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1.
This study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of hypodermosis in cattle between January and June 2005 in Nigde
province, which is located in the middle of Turkey. A total of 1336 cattle, which were slaughtered in Nigde, were investigated
for Hypoderma larvae. The 68 out of 1336 cattle (%5.08) were found positive for Hypoderma larvae. A total of 536 Hypoderma larvae were found in the skin and subcutaneous tissue of the back of infested cattle. The 489 out of 536 larvae (%91.23)
were identified as Hypoderma bovis and 47 out of 536 (%8.77) as H. lineatum. Number of Hypoderma larvae counted on single infested cattle varied between 1–45 and the mean number of Hypoderma larvae per cattle was 7.88 (536/68). Hypodermosis was recorded for the first time in cattle from Nigde.
*This study was supported by the Scientific Research Projects Unit of Nigde University (FEB 2004/07). 相似文献
2.
Murtaz-ul Hassan Muhammad Nisar Khan Muhammad Abubakar Hafiz Muhammad Waheed Zafar Iqbal Manzoor Hussain 《Tropical animal health and production》2010,42(8):1615-1625
Cattle hypodermosis (warble fly infestation) is a notorious veterinary problem throughout the world. Larvae of Hypoderma species
cause a subcutaneous myiasis of domesticated and wild ruminants. This disease is caused by, Hypoderma bovis, Hypoderma lineatum in cattle whereas, Hypoderma diana, Hypoderma actaeon, and Hypoderma tarandi, affect roe deer, red deer, and reindeer, respectively. Adults of the cattle grub are commonly known as heel flies, warble
flies, bomb flies or gad flies. The biology of hypodermosis is complex because it passes through ecto- as well as endoparasitic
stages in the life cycle. The parasitic stage of hypodermosis lasts about 1 year in domesticated as well as in the wild animals,
while in the adult stage, a free-living fly lasts only for few days. The diagnosis of hypodermosis is of prime importance
for planning treatment and the eradication program. Generally, there are two methods that are routinely used for diagnosis
of hypodermosis, i.e., the direct clinical examination and immuno diagnosis by the use of pooled serum and/or milk sample.
For the control of hypodermosis, different preparations are available and their use in most of the countries is limited to
an individual level but never cover the whole cattle population of a country. Re-infestation in the herd occurs due to the
untreated animals that remain the reservoir of the disease. The disease causes huge economic losses in animal production due
to the effect of this disease on meat, milk, and the leather industry. It can also affect the general health status as well
as the immune system of the body of the diseased animals. As regards the control measures of the disease, different methods
have been efficiently practiced and consequently this disease is controlled at national level in many European countries. 相似文献
3.
Otranto D Lia RP Agostini A Traversa D Milillo P Capelli G 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2005,69(1-2):153-159
Bovine hypodermosis is a myiasis caused by Hypoderma bovis and Hypoderma lineatum (Diptera, Oestridae) larvae, which has a severe economic impact on the livestock industry. Though myiasis is widespread throughout Italy, no nationwide eradication program has ever been planned, unlike in other European Countries. With a view to setting up a national control program, a pilot study was carried out in Southern Italy on 9939 cattle bred in an area with a high prevalence of cattle hypodermosis, using moxidectin 0.5% pour-on (Cydectin, Fort Dodge) and 1% injectable (Cydectin, Fort Dodge) formulations. At the recommended dosage, moxidectin displayed efficacy levels of 99.9% in the pour-on and 100% in the injectable formulation, whereas the microdose (1 mg per head regardless of body weight) was less effective (65.7%). This trial contributed to a significant reduction in infestation rates in the study area and represented the first step through which a national program for eradicating warble fly infestation in Italy. 相似文献
4.
