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1.
We previously developed a new simple technique of methylene blue (MB) staining for the discrimination of aluminum (Al)-tolerant protoplasts from 4 plant species (rice, oats, maize and pea). The objectives of the present study were to confirm the applicability of this technique to a wider range of plant species, cultivars and lines, and to identify a common strategy for the early stage of Al tolerance. A total of 10 plant species, two Brachiaria spp., two Oryza spp., buckwheat, maize, pea, triticale, wheat and barley, corresponding to 18 different plant samples (species, cultivars, and lines), were used. Al tolerance (relative net root elongation of the longest root), which was screened at 20 μM AICI3 in 0.2 mM CaCl2 (pH 4.9) for 24 h, ranged widely from 10 to 88. Among cultivars and lines within the same species, Al accumulation in the root tip portion was higher in Al-sensitive plants, corresponding to more severe permeabilization of the plasma membranes (PM). Protoplasts isolated mainly from the epidermis, and outer and central parts of the cortex were stained to different degrees by MB, and the blue color was observed both on the surface and inside the protoplasts. Color pictures obtained after staining for 3 min with 0.1% MB were analyzed by Image Hyper II. The ratio of the heavily stained area at threshold 95 to the entire area stained with MB at threshold 125 was defined as MB stainability. MB stainability was negatively correlated with Al tolerance ( y = 48.6e−0.02 x , R 2= 0.676**) suggesting the common importance of permeation characteristics of PM, in addition to PM negativity for Al tolerance in a wide range of plant species, cultivars and lines. Analysis of the PM lipid composition was proposed as an important topic for future studies on the negativity and permeation of PM.  相似文献   

2.
We investigated the role of the cell wall and plasma membrane (PM) of root-tip cells in Al tolerance in Al-tolerant and Al-sensitive cultivars of five plant species (rice, maize, pea, wheat, and sorghum). No correlation was found between the differences in Al tolerance and the cation exchange capacity of cell walls isolated from root-tips (0–1 em). Preliminary exposure to Al for 1 h was sufficient to inhibit subsequent root re-elongation in an Al-free solution, and the inhibitory effect was more pronounced in the Al-sensitive cultivars than in the Al-tolerant ones. Together with the inhibition of root re-elongation, the PM of the root-tip cells of all the Al-sensitive cultivars was more permeabilized than that of the Al-tolerant cultivars, based on the FDA-PI fluorescence staining technique. Exposure for 30 min to Al treatment at 100 µM significantly increased the PM permeability of protoplasts isolated from the root-tips for the Al-sensitive pea cultivar placed in a moderately hypotonic medium. Protoplasts from root-tip portions of all the Al-sensitive cultivars took up more Al than those of the Al-tolerant ones when treated with 100 pM Al under isotonic conditions for 30 min. The co-existence of DNP or hypotonic conditions led to a larger increase of Al uptake by the protoplasts from Al-sensitive maize cultivars. These results suggest that Al ions rapidly alter the PM of the root-tip portion in the Al-sensitive cultivars, irrespective of plant species, resulting in an increase of the PM permeability.  相似文献   

3.
It has been suggested that plasma membrane (PM) lipids play a major role in aluminum (Al) tolerance; however, no direct investigations have been carried out using PM lipids from root-tips. Here we report a new technique for PM isolation as an alternative to the laborious two-polymer phase partitioning method that is commonly applied, as follows: 1) separation of protoplasts from 1-cm root-tip portions by enzymatic digestion, 2) attachment of the purified protoplasts to glass plates coated with polylysine, 3) preparation of PM ghosts by successive burst of the attached protoplasts using three separate buffer solutions (25 mM PIPES, 5 mM EDTA, and 2 mM MgCl2, at pH 7.0) with slow stirring for 60 s. The PMs were confirmed to be devoid of organelle membranes by fluorescence microscopy, thin layer chromatography (TLC) and western blot analysis. The PM lipids obtained were found to be useful for studies on their differential permeability and lipid composition between lines of triticale or cultivars of maize under Al stress.  相似文献   

