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1.
土壤中砾石的存在对水蚀过程有着重要的影响,有关砾石特别是表土砾石覆盖对土壤水蚀影响的研究结果表明,表土砾石对溅蚀分散、细沟间及细沟侵蚀等坡面侵蚀过程有重要影响:1)泥沙溅蚀分散量与砾石覆盖度呈负相关关系;2)砾石覆盖与细沟间侵蚀的关系较为复杂,这取决于表土的结构、砾石的位置和大小以及坡度等因素,当砾石嵌入结皮表土时,二者呈负相关关系,当砾石置于表土之上或嵌入具有结构孔隙的表土时,二者呈正相关关系;3)砾石覆盖对细沟间侵蚀产沙的作用效率与砾石粒径呈负相关关系,砾石置于表土之上的表土产沙量总低于砾石嵌入表土的产沙量;4)表土砾石覆盖能抑制细沟的形成,增加细沟糙度,降低细沟径流速率以及径流的侵蚀速率。鉴于砾石对水蚀过程的重要影响,RUSLE、WEPP和EUORSEM等土壤侵蚀模型预报含砾石土壤流失量时对相关参数做了修正。 相似文献
2.
WEPP模型中细沟可蚀性参数估计方法误差的理论分析 总被引：8，自引：4，他引：4
细沟土壤侵蚀在坡面土壤侵蚀占有重要地位。土壤可蚀性参数是WEPP模型中计算预报/计算细沟土壤侵蚀中极其重要的参数。WEPP模型现在采用的可蚀性参数是用长的细沟/径流小区试验以细沟侵蚀产沙估计得到的最大可能剥蚀率为基础获得的。该文分析了细沟侵蚀产沙随沟长的变化关系,分析了可蚀性参数估计误差的来源。从理论上推导出了计算现有WEPP可蚀性参数估计误差的计算方法。理论分析表明,对于限定性细沟,可蚀性参数的估计误差主要来源于细沟最大可能剥蚀率的估计值。最大可能剥蚀率的理想估计值是水流载沙量与细沟长度的函数关系在细沟 相似文献
3.
利用人工模拟降雨试验,通过在径流小区上覆盖纱网消除雨滴动能和增加雨滴除落高度来增加雨滴功能,并采用翻耕裸露作对照的试验处理,对黄土区坡耕地细沟间侵蚀和细沟侵蚀过程及其机理进行了研究。结果表明,坡面侵蚀产沙过程可明显的分为四个阶段,即溅蚀,细沟间侵蚀、细沟侵蚀和雨后径流侵蚀阶段。 相似文献
4.
基于物理过程基础上的WEPP土壤水蚀预报模型将坡面侵蚀分为细沟侵蚀和细沟间侵蚀,建立了独立的细沟间模型和细沟模型.其中细沟侵蚀产沙方程从概念上可以预报细沟侵蚀过程,但没经实验或理论验证.该文经过理论分析表明,WEPP模型中的剥蚀率是水流含沙量的线性函数,并由给定的试验条件计算得到了函数中的参数.将理论分析结果和已有的实验结果进行了比较,验证了WEPP中的侵蚀产沙模型.同时将已得到的确定细沟剥蚀率的微分方程代入细沟侵蚀产沙方程并求解,从理论上得到了含沙量随沟长变化的函数关系.将理论分析结果和由实验所得的结果进行了对比,进一步验证了WEPP中的侵蚀产沙模型.该文从细沟剥蚀率和产沙量两方面对WEPP模型中细沟侵蚀产沙模型进行了验证. 相似文献
5.
