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1.
春雷霉素和噻霉酮对番茄斑疹病菌联合毒力及防病效果   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
通过平板菌落计数法测定了春雷霉素和噻霉酮对引起番茄斑疹病的丁香假单胞杆菌番茄致病变种(Pseudomonas syringae pv.tomato)的毒力及两种药剂混配的联合毒力。结果表明:春雷霉素和噻霉酮对番茄斑疹病菌具有抑制作用,EC50值分别为5.32μg/mL和2.66μg/mL;联合毒力的测定结果表明:春雷霉素和噻霉酮质量比1∶1的配比增效作用最强。田间试验结果表明:春雷霉素、噻霉酮及春雷霉素与噻霉酮(1∶1)混剂,田间防治效果均达到80%以上,混剂防治效果显著高于单剂。  相似文献   

2.
梨火疫病是苹果、梨等蔷薇科仁果类植物上一种重要的细菌性病害。为了筛选出有效防治梨火疫病的药剂,本研究采用预防和治疗的方式评价了12种药剂和其中5种药剂3种浓度对盆栽杜梨苗梨火疫病的预防和治疗效果,测定了其中4种药剂对梨火疫病的预防持效期和不同潜伏期的治疗效果。结果表明:预防和治疗效果都高于60%的药剂有6种,其中效果最好的是40%春雷·噻唑锌SC,喷施1 000倍液后2 d的预防效果和接菌后2 d的治疗效果分别达到95.63%和80.55%;不同药剂使用浓度对防效影响较大,5种药剂中只有40%春雷·噻唑锌SC在3种浓度下预防和治疗效果都达到70%以上;4种药剂中40%春雷·噻唑锌SC持效期最长,喷施1 000倍液21 d后预防效果仍能达到51.94%,在病害不同潜伏期的治疗效果最好,接菌后6 d治疗效果仍可达到62.31%。本研究结果为后续田间试验示范和大面积推广应用提供了技术支撑。  相似文献   

3.
谯天敏  王丽  朱天辉 《植物保护》2020,46(4):258-263
本文以黄单胞杆菌Xanthomonas campestris pv.juglandis(Pierce Dowson)为供试菌株,选用不同浓度的13种杀菌剂进行室内毒力测定。结果表明:有10种药剂对该菌有一定的抑制效果,但只有5种杀菌剂能够产生明显的抑菌圈。其中,四霉素和链霉素的抑菌效果最强,最低抑菌浓度为0.165、3μg/mL,抑菌率为74.76%、69.23%,EC_(50)为12.764、35.318μg/mL。其他依次为乙蒜素、中生菌素和春雷霉素。选用这5种杀菌剂进行盆栽防治试验,四霉素和链霉素的平均防效达74.60%、71.69%,乙蒜素和中生菌素防效分别为65.98%、58.40%,春雷霉素防效最低为39.38%。其结果与室内基本一致。室内试验及盆栽试验结果表明四霉素、链霉素、乙蒜素、中生菌素和春雷霉素可作为防治核桃黑斑病的杀菌剂,其中四霉素为首选杀菌剂。  相似文献   

4.
采用菌丝生长速率法测定咯菌腈分别与丁香菌酯、吡唑醚菌酯或苯醚甲环唑3种药剂复配对马铃薯早疫病菌(Alternaria solani)的联合毒力,以Wadley公式评价咯菌腈与其他3种药剂复配对抑制早疫病菌菌丝生长是否有增效作用。通过田间试验验证咯菌腈与其他药剂有增效作用的桶混产品对马铃薯早疫病的防治效果。结果表明,咯菌腈与上述3种药剂按9种配比混合均无拮抗作用(增效系数均大于0.5),咯菌腈与苯醚甲环唑以5∶1复配有明显的增效作用(增效系数SR 2.02),与丁香菌酯或吡唑醚菌酯的9种配比混合物有加和作用(SR介于0.5与1.5之间)。在田间咯菌腈与苯醚甲环唑以5∶1桶混,并以105g/hm2的剂量施用,防效可达85%以上、增产率40%以上,显著高于同浓度单剂的防效和增产率。  相似文献   