4.
We previously developed a new simple technique of methylene blue (MB) staining for the discrimination of aluminum (Al)-tolerant protoplasts from 4 plant species (rice, oats, maize and pea). The objectives of the present study were to confirm the applicability of this technique to a wider range of plant species, cultivars and lines, and to identify a common strategy for the early stage of Al tolerance. A total of 10 plant species, two Brachiaria spp., two Oryza spp., buckwheat, maize, pea, triticale, wheat and barley, corresponding to 18 different plant samples (species, cultivars, and lines), were used. Al tolerance (relative net root elongation of the longest root), which was screened at 20 μM AICI3 in 0.2 mM CaCl2 (pH 4.9) for 24 h, ranged widely from 10 to 88. Among cultivars and lines within the same species, Al accumulation in the root tip portion was higher in Al-sensitive plants, corresponding to more severe permeabilization of the plasma membranes (PM). Protoplasts isolated mainly from the epidermis, and outer and central parts of the cortex were stained to different degrees by MB, and the blue color was observed both on the surface and inside the protoplasts. Color pictures obtained after staining for 3 min with 0.1% MB were analyzed by Image Hyper II. The ratio of the heavily stained area at threshold 95 to the entire area stained with MB at threshold 125 was defined as MB stainability. MB stainability was negatively correlated with Al tolerance (y= 48.6e?0.02x , R 2= 0.676**) suggesting the common importance of permeation characteristics of PM, in addition to PM negativity for Al tolerance in a wide range of plant species, cultivars and lines. Analysis of the PM lipid composition was proposed as an important topic for future studies on the negativity and permeation of PM.  相似文献   

5.
不同耐铝性玉米自交系的营养特性   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
采用溶液培养方法,研究了三类不同耐铝性玉米自交系的营养特性。耐铝自交系根系对Ca2+、Mg2+的平均吸收速率与对照相同或略有提高,而多数敏感自交系显著下降。铝处理后,各自交系对磷的吸收能力均呈下降趋势,铝敏感自交系降幅相对较大。各自交系对钾的吸收表现不一,与自交系耐铝性无明显关系。根系和地上部铝含量随铝处理浓度增加而增加,且敏感自交系根系铝含量增幅较大。植株吸收的铝主要集中在根系部位,自交系地上部相对铝含量与耐铝性无相关关系。铝处理可使多数自交系根系钙、镁含量降低,但耐铝自交系与对照无显著差异。铝处理后,地上部钙含量均高于根系;铝处理可显著降低耐铝自交系根系镁含量,但地上部相对镁含量高于敏感自交系。铝处理下,多数自交系根系钾含量有所降低,但与耐铝性无相关性。铝处理可使多数自交系根系和地上部铁、锰、铜、锌含量降低,不同耐铝性自交系类型间具有差异。  相似文献   

6.
Seventeen soybean cultivars were screened to discern differences in aluminum (Al) sensitivity. The Sowon (Al-tolerant) and Poongsan (Al-sensitive) cultivars were selected for further study by simple growth measurement. Aluminum-induced root growth inhibition was significantly higher in the Poongsan cultivar than in the Sowon cultivar, although the differences depended on the Al concentration (0, 25, 50, 75 or 100 μmol L–1) and the amount of exposure (0, 3, 6, 12 or 24 h). Damage occurred preferentially in the root apex. High-sensitivity growth measurements using India ink implicated the central elongation zone located 2–3 mm from the root apex. The Al content was lower 0–5 mm from the root apices in the Sowon cultivar than in the apices of the Poongsan cultivar when exposed to 50 μmol L–1 Al for 12 h. Furthermore, the citric acid exudation rate was more than twofold higher in the Sowon cultivar. Protein production of plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase from the root apices (0–5 mm) was upregulated in the presence of Al for 24 h in both cultivars. This activity, however, decreased in both cultivars treated with Al and the Poongsan cultivar was more severely affected. We propose that Al-induced growth inhibition is correlated with changes in PM H+-ATPase activity, which is linked to the exudation of citric acid in the root apex.  相似文献   