Rill erosion easily occurs on tilled surfaces because the soil shear resistance is less than the runoff shear stress. However, rill erosion formation and evolution on tilled surfaces under upslope inflow conditions remain unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the rill formation process and rill erosion amount on tilled surfaces via flow scouring under different inflow rates (4, 6, and 8 L min−1) at a 15° slope. Close-range photogrammetric technology was applied to measure the rill morphology during the experiments. The results suggested that the rill formation process due to inflow could be divided into two distinct stages, namely, before and after runoff reached the downslope end, i.e., stages I and II, respectively. At stage I, runoff washed soil particles along the downslope direction. In this process, due to limited transport capacity of runoff, washed soil particles were deposited at the runoff head and formed a soil mound, which blocked the flow path, after which the runoff direction changed within the 6.7°− 50.6° range with an average moving distance of 0.62 m. As a result, a curved rill and a series of soil mounds were left on the surface. The inflow rate affected rill morphology by influencing the runoff direction change angle and runoff moving distance between the mounds on the surface. Herein, the rill formation process is referred to as downslope-trending erosion by inflow (DTEI). At stage II, runoff reached the downslope end, and a rill channel was formed throughout the slope. Thereafter, DTEI was largely reduced, and headward erosion was strengthened. As a result, the rill morphology quickly changed, such as the rill depth and rill width, which gradually increased with ongoing headward erosion. During DTEI, the rill paths were curved due to sediment deposition, and the sediment deposition conditions varied under the different inflow rates. Therefore, the rill curvature (RC) differed (1.039 ± 0.014). The RC decreased with headward erosion progression at stage II. The total sediment yield (TSY) increased with increasing inflow rate. Under inflow rates ranging from 4 to 6 L min−1 and 6–8 L min−1, the TSY increased 2.1–2.4 times. Consequently, DTEI on tilled surfaces significantly affects the initial rill morphology and evolution at the later stage. Hence, on slopes, its role should be considered in rill erosion assessment. 相似文献
6.
7.
黄土坡面细沟侵蚀发育过程与模拟 总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17
以坡面细沟侵蚀过程为研究对象,利用人工模拟降雨试验和三维激光扫描技术,研究了同一坡面三场间歇性降雨下细沟侵蚀发生、发展和演化的图形化过程;同时,采用已有细沟侵蚀过程模型(CARill),结合Net Logo软件,将试验结果与模型模拟结果进行对比分析。结果表明:(1)扫描三场降雨图形化过程显示:侵蚀阶段呈现出溅蚀—片蚀—跌坑—断续细沟—连续细沟—细沟崩塌过程,沟长发育迅速,沟宽和沟深发育相对缓慢,细沟沟网形成迅速,降雨结束后侵蚀强度达到22.11 kg m-2,较初期降雨侵蚀增加了22.04倍。(2)CA-Rill模型模拟结果显示,在细沟侵蚀演化图形化过程方面,该模型可较完整地模拟细沟形态发育过程,实现细沟侵蚀的发生、发展以及演化过程中细沟形态的可视化模拟;(3)模型模拟三场降雨细沟侵蚀参数t检验结果发现:最长平均沟深、最大沟深、最长沟平均沟宽模拟效果不好;而细沟平面密度、最长沟长、侵蚀强度模拟效果较好。 相似文献
8.
基于水蚀预测模型的红壤坡面侵蚀主要影响因素研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用229场侵蚀性自然降雨的小区观测数据,率定并验证了典型红壤坡面水蚀预测(WEPP)模型,并对模型的敏感性检验和弹性系数进行了分析。结果表明,红壤坡面土壤侵蚀对降雨量、雨强、细沟可蚀性、临界剪切力、坡长、坡度等6个输入参数的变化具有强敏感性;地表径流量对降雨量具有强敏感性,对雨强、初始饱和导水率、有效水力传导系数等参数存在弱敏感性。这些参数是影响红壤坡面侵蚀产沙产流的主要因素。 相似文献
9.
坡面细沟发生临界水动力条件初探 总被引：15，自引：2，他引：15
通过玻璃水槽试验和土槽放水冲刷试验对坡面细沟侵蚀发生的临界水动力条件进行了初步研究。结果表明 ,坡面径流在顺坡向下流动过程中以滚波形式运动并发生叠加是造成侵蚀方式发生变化的主要原因。由于径流流动过程中发生滚波叠加 ,造成在径流流路上出现局部水深增加 ,导致侵蚀切应力激增 ,当切应力大于该处的土壤抗蚀力时便发生侵蚀 ,并最终造成细沟沟头的出现。通过对土槽冲刷试验的结果分析 ,运用能量守恒原理建立了径流能耗和径流侵蚀产沙率之间的关系 ,给出了给定土壤条件下坡面细沟侵蚀率估算模型。结果表明 ,坡面土壤侵蚀的发生具有一定的临界条件 ,当径流能耗大于 7 3 8(J)时坡面开始有细沟侵蚀发生 相似文献
10.