Frangipane di Regalbono A Capelli G Otranto D Pietrobelli M 《Veterinary parasitology》2003,111(4):343-350
Hypodermosis is a myiasis of cattle mainly found in the Northern Hemisphere. In Italy it has been reported primarily in southern regions with a farm prevalence reaching a peak of 85%, while few data are available in the north of the country.This paper reports the results of a serological survey carried out on hypodermosis in Vicenza province (northeastern Italy). During January and February 1999, bulk milk samples were collected from 224 dairy farms and tested, using an hypodermosis ELISA kit. Epidemiological data, such as farm location, herd size, number of cows, grazing management, treatments against Hypoderma larvae, presence of imported animals, were gathered and statistically analysed in relation to the serological results. In 15 farms the presence of warbles was monitored by manual palpation and larvae collected for identification.Ninety-seven (43.3%) samples were detected as positive, whereas 12 (5.4%) and 115 (51.3%) were inconclusive and negative, respectively.Thirteen farms were positive upon parasitological examination and the larvae collected were identified as Hypoderma bovis.Seroprevalence was highly correlated with the practice of free grazing and slightly, but significantly, correlated with the number of cows on the farm. The mean antibody level of positive herds was significantly higher on farms without imported animals. On farms with warbled animals there was a high inverse correlation between antibody level and quantity of milk in the tanks and the number of lactating cows.The ELISA test on bulk milk samples has been shown, under field conditions, to be a useful, cost-effective and easy test for the diagnosis of bovine hypodermosis. 相似文献
5.
An investigation was conducted in Morogoro municipality to assess the likelihood of slaughter cattle posing public health
risk of contaminating carcasses with thermophilic Campylobacter. Butchers and meat shopkeepers were interviewed on source of slaughter cattle, method of animal and carcass transportation,
carcass dressing, meat storage facilities, access to clean water and availability of food hygiene practices. Faecal samples
were collected from 107 slaughter cattle and after slaughter; four different parts of dressed carcasses (i.e. from ham, neck,
pelvis and thigh muscles) were also sampled. In addition 107 cattle meat samples for Campylobacter culture were collected in different meat shops. The samples were subjected to standard bacteriological examination using
Skirrows protocol. It was found that cattle slaughter, dressing and meat handling in meatshops was done under unhygienic condition.
Thermophilic Campylobacter prevalence in slaughter cattle was 5.6% while contamination rate of dressed carcasses and cattle meat at shops was 9.3% and
1.9%, respectively. The majority of thermophilic Campylobacter isolated were C. jejuni (88.9%) while C. coli was isolated at 11.1%. Findings of this study suggest possibility of humans acquiring zoonotic Campylobacter infections from cattle meat particularly when meat preparation and processing is not done properly. More work is required
to establish the magnitude of zoonotic enteric Campylobacteriosis in humans and epidemiological role of cattle and other animals in the study area. 相似文献
6.
A study was carried out to establish the prevalence of extra-intestinal porcine helminth infections and to assess the pig
slaughter slab sanitary conditions in Dar es Salaam city, Tanzania. A total of 24 privately owned pig slaughter slabs were
assessed. All slaughter slabs were sub-standard; wrongly located, poorly designed and constructed and lacked most basic requirements
for a slaughter house. Because of inadequate slaughtering, disposal and cleaning facilities, the slaughter slabs were under
unhygienic condition with questionable safety, soundness and wholesomeness of the pork produced. Routine meat inspection procedures
were used to detect extra-intestinal porcine helminth infections. Of the 731 examined pigs; 8.1%, 5.9% and 0.4% were infected
with ascariosis, porcine cysticercosis and hydatidosis, respectively. It was noted that almost all slaughter pigs in Dar es
Salaam originated from different regions. Based on the region of origin, the status of porcine cysticercosis was 8.2% for
Dodoma (n = 98), 8.2% for Manyara (n = 260) and 6.9% for Mbeya (n = 116). This study disclosed the unhygienic sanitary condition prevailing in Dar es Salaam pig slaughter slabs and recommends
that strategies should be devised to improve the situation. Porcine ascariosis and cysticercosis were widely prevalent and
caused economic losses due to condemnations. Because of their zoonotic nature, the observed extra-intestinal porcine helminth
infections in pig pose a public health risk among consumers. Thus, there is a need to introduce appropriate control measures
of parasitic infections in pigs. 相似文献
7.