5.
为筛选农用链霉素替代药剂,以其为对照药剂,测定春雷霉素、中生菌素、噻霉酮和噻菌铜这4种常用细菌病害防治药剂对梨火疫病菌Erwinia amylovora的抑制活性、对梨火疫病的田间防效及不同药剂处理后梨中的农药残留,并对这4种药剂的作物安全性进行评价。结果表明,中生菌素、噻霉酮和春雷霉素对梨火疫病菌有抑制作用,抑制中浓度EC50分别为1.60、6.64和60.57 mg/L,中生菌素的抑制效果高于链霉素。在连续2年田间试验中,中生菌素1 000倍液和春雷霉素400倍液对梨火疫病的保护效果和治疗效果均达90.33%以上,噻霉酮500倍液和噻菌铜200倍液对梨火疫病的保护效果均达100.00%,治疗效果均超过86.97%,与对照药剂农用链霉素2 000倍液的效果相当。所有药剂处理后均未检出中生菌素、春雷霉素、高效氯氰菊酯和农用链霉素的农药残留,而噻虫嗪、阿维菌素和矮壮素虽有检出,但其残留量均低于国家限量标准。花期前后、幼果期和果实膨大期施药,中生菌素、春雷霉素、噻霉酮和噻菌铜对梨花、叶片、枝梢及果实生长均无不良影响。综合来看,中生菌素、春雷霉素、噻霉酮和噻菌铜均可作为农用链霉素的替代药剂,...  相似文献   

6.
解淀粉芽胞杆菌WH1G与咪鲜胺协同防治草莓炭疽病   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
通过室内测定8种化学药剂和拮抗细菌解淀粉芽胞杆菌WH1G对草莓炭疽病菌的毒力,将毒力最强的化学药剂与WH1G进行复配,探讨复配剂对草莓炭疽病菌的室内毒力及田间防治效果。室内生物测定结果表明,8种常见化学药剂中咪鲜胺对草莓炭疽病菌的毒力最强,其EC50为0.045 3mg/L,在较低浓度下能有效抑制草莓炭疽病菌的生长,与生防菌有较好的生物相容性;解淀粉芽胞杆菌WH1G对草莓炭疽病菌菌丝生长具有较强的抑制作用,含菌量为1.0×1010cfu/mL时抑制率达89%;将咪鲜胺(0.045 3mg/L)与解淀粉芽胞杆菌WH1G(2.3×106cfu/mL)复配,V(咪鲜胺)∶V(WH1G)配比为5∶5时对病菌抑制的增效作用和防治效果最好,毒性比率为1.432,防效为69.94%。复配剂对草莓炭疽病的田间防效达67.91%,显著高于单剂防效,且咪鲜胺使用量只有单剂使用量的1/2,表明二者复配不仅可以提高防效,还能有效减少化学药剂的使用量。  相似文献   

7.
苯醚甲环唑与烯肟菌胺复配防治稻曲病   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为筛选防治稻曲病的杀菌剂,本文测定了苯醚甲环唑、烯肟菌胺单剂以及不同比例的混配制剂对稻曲病菌的毒力和联合毒力,并选择具有增效作用的混配药剂进行了田间防效试验。结果表明:苯醚甲环唑和烯肟菌胺按9∶1混配对稻曲病菌的抑制作用最强,EC50为0.11μg/mL,共毒系数最大,达182.91,显示二者按该比例混配具有增效作用。选择该配比加工的复配制剂5%苯醚甲环唑·烯肟菌胺微乳剂进行田间药效试验,结果表明,喷雾量为有效剂量(下同)180g/hm~2时,其病穗防效达79.89%,病粒率防效达81.94%,高于5%烯肟菌胺水剂75g/hm~2和对照药剂2.5%井冈霉素·100亿枯草芽孢杆菌水剂112.5g·4.5×10~(13)/hm~2处理,与25%苯醚甲环唑乳油和对照药剂300g/L苯醚甲环唑·丙环唑乳油均无显著差异。分析认为,5%苯醚甲环唑·烯肟菌胺ME可望作为稻曲病防治药剂进行示范和验证试验。  相似文献   