两种工程堆积体坡面细沟形态与产沙关系对比研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为探究不同土壤类型工程堆积体坡面细沟形态与水动力学参数及侵蚀产沙间的关系,选取沟宽、沟深、宽深比等作为细沟形态参数,在放水流量8、12、16、20 L·min-1和坡度32°条件下,对红土和塿土工程堆积体进行冲刷试验。结果表明:(1)两种堆积体坡面细沟沟宽、沟深在前24 min均发育迅速;随放水流量增大,沟宽和沟深均呈增大趋势,红土沟宽均值(较8 L·min–1)分别增加0.8%、19.3%、27.2%,沟深均值分别增加24.5%,126.2%,95.1%,而塿土则为3.7%、62.4%、108.2%和18.2%、87.9%、95.5%;红土沟宽、沟深与冲刷历时均呈极显著线性函数关系(R2>0.858,P<0.01),而塿土则为极显著对数函数关系(R2>0.689,P<0.01);(2)两种堆积体坡面细沟宽深比呈先波动(0~24 min)后(25~45 min)平稳的变化趋势;放水流量增至16 L·min-1,两种堆积体宽深比均值减幅最大(较8 L·min-1),红土最大减少了1.15,塿土最大减少了0.20;(3)两种堆积体坡面细沟水流剪切力、水流功率与沟宽、沟深均呈现幂函数关系(R2>0.602,P<0.01);径流剪切力更适合描述红土沟深的发育状况,而径流功率更能体现塿土沟宽的发育过程;(4)两种堆积体坡面累计产沙量与沟宽和沟深均呈极显著线性函数关系(R2>0.897,P<0.01);沟宽、沟深对红土坡面累计产沙量的贡献率分别为84.9%、15.1%,对塿土则为22.5%和77.5%;该研究可为不同土壤类型工程堆积体坡面水土保持措施合理配置提供理论依据。 相似文献
11.
玉米季横垄坡面细沟侵蚀特征及其影响因素 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过野外人工模拟降雨试验,开展玉米不同生长期紫色土坡耕地细沟侵蚀特征研究,并分析玉米叶面积、雨强对细沟侵蚀过程的影响。结果表明:随玉米生长期推进,坡面产流时间、跌坎及细沟出现时间总体呈先增加后减少的趋势。苗期、拔节期跌坎与细沟出现的平均间隔时间分别为10′59″和15′30″,抽雄期、成熟期跌坎与细沟出现的平均间隔时间分别为20′16″和18′58″,玉米苗期坡耕地更易产生细沟侵蚀。苗期细沟形态发育完整,2.0 mm min-1雨强条件下,苗期最长细沟的长、宽、深分别为77.62、6.25和4.04 cm。随玉米生长期推进,细沟侵蚀阶段产流量表现为苗期拔节期成熟期抽雄期,苗期和抽雄期细沟侵蚀阶段产流量分别占玉米季径流总量的30.97%和19.01%,玉米各生长期细沟侵蚀阶段产流率均随降雨时间的推移呈波动上升。细沟侵蚀阶段产沙量表现为苗期拔节期成熟期抽雄期,苗期细沟侵蚀阶段产沙量显著高于其他生长期,玉米各生长期细沟侵蚀产沙率均随降雨时间呈波动变化。玉米季坡耕地细沟侵蚀产流量与雨强呈极显著正相关,产沙量与玉米叶面积指数呈显著负相关,产流率、产沙率与叶面积指数和雨强的回归方程均达极显著水平。 相似文献
12.