A chemoprophylactic field trial was conducted to assess the efficacy of pour-on eprinomectin applied at the approximate dose of 50 mcg/kg to dairy cattle with naturally occurring hypodermosis. Two-hundred-eleven cattle, selected from two herds with a high prevalence of Hypoderma spp. infestation, were divided in three groups: Group A (N = 71) was treated with pour-on eprinomectin at the recommended dosage of 500 mcg/kg, Group B (N = 64) at the lower dose of 50 mcg/kg, a third group (Group C, N = 76) served as untreated control group. Treatments were performed in November-December 2002 and the animals were examined for the presence of warbles in the following April and June. No larvae emerged in the treated groups, whereas a variable number of warbles (ranging from 1 to 28) were found in control animals. Adverse reactions were not observed in any animal, and only minor side effects were observed. A larger field trial carried out in the following year (1064 treated and 131 untreated control cattle) confirmed the chemoprophylactic efficacy of minidosed eprinomectin against Hypoderma spp. Administration of eprinomectin minidoses in dairy cattle is interesting because of the low costs involved and no need for milk withdrawal. 相似文献
8.
J Minár 《Veterinární medicína》1981,26(7):393-402
The infestation by warble-fly (Hypoderma bovis /De Geer/) larvae was observed in Hereford cattle imported from Canada to Czechoslovakia in the autumn 1974. A risk of introducing hypodermosis in the areas where it had been eradicated occurred after a several-year persistence of such foci of the disease. The original infestation of the imported cows corresponded to the invasion extensity of 22 to 45% and invasion intensity of 1.9 and 3.7 larvae. There were observed no differences in the degree of infestation in cattle from different regions of Canada. In the subsequent years the invasion extensity in heifers was 52% the invasion intensity was four larvae. To control hypodermosis, Czechoslovak chemicals Arpalit-Spray and Hypocide were applied to Hereford cattle. In the West Bohemian Region cattle was treated with the chemical Arpalit-Spray in spring for three years to eradicate hypodermosis in the Tachov and Susice districts. A good result was obtained after the treatment in May during the maximum occurrence of larvae in bulges under the skin, the treatment in June was late and inefficient. In the Central Slovakian Region, Dolny Kubín district, hypodermosis was eradicated in Hereford cattle by a repeated treatment with Hypocide in autumn. The control of hypodermosis in Hereford cattle in the Prievidza district failed. In 1979 the invasion extensity in heifers was 25-100%, the invasion intensity was 2 to 25 larvae. Cattle transferred from this herd to the Lucenec, Presov and Gottwaldov districts were also infested. In the Gottwaldov district in the South Moravian Region all infested cows were treated with Arpalit-Spray in the summer 1979. 相似文献
9.
The study was carried out to assess the economic burden of trypanosomosis in three villages of the Metekel zone in 2009. The
disease was found to cause substantial economic losses through cattle mortality, drug purchase, and draft power loss of infected
oxen. The farmers in the area were spending a significantly (p < 0.05) higher amount of money for the treatment of trypanosomosis than all other diseases combined. The overall mortality
rate of cattle due to trypanosomosis was 4.4%. The mortality was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in an area where trypanosomosis prevalence was also higher. Many of the farmers prioritized losses of draft power
as the most important impact of the disease. The overall prevalence of the disease was 12.1%. The disease burden was significantly
(p < 0.05) higher in the rainy season than at other times of the year. In general, farmers had good knowledge on the signs and
seasonality of trypanosomosis. Thus, tsetse suppression activities that involve the local community can be an important tool
towards minimizing the economic burden of the disease in the area. 相似文献
10.
Fakhar M Hajihasani A Maroufi S Alizadeh H Shirzad H Piri F Pagheh AS 《Tropical animal health and production》2012,44(2):319-322
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of the Babesia infection in domestic animals in Kurdistan Province of Iran for the first time. In this survey, 9,111 domestic livestock,
including cattle and sheep, were randomly sampled and examined from 500 flocks in Kurdistan Province from July 2007 to September
2009. Thin peripheral blood smears were taken and then stained by Giemsa staining method. From a total of 9,111 collected
samples, 2,642 were sheep and 6,469 were cattle. Babesia spp. is detected in 1,359 (51.4%) out of sheep samples and 136 (2.1%) out of cattle samples by direct examination of blood
smear. Altogether, the prevalence rate of Babesia infection was 16.4% (n = 1,495) in both animal groups. Babesia ovis and Babesia bigemina were the most prevalent species found in sheep and cattle, respectively. The relatively high prevalence of Babesia infection in livestock indicates the epizootic stability status of babesiosis in the western part of Iran. 相似文献
11.