7.
Abstract

Genotypic differences in aluminum (Al) resistance in rye (Secale cereale L.), triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and buckwheat (Fygopyrum esculentum Moench) were examined using a compartmental hydroponic system. Four-day-old seedlings were grown for 24 h in 0.5 mM CaCl2 (pH 4.5) containing 0 or 50 μM Al. Relative root elongation (RRE) at 50 μM Al. (as a percentage of that at 0 Al) was used as the index of Al resistance. On average, rye exhibited the highest Al resistance, followed by buckwheat, triticale, and wheat. However, triticale displayed the greatest genotypic differences. Al content in the root tips of triticale breeding lines negatively correlated with RRE (r = 0.5, P < 0.01), implying that the Al exclusion mechanism contributed to Al resistance. Furthermore, high Al resistance in buckwheat correlated well with the growth habitats of buckwheat, indicating that adaptation mechanisms giving good Al resistance have evolved in buckwheat. All of these results suggested that it is possible to obtain greater Al resistance in plants by screening current existing cultivars. The selection of new cultivars with increased Al resistance and sensitivity will provide important material for further studies exploring Al phytotoxic and resistant mechanisms.  相似文献   

8.
铝毒和磷缺乏是酸性土壤上作物生产的主要限制因子。本研究中我们探究了5个粳稻和5个籼稻品种的磷利用效率和耐铝性之间的相互关系。结果表明,粳稻品种的耐铝性显著高于籼稻品种。对于耐铝性强的水稻品种,施加磷肥后地上部生物量显著增加,而铝敏感的品种对磷肥响应较小,这可能是由于其耐铝性差而酸性土壤中的铝毒导致根系结构和功能受损,从而影响养分的吸收和利用。不同水稻品种的耐铝性和磷吸收效率呈正比而与磷利用效率呈反比,且粳稻的地上部磷浓度及磷吸收效率高于籼稻,但磷利用效率则低于籼稻。这些结果对于酸性土壤中筛选耐铝和磷高效利用的水稻品种具有重要意义。  相似文献   

9.
施用磷、钙对红壤上胡枝子生长和矿质元素含量的影响   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：3  
孙清斌  董晓英  沈仁芳 《土壤》2009,41(2):206-211
采用红壤土培试验,研究了施用P、Ca对耐Al性不同的两个胡枝子品种的生长和矿质元素含量的影响.结果表明,单独 +P处理显著增加了耐Al 品种根和地上部生物量,而对Al敏感品种无影响;单独 +Ca处理显著促进了Al敏感品种根部的生长,而对耐Al品种的生长无影响;+P+Ca处理显著增加了两个品种根和地上部生物量.耐性品种地上部Al含量显著低于敏感品种,而根部Al含量无显著差异.两个品种体内P含量在 +P处理时耐性品种显著高于敏感品种,其他处理品种间无显著差异.整体上,胡枝子体内Ca、K、Mn和Mg含量耐性品种大于敏感品种,Fe含量反之.结果表明,低P胁迫是酸性土壤上耐Al胡枝子品种生长的主要限制因子,增施P肥效果明显,而对于Al敏感品种,Al毒是其生长的首要限制因子,只有施用石灰后对其加P,生物量才能提高.耐性品种根部有阻碍Al 向地上部运输的机制,而这种机制与体内P含量较高有着直接或间接的关系.另外,推测耐Al胡枝子品种对其他养分的吸收利用能力也较强.  相似文献   

10.
Nutrient deficiencies are often an additional growth-limiting factor in tropical acid soils. Considering the potential interactions between Al stress and low-nutrient stress, differences among rice cultivars for Al tolerance, low-nutrient tolerance, and combined stress tolerance were investigated. The main objective of this study was to identify the predominant growth-limiting factor in tropical acid soils. Tolerance to low nutrient stress and combined stress did not show any relationship with aluminum (Al) tolerance indicating that these stress factors act independently. Al-tolerant cv. Rikuu-132 was tolerant to combined stress. Conversely, highly Al-sensitive cv. BR34 was most tolerant to combined and low nutrient stress. Combined stress tolerance of shoot was positively correlated with calcium (Ca) content of shoot. The results indicate that Al tolerance alone is not adequate for superior performance on most acid soils. Tolerance to combined stress factors would be needed to improve productivity of rice on low fertility acid soils.  相似文献   