东北黑土区横垄坡面融雪期细沟侵蚀特征研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
融雪期土壤由于受到融雪径流、冻融作用及未完全解冻层影响,细沟发育有别于降雨期。基于野外实地测量,对东北典型黑土区横垄坡面融雪期细沟侵蚀形态及空间分布进行分析。结果表明,横垄坡面融雪侵蚀产生的细沟主要为顺垄型、断垄型和复合型三种。顺垄型细沟平均长度和宽度较大,深度小于其他两种类型;断垄型细沟平均长度最小且变异程度最低、深度最大;复合型细沟平均长度最大、宽度最小。均匀坡面下部细沟侵蚀量最大,占坡面总量的85%,形态以顺垄型和断垄型细沟为主;坡面中部存在起伏区域,低洼处细沟侵蚀量最大,占坡面总量的64%,三种类型细沟均有发育。融雪期细沟发育的形态受微地形及未完全解冻层等因素影响,细沟分布则主要受坡位及融雪径流量等因素影响。 相似文献
13.
不同土壤坡面细沟侵蚀差异与其影响因素 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：11
采用室内纯净水人工模拟降雨试验,在坡度为10°、15°、20°、25°坡面,土槽为5 m、10 m两种规格,对两种土壤((土娄)土与黄绵土)分别进行雨强为1.5 mm min-1,的降雨实验,利用三维激光扫描仪对每一场降雨后的坡面进行监测,分析不同坡度对细沟侵蚀的影响,比较两种土壤坡面细沟侵蚀的差异,以及其差异的影响因子.结果表明:(土娄)土土壤颗粒以粉粒与黏粒为主,粉粒占总质量的64.12％,黏粒为28.42％.黄绵土的土壤颗粒以粉粒为主占总质量的67.95％,黏粒与沙粒含量较少,黏粒占14.52％,沙粒占17.53％.在相同条件下,(土娄)土降雨过程中人渗缓慢,产流时间、坡面流速均快于黄绵土,跌坎出现时间也较早,使其更容易产生细沟.(土娄)土的径流量高于黄绵土,在降雨过程中,径流稳定时间较早.(土娄)土侵蚀量高于黄绵土,(土娄)土产沙率呈增加趋势,黄绵土含沙量变化不明显.从坡面细沟发育来看,(土娄)土坡面细沟成平行状分布,黄绵土细沟为较宽树枝状. 相似文献
14.
Water-related ecological impacts of rill erosion processes in Mediterranean-dry reclaimed slopes 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Soil moisture is considered the main limiting factor governing the structure and dynamics of vegetation in drylands. Soil erosion is perceived as a critical process affecting these systems, especially when rill formation occurs, as rill networks can condition the availability and spatial distribution of soil moisture. To assess the impact of soil erosion processes on the dynamics of Mediterranean-dry reclaimed systems, during the 2005–06 hydrological year we monitored the soil moisture regime (temporal availability and spatial distribution) and the associated responses describing vegetation performance (plant water status and potential seed germination) and vegetation structure in five coal-mining reclaimed slopes subjected to different rill erosion rates (from 0 to about 70 t ha? 1 year? 1). Rill network development leads to increased runoff connectivity and to concentration of water flow along the channeling network. As a result, water loss from the slope system is maximized. Simultaneously, the spatial distribution of soil moisture is ruled by the pattern of geomorphic forms (rill and interrill units). The ecological consequences are led by the intensification of water stress and the occurrence of unfavorable conditions for plant recruitment and natural colonization, causing a non-linear decline of species richness and aboveground biomass at the slope scale level. When dense rill networks are developed, long-term effects of erosion result in a sharp ecosystem transition to a very simple and low productive plant community spatially organized in downward spots adjacent to the rills, where plants minimize simultaneously water stress and the mechanical disturbance associated to concentrated flows. 相似文献
15.
黑土区治理后侵蚀沟道融雪侵蚀观测研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
融雪侵蚀是季节性积雪区水土流失的重要组成部分,融雪作用对侵蚀沟发育的影响对侵蚀沟防治有重要意义。通过野外实地监测和测量,对东北黑土区治理后侵蚀沟融雪侵蚀过程及沟坡细沟形态特征进行分析,探讨水土保持措施对融雪侵蚀的防控效果。结果表明:除侵蚀沟G2未产流外,侵蚀沟G1和G3在融雪中期径流率和泥沙含量明显高于融雪末期和融雪初期。融雪径流率和泥沙含量的日动态变化过程均呈先增加后下降的趋势。融雪期3条侵蚀沟沟坡细沟平均宽度变幅为6.7~9.4cm,平均深度变幅为3.3~4.3cm。阳坡出现细沟的条数,细沟密度,细沟割裂度,平均细沟复杂度和细沟侵蚀平均深度明显高于阴坡,说明阳坡的破碎程度及细沟侵蚀程度大于阴坡。细沟主要以宽浅槽型为主,宽深比为1.91~2.18。水土保持措施在融雪期间作用明显,侵蚀沟G2水土保持措施的拦水拦沙效果达到100%,侵蚀沟G1和G3大部分融雪侵蚀的泥沙也在沟道内沉积。 相似文献
16.
