inoculation. and subsequent establishment of others strains in the nodules were investigated. Combinations of highly effective and host compatible ICARDA strains (M15 and M53) and effective-ineffective strains (M15 and M28) were used to evaluate proportional nodulation responses. Plants were harvested after 6 weeks of growth. Nodules were assessed for distribution in the root system and for occupancy based on their differential resistance to kanamycin and streptomycin, and, in the case of ICARDA M28, on nodule characteristics. The strain ICARDA M15 was a better competitor than ICARDA M53 when applied in equal density in M. rotata, at zero time. While forming nodules with M. rigidula, ICARDA M53 was equally competitive under the same conditions. With ICARDA M15 as the primary inoculum, and ICARDA M53 delayed for 6, 48 and 168 h, the incidence of ICARDA M15 nodules increased on M. rigidula from 43% (at zero time) to 86, 94, and 97% and, on M. rotata, from 78% (at zero time) to 88%, 95%, and 98% for the three time delays, respectively. Pre-exposure of 2-day old M. rigidula seedlings to the ineffective strain ICARDA M28 as the primary inoculant was followed by significant nodule number increases (P 0.01) as compared with ICARDA M15. Nonetheless, when ICARDA M15 was the primary inoculum, M28 was able to produce about 35% of the nodules when applied at the 6 and 48 h time delays. However, with ICARDA M28 as the primary inoculum, followed by ICARDA M15, nodule occupancy of ICARDA M28 in M. rigidula increased from 40 (at zero time) to 75%, 80%, and 95% for the three time delays, respectively. The percentage of total nodulation by M28, applied at the three delay times, was markedly lower (10%, 5% and 1%, respectively) when M. rotata was pre-exposed to ICARDA M15. This suggested a host preference for ICARDA M15, even if applied as a late inoculum. Results indicate that the early events in the nodulation process of annual medics coupled with host-specificity factors are perhaps the most critical for competition among R. meliloti strains for nodule formation. 相似文献
18.
19.
J. Renato de Freitas 《Pedobiologia》2000,44(2)
The effects of bacterial inoculants on the growth of winter wheat were studied in a growth chamber. Azospirillum brasilense, Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus polymyxa, Enterobacter cloacae, or a mixture of the four rhizobacteria were the inoculants tested. Inoculation effects on yield, yield components, and N-derived from fertilizer (Ndff) were assessed. The response of plants inoculated with individual bacteria was inconsistent and varied with treatment. At the first harvest (58 days after planting-DAP) plants inoculated with the mixture exhibited increases in plant dry weight, total-N and Ndff. At the second harvest (105 DAP), plants inoculated with A. brasilense and the mixture exhibited increases in shoot biomass, whereas at maturity (170 DAP), the inoculated plants showed no differences in total-N or shoot dry matter yield, as compared to the uninoculated controls. Inoculation with A. brasilense, however, increased the Ndff in the shoots, and B. polymyxa tended to enhance grain yield. Practical use of these rhizobacteria as inoculants for winter wheat may have limited value until such time as we better understand factors which influence rhizosphere competence of bacterial inoculants. 相似文献
20.
The conversion of montane cloud forests into pastures for grazing cattle is the main cause of important impacts on rivers and streams in most of the Andes. In order to evaluate the effects of vegetation changes we need to understand water fluxes, particularly canopy interception. We measured net precipitation responses by the canopies of Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov. and Melinis minutiflora Beauv. under simulated rainfall. The samples were taken from grazed pastures during 1 year, digging out round mats of grass, placing them on wire-mesh devices after eliminating soil and underground biomass, and irrigating with different water amounts. The resulting data allow us to present a validated model for each species that predicts percentage of interception at different precipitation intensities taking into account previous canopy wetness within determined biomass ranges. We use these models to estimate 2 years of interception values for pastures of both species in the upper watershed of El Cañadón, Capaz River, Venezuelan Andes. Mean annual precipitation of El Cañadón is 1244 mm and the estimate of pasture interception was 36.5% and 31.8% for P. clandestinum and M. minutiflora, respectively. Interception models, such as the ones derived in this study, provide a basis for quantifying interception rates as a function of previous wetness of canopies and grass species. 相似文献