11.
This study was conducted to determine relationships between Al toxicity and mineral uptake of triticale (X Triticosecale, Wittmack), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and rye (Secale cereale L.). Two culti‐vars of each species were grown in 1/5‐strength Steinberg solution with 0, 3, 6, or 12 ppm Al added. The solutions were adjusted to pH 4.8 at transplanting and were not adjusted thereafter. The plants were grown in a growth chamber for 19 days before harvesting to determine nutrient solution pH, dry weights, and Al, Ca, Mg, K, and P levels in plants. Increasing Al concentration reduced the final pH of solutions. The addition of 12 ppm Al severely reduced the growth and increased Al concentration of plant tops. The Al levels in roots generally increased with increments of added Al up to 6 ppm. Increasing Al decreased the uptake of Ca, Mg, and P by plant tops more than that of K. Regression analyses indicated that Al toxicity was associated with increasing K/Ca + Mg equivalent ratios and decreasing P concentration in plant tops. Differences between species were: higher Al concentration in rye than wheat with 6 and 12 ppm Al, higher translocation of Ca from roots to tops in wheat than in rye and Mg in triticale and wheat than rye; K/Ca + Mg equivalent ratios associated with 50% reduction in top growth followed the order: triticales > tolerant wheat > sensitive wheat > rye. Differences in mineral uptake associated with Al toxicity in wheat were more indicative of differential Al sensitivity in wheat than in triticale and rye which have higher internal Al tolerance.  相似文献   

12.
Several detrimental ionic conditions can occur in crop fields: soil acidity, salinity, heavy metal toxicity, and/or nutrient deficiency. Crop plants tolerant to these detrimental ionic conditions have excellent strategies that are related to external and/or internal mechanisms. Recently, we proposed a new concept of aluminum (Al) tolerance in plants; specifically, a plasma membrane (PM) lipid bilayer mechanism. This mechanism is defined as the retardation of Al permeation through the PM lipid bilayer based on the specific composition of the lipid molecules in the PM. The molecular basis of a less negatively charged PM lipid bilayer is smaller proportions of phospholipids and greater proportions of galactolipids and sterols. This leads to reduced adsorbability of detrimental ions onto the PM lipid bilayer, resulting in less permeabilization. Phenolics and carotenoids have two moieties; a hydrophilic moiety and a hydrophobic moiety. The hydrophobic moieties of these compounds can occlude the permeabilized spaces in the PM lipid bilayer, thereby reinforcing it. Another strategy to retard the permeability of the PM to detrimental ions is to decrease the proportion of stigmasterol, which has been shown to have no ability to reduce water permeability. The beneficial or harmful effects of various organic materials (organic fertilizers, soil organic matter, agrochemicals, or organic pollutants) on the productivity or quality of crop plants in relation to changes in the PM lipid bilayer are discussed. Modulation of the PM lipid bilayer is a promising strategy to produce new crop lines tolerant to detrimental ionic conditions.  相似文献   

13.
铝和镉胁迫对两个大麦品种矿质营养和根系分泌物的影响   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  
A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study the effect of aluminum （Al） and cadmium （Cd） on Al and mineral nutrient contents in plants and Al-induced organic acid exudation in two barley varieties with different Al tolerance. Al- sensitive cv. Shang 70-119 had significantly higher Al content and accumulation in plants than Al-tolerant cv. Gebeina, especially in roots, when subjected to low pH （4.0） and Al treatments （100 μmol L^-1 Al and 100 μmol L^-1 Al ＋1.0 μmol L^-1 Cd）. Cd addition increased Al content in plants exposed to Al stress. Both low pH and Al treatments caused marked reduction in Ca and Mg contents in all plant parts, P and K contents in the shoots and leaves, Fe, Zn and Mo contents in the leaves, Zn and B contents in the shoots, and Mn contents both in the roots and leaves. Moreover, changes in nutrient concentrations were greater in the plants exposed to both Al and Cd than in those exposed only to Al treatment. A dramatic enhancement of malate, citrate, and succinate was found in the plants exposed to 100 μmol L^-1 Al relative to the control, and the Al-tolerant cultivar had a considerable higher exudation of these organic acids than the Al-sensitive one, indicating that Al-induced enhancement of these organic acids is very likely to be associated with Al tolerance.  相似文献   