F.B. Pierson P.R. Robichaud C.A. Moffet K.E. Spaeth C.J. Williams S.P. Hardegree P.E. Clark 《CATENA》2008,74(2):98-108
Millions of dollars are spent each year in the United States to mitigate the effects of wildfires and reduce the risk of flash floods and debris flows. Research from forested, chaparral, and rangeland communities indicate that severe wildfires can cause significant increases in soil water repellency resulting in increased runoff and erosion. Few data are available to document the effects of fire on the spatial and temporal variability in soil water repellency and potential impacts on infiltration and runoff on sagebrush-dominated landscapes. Soil water repellency, infiltration and runoff were assessed after two wildfires and one prescribed fire in three steep, sagebrush-dominated watersheds with coarse-textured soils. Water repellency was generally greater on unburned hillslopes and annual variability in water repellency had a greater impact on infiltration capacity than fire effects. The most significant impact of fire was canopy and ground cover removal on coppice microsites. Infiltration rates decreased on coppice microsites after fire even though soil water repellency was reduced. Fire-induced reduction in infiltration resulted from the combined effect of canopy and ground cover removal and the presence of naturally strong water repellent soils. Removal of ground cover likely increased the spatial connectivity of runoff areas from strongly water repellent soils. The results indicate that for coarse-textured sagebrush landscapes with high pre-fire soil water repellency, post-fire increases in runoff are more influenced by fire removal of ground and canopy cover than fire effects on soil water repellency and that the degree of these impacts may be significantly influenced by short-term fluctuations in water repellent soil conditions. 相似文献
17.
降雨类型对褐土横垄坡面土壤侵蚀过程的影响 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：8
雨型是影响土壤侵蚀过程的重要因子之一,而影响效应与耕作措施密切相关。目前,雨型对横垄坡面土壤侵蚀过程的影响机制尚不清楚。该文以褐土横垄坡面为研究对象,设计了平均雨强和降雨量相同的4种雨型(增加、减弱、增加-减弱和减弱-增加型),采用可同时调节垄向和坡面坡度的土槽进行模拟降雨,研究各个雨型下不同侵蚀阶段的产流产沙特征。结果表明:雨型间的径流量和侵蚀量在细沟间和细沟侵蚀阶段均差异显著,且差异在细沟阶段体现的更为明显。雨型间径流量的大小顺序为增加-减弱型减弱型减弱-增加型增加型,侵蚀量则为增加-减弱型减弱-增加型减弱型增加型。给定雨强下(30、60或90 mm/h),径流量、径流贡献率和侵蚀量贡献率均随降雨过程中雨强发生时序的延迟而增加,而单位径流侵蚀量呈相反趋势;雨型间给定雨强同一发生时序下的径流量和侵蚀量及其它们对总径流量和总侵蚀量的贡献率均差异显著。4种雨型下,幂函数均能很好的描述细沟间和细沟侵蚀阶段内产沙率与径流率间的关系,且方程中的指数均低于2,但雨型间幂函数方程中的指数存在明显差异。以上研究结果有助于深入理解褐土垄作系统下的土壤侵蚀机理,并为横坡垄作的合理利用提供科学指导。 相似文献
18.