8.
针对苹果黄蚜防治药剂类型单一、药剂敏感性下降等问题,采用浸叶法开展几种药剂对苹果黄蚜室内毒力测定,并用共毒系数法进行联合毒力评价。结果显示,氟啶虫胺腈和阿维菌素在8∶1～1∶8、氟啶虫胺腈和吡虫啉1∶1、氟啶虫胺腈和高效氯氟氰菊酯在4∶1～1∶4配比范围对苹果黄蚜有增效作用,3种组合最佳增效比均为1∶1。田间应用结果显示,药后3～21 d,22%氟啶虫胺腈SC单剂对苹果黄蚜防效达94.77%～99.40%;22%氟啶虫胺腈SC分别与5%阿维菌素EC、70%吡虫啉WG和2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯EW按有效成分1∶1混配后对苹果黄蚜防效达86.43%～97.00%,均显著高于相应单剂对照,持效期可达21 d。推荐采用氟啶虫胺腈单剂及氟啶虫胺腈与阿维菌素、吡虫啉或高效氯氟氰菊酯混配剂作为替代药剂防治苹果黄蚜。  相似文献   

9.
由解淀粉欧文氏菌Erwinia amylovora引起的梨火疫病是危害梨、苹果等蔷薇科果树的一种重要细菌病害,在世界范围内造成严重损失,是果树上重要的防控对象。药剂防治是控制梨火疫病传播蔓延的一种重要手段。吩嗪类化合物是绿针假单胞菌Pseudomonas chlororaphis和抗生素溶杆菌Lysobacter antibioticus等生防细菌产生的抗菌活性物质,在农药、医药等领域有广阔的应用前景。为明确吩嗪类化合物对梨火疫病菌的抗菌活性,本研究通过测定含不同浓度药剂的菌悬液OD600的方法,评价了本课题组分离的5个吩嗪类化合物以及常见的抗细菌药剂对梨火疫病菌的室内抗菌活性。结果表明,堆囊粘菌素(myxin)和吩嗪-1-羧酸(PCA)活性较好,EC50分别为 7.20 μg/mL 和46.41 μg/mL。中生菌素、噻霉酮、春雷霉素等药剂EC50为7.21～50.74 μg/mL。进一步对活性较好的药剂进行了复配筛选,结果显示,吩嗪-1-羧酸∶中生菌素=9∶1复配组合的EC50为27.15 μg/mL,增效系数为1.28,表现了一定的相加作用。本研究明确了5个吩嗪化合物对梨火疫病菌的抗菌活性,为扩充梨火疫病防治药剂种类、开发利用吩嗪类化合物提供了参考。  相似文献   

10.
为了解常用杀菌剂单剂及混配对杧果叶片的安全性和对叶部病害的防效,选择17种杀菌剂,按推荐用量1倍、2倍共设置34个单剂处理,并根据当地防治习惯设计29个混配组合,按推荐用量1倍、2倍共设置58组混剂处理。施药后调查杧果叶片药害情况及各处理对叶部病害的防效,发现34个单剂处理中有7个产生了药害,58组混剂处理中有14组产生了药害。多数混剂组合对杧果叶部病害的防效表现出增效作用,个别组合出现拮抗作用。  相似文献   

11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.  相似文献   

12.
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.  相似文献   

13.
Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.  相似文献   

14.
We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.  相似文献   

15.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.  相似文献   

16.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.  相似文献   

17.
《干旱区科学》2014,(6):782-782
正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad  相似文献   

18.
Solacol®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.  相似文献   

19.
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.  相似文献   

20.
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.  相似文献   

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