14.
《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(11):2047-2066
Abstract

Eighteen soybean genotypes differing in aluminum (Al) tolerance were used to investigate genotypic differences in Al-induced citrate exudation and its role in Al tolerance. Aluminum accumulation and localization in soybean roots were examined by analysis of total Al and hematoxylin staining. Soybean genotypes exhibited a wide range of Al tolerance. Based on relative root elongation, several Al-tolerant genotypes from Brazil such as B1, B10, and B15 were more tolerant than the Al-tolerant PI 416937 (PI) and Perry. All soybeans exuded citrate in response to Al stress, and some Al-sensitive genotypes secreted more citrate than tolerant ones, showing no correlation between the Al tolerance and Al-induced citrate exudation. Further study found that both copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) stimulated citrate and malate exudation in soybean, indicating that organic acid secretion is not specifically induced by Al. Aluminum concentrations were significantly higher in 2–3 and 3–4 cm of segments than that in 0–1 and 1–2 cm segments under 15 μM AlCl3. Both the root mature zone and apex were heavily stained by hematoxylin after exposure to 10, 15, or 20 μM AlCl3 (24 h), whereas root elongation zone was not stained. After exposure to 50 μM AlCl3 for 20 min, the Al-tolerant PI was less stained by hematoxylin than the Al-sensitive Young, suggesting that Al accumulation in root apices seem to be an immediate response to Al stress, and related to differential Al sensitivity. Present results suggest that citrate secretion induced by Al stress may not be a key mechanism responsible for the differential Al tolerance of some soybean genotypes and other mechanism(s) conferring Al exclusion should exist and operate immediately after exposure to Al stress.  相似文献   

15.
Eight primary octoploid triticale genotypes (xTriticosecale Wittmack) derived from four wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) and two rye inbred lines (Secale cereale L.) differing in aluminum (Al) resistance were investigated with respect to their response to Al supply. Aluminum‐induced inhibition of root elongation (48 h, 25 µM Al supply), callose formation, and the accumulation of Al in root tips (4 h, 25 µM Al supply) were used as parameters to assess Al resistance. Using these parameters, the existing information on Al resistance of the wheat and rye cultivars was generally confirmed. The triticale cultivars showed a wide range of Al resistance amongst the Al‐sensitive wheat and the Al‐resistant rye cultivars. The rye parents and the Al‐resistant wheat parent Carazinho were characterized by Al‐induced exudation particularly of citrate but also of malate from whole root systems of 14 d old seedlings (8 h, 50 µM Al supply). Regression analysis revealed that the degree of Al resistance of the triticale genotypes was closely related to the Al‐induced citrate exudation, which was mainly controlled by the Al resistance of the wheat parent.  相似文献   

16.
Two separate experiments were conducted to investigate the aluminium (Al) and calcium (Ca) effects on wheat seedling growth and on seed germination. Wheat (Tritcum aestivum L, cs Yangmai No. 5) seedlings were grown for a 15‐day period and treated with 0.5 mM Al with low Ca (1 mM Ca) or high Ca (5 mM Ca). The growth of seedlings was signficantly inhibited by Al. Supplement of Ca improved the growth of Al‐treated plants, increased dry matter weight of plant and leaf area, and decreased shoot/root ratio. This showed that Ca ameliorated Al toxicity in wheat. In experiments on seed germination, Al concentrations less than 2 mM in the germinating medium had little or no visible effect on length of shoot and root of germinating seed. The germinating rate of seed was not affected significantly by Al, when Al concentrations lower than 5 mM Al. The addition of 3 mM Ca did not increase the length of shoot and root and germination rate of seeds. Both pretreatments with 6 mM Ca and 1 μM GA had no significant effect on the length of shoot and root and amylolytic activity of Al‐treated germinating seeds. No significant differences were found in the total amylolytic activity in Al‐treated and control seeds two days and five days after germination. The results of Al and Ca effects on seedlings and seed germination showed that Al‐toxicity on germinating seeds was different from on seedling growth. The high concentrations of Al inhibit growth of roots and shoots of germinating seeds by other toxicity mechanism rather than interaction of Al with Ca and mobilization of carbohydrate reserves.  相似文献   