Huili Guo Liquan Sun Shufang Wu Hao Feng Robert L. Hill Kadambot H. M. Siddique 《Soil Use and Management》2023,39(4):1321-1334
Soil and water conservation practices are used widely to prevent soil erosion and protect soil and water resources, which is significant for ecological restoration and food security. However, rill evolution processes, erosion and deposition characteristics and critical hydrodynamic parameters need more research. In order to investigate the effect of soil and water conservation practices on soil erosion dynamics, simulated rainfall experiments were undertaken in a laboratory on 15° loess slopes with engineering measures (fish-scale pits, FSPs), tillage measures (artificial digging, AD; contour ploughing, CP) and bare slope (CK). The results showed that: (1) during rill erosion, hillslopes with FSPs, CP and AD were more likely to develop wide and shallow rills, while a bare slope (CK) was more likely to develop narrow and deep rills. At the end of the experiment (cumulative rainfall was about 150 mm), headward retreat erosion dominated the AD slope (maximum rill length: 3.27 m), side-wall expansion erosion dominated the CP slope (maximum rill width: 0.522 m) and bed incision erosion dominated the CK (maximum rill depth: 0.09 m); (2) soil and water conservation practices reduced surface erosion and sediment transport and runoff velocity. However, the positive effects disappeared when rainfall amounts exceeded 82.5, 105 and 127.5 mm for FSPs, CP and AD, respectively; (3) for runoff kinetic energy and runoff shear strength of 3 J and 1.5 N/m2, respectively, soil and water conservation measures had greater anti-erosion abilities than CK; (4) as rainfall duration increased, surface roughness, runoff rate and sediment concentration increased on the CK and FSP treatments, but decreased on the CP and AD treatments. This study has important implications for managing different soil and water conservation measures based on rainfall conditions and offers a deeper understanding of soil erosion processes. 相似文献
19.
降雨和径流条件下红壤坡面细沟侵蚀过程 总被引：13，自引：7，他引：6
为明确第四纪黏土发育红壤坡面侵蚀过程特征,采用人工模拟降雨和径流冲刷相结合试验,研究坡度、流量和降雨因素对坡面细沟侵蚀过程影响。结果表明:1)坡面侵蚀过程呈现明显阶段性,试验条件下侵蚀前3 min为层状面蚀为主的初始阶段,细沟出现后转变为细沟侵蚀为主的细沟发育阶段。降雨以及增加坡度和流量能加快细沟发育速度和侵蚀速率;2)各侵蚀阶段平均侵蚀速率关系为初始阶段细沟发育阶段细沟稳定阶段。初始阶段侵蚀速率对各水动力学参数响应关系为水流功率坡度水流剪切力单位水流功率=流速流量。细沟发育阶段平均侵蚀速率与水流功率、水流剪切力和坡度关系密切,而细沟稳定阶段侵蚀速率只与坡度和流量相关;3)水流功率是与初始阶段和细沟发育阶段关系最密切的水动力学参数,侵蚀初始阶段的层状面蚀、单独径流冲刷和降雨-径流作用下细沟侵蚀发生的临界水流功率分别为0.091、0.121、?1.691 N/(m·s)。试验在小尺度条件下初步揭示了红壤坡面细沟侵蚀过程特征,为南方红壤丘陵区土壤侵蚀预报模型和侵蚀防治提供理论参考。 相似文献
20.
Interrill and rill erodibility in the northern Andean Highlands 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
There is a lack of quantitative information describing the physical processes causing soil erosion in the Andean Highlands, especially those related to interrill and rill erodibility factors. To assess how susceptible are soils to erosion in this region, field measurements of interrill (Ki) and rill (Kr) erodibility factors were evaluated. These values were compared against two equations used by the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP), and also compared against the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) erodibility factor. Ki observed in situ ranged from 1.9 to 56 × 105 kg s m− 4 whereas Kr ranged from 0.3 to 14 × 10− 3 s m− 1. Sand, clay, silt, very fine sand and organic matter fractions were determined in order to apply WEPP and USLE procedures. Most of the evaluated soils had low erodibility values. However, the estimated USLE K values were in the low range of erodibility values. Stepwise multiple regression analyses were applied to ascertain the influence of the independent soil parameters on the Ki and Kr values. After this, we yield two empirical equations to estimate Ki and Kr under this Andean Highlands conditions. Ki was estimated using as predictors silt and very fine sand, while Kr used as predictors clay, very fine sand and organic matter content. Relationship among Ki, Kr and K are described for the Highland Andean soils. 相似文献