17.
The objective of this study was to examine whether aluminium (Al) induces callose formation in roots of Norway spruce as it does in soybean. Spruce seedlings were grown in Al-free nutrient solution under controlled conditions in a growth chamber at pH 3.8. After 21 days 170 μM Al was added or not (controls) to the complete nutrient solution (molar Ca/Al ratio: 0.75). Callose could be detected in outer root-tip cells of Al-treated plants within 3 h, using fluorescence microscopy after staining with aniline blue. Prolonged Al treatment up to 24 h increased both the density of the callose deposits and the number of affected cell layers. Control plants showed no comparable callose deposits. Ultrastructural examinations showed cell-wall appositions in Al-treated root cells but not in controls. The possible implications of Al-induced callose formation for nutrient and water uptake by roots are discussed.  相似文献   

18.
Acid soils, which represent a large fraction of arable soils in the world, frequently have an excess of available aluminum (Al) and manganese (Mn). In such problem soils, plant genotypes with a higher degree of tolerance to low pH and or an excess of these minerals are recommended. In previous works cereal triticale demonstrated considerable tolerance both for Al and Mn excess, but with a large variability among cultivars (cvs.). This article extends the evaluation to other cvs. and discusses the contribution of changes in mineral uptake and translocation to the growth inhibition in cases of Mn excess. Plants of nine cvs. of triticale and one of wheat were submitted to a range of Mn concentrations from 2.5 to 50 mg l?1 and growth evaluated through dried biomass, both in the vegetative stage after 1 month of growth and after the filling of the grain. Mineral analysis that included nitrogen (N), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and Mn was conducted on the dried plant material. From the growth inhibition we concluded that the cvs. Juanilho, Borba, TTE 9201 and BH 1146 (wheat) are more tolerant and that the cvs. Arabian, Beagle, TTE 9101, and TTE 9203 are more sensitive. The capacity to reduce the Mn uptake and therefore to avoid very high tissue concentrations in the leaf could be a strategy contributing to a higher tolerance in TTE 9201 and wheat BH 1146. Significant decreases in Ca and Mg and increases in Zn were observed. Also a good correlation between the Mg:Mn ratio and the relative growth envolving all the cvs. was observed.  相似文献   

19.
Seedlings of two soybean genotypes, BX10 [aluminum (Al)-tolerant] and BD2 (Al-sensitive), were treated with Al to evaluate the relative root growth (RRG), callose content, Al-sensitive zone, lipid peroxidation, and the anti-oxidative enzyme activities by histochemical and biochemical assays. Under Al toxicity, the RRG reduction of BD2 was more significant than that of BX10, while callose content displayed a contrary trend. The 2–5 mm zone of root apex was the main Al-sensitive zone for soybeans. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were found to be higher in the two genotypes under Al toxicity than that of the controls. The SOD, POD, and CAT activities of BX10; however, were significantly lower than those of BD2. These results implied that producing low quantity of ROS may be one aspect of the Al-tolerant mechanism for soybeans, which in turn helps them adapt to Al stress.  相似文献   

20.
The differences in Al tolerance between 12 maize cultivars were investigated using early stress indicators such as relative root elongation rate, induction of callose formation and Al concentrations in 5 mm root tips. Plants were grown in nutrient solution (pH 4.3) and exposed to 0 (control), 20 or 50 μM Al for 24 h. According to the relative root elongation rates, Regent, C 525 M and Adour 250 were the most Al-tolerant cultivars, while BR 201 F, Teosinte, Alarik, Burras and HS 7777 were Al-sensitive. Cultivars Brummi, HS 1230, Lixis and Aladin showed an intermediate behaviour. A significant inverse correlation between relative root-elongation rates and both Al concentration in root tips and callose concentrations could be established. The usefulness of callose as an early indicator of Al stress and the importance of Al exclusion from root tips as an Al tolerance mechanism are discussed.  相似文献   

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