B.S. Tennent-Brown W.E Pomroy M.P. Reichel P.L. Gray T.S. Marshall P.A. Moffat 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(5):149-150
dAim:To estimate the prevalence of Neospora infection in a sample of New Zealand beef cattle. dMethods: The prevalence of Neospora caninum infection in New Zealand beef cattle was estimated by collecting blood at slaughter from 499 beef cattle from 40 different farms at 2 slaughter plants in the North Island and 1 in the lower South Island. Sera were tested using an ELISA against Neospora tachyzoite antigen. dResults: The prevalence of seropositive cattle was 2.5% (n=120), 3.6% (n=166) and 2.3% (n=213) at the plants surveyed, the overall prevalence being 2.8%. The serologically positive cattle came from 9 farms, 3 of which had more than 1 positive animal. The highest prevalence recorded amongst animals from 1 farm was 4/13 (31%), in a group of young steers. dConclusion: Neosporosis appears to be present at a lower level in the New Zealand beef cattle population than in the New Zealand dairy cattle population. Nevertheless, from the high seroprevalence evident amongst young cattle on 1 farm, we suggest that Neospora may be a cause of infertility in beef cattle in this country. 相似文献
12.
Lucas L. Asaava Phillip M. Kitala Peter B. Gathura Mark O. Nanyingi Gerald Muchemi Esther Schelling 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2009,89(3-4):197-204
Bovine cysticercosis is a zoonosis that is mainly of socioeconomic and public health importance. A survey of this disease was carried out in Northern Turkana District, Kenya to estimate the prevalence through both serology and meat inspection, to determine the prevalence of the adult tapeworm in the human definitive host, and to determine risk factors for cattle seropositivity. This information is of public health importance and will be of use in assessing economic losses due to downgrading, refrigeration or condemnation of infested carcasses.The study area was stratified into the three livestock grazing regions of Oropoi to the south, Lokichoggio–Mogilla centrally and Kibish in the north for the purposes of the serological and questionnaire (n = 53 herd owners) data. Five adakaars (grazing units) were selected and 34, 63, 49, 75 and 571 cattle serum samples obtained from these. The slaughter slabs of Lokichoggio and Kakuma were visited and 188 serum samples were obtained from slaughter cattle and compared to results of meat inspection. Human stool samples were collected in each of the three grazing areas and 66, 97 and 78 samples were obtained.The seroprevalence of cysticercosis in cattle was estimated at 16.7% (95% CI 13–20.9%) using a secretory–excretory antigen detection ELISA. There was poor agreement between meat inspection and serology (k = 0.025; p = 0.2797). The prevalence of taeniosis was estimated as 2.5% (95% CI 0.8–5.6%) by microscopy.A backwards elimination logistic regression analysis indicated that the grazing unit (Adakaar), the deworming history of household members and the distance (>2 km) of grazing fields from the homestead were significant explanatory variables for cattle being found to be positive on serology. An intra-cluster correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.07 (0.02–0.12); p < 0.0001 was calculated for bovine cysticercosis in this area. 相似文献
13.
Robinson H. Mdegela Kibona Laurence Petro Jacob Hezron Emmanuel Nonga 《Tropical animal health and production》2011,43(1):83-87
Occurrences of thermophlic Campylobacter in pigs and pig carcasses was investigated in a cross-sectional study that was carried out in three selected slaughter slabs
in Morogoro municipality, Tanzania. Before sampling, the slab hygiene, slaughter, carcass dressing, and meat handling was
assessed. Fecal samples were collected from 66 slaughter pigs at the kill floor. After slaughter, a 100-cm2 area on medial surface of the thigh muscles of dressed carcasses was sampled using sterile cotton swabs. Thereafter, the
jejunal, cecal, and colon contents were also sampled. The samples were subjected to standard bacteriological examination using
Skirrows protocol. In all slaughter slabs visited, it was found that pig slaughter, dressing, and meat handling was done on
the ground under unhygienic condition. All the slaughter slab environment were dirty and had neither tap water or drainage
systems. Thermophilic Campylobacter prevalence in slaughtered pig was 66.7% while contamination rate of dressed carcasses was 10.6%. Of the Campylobacter-positive carcasses, five (12.2%) were from the animals which were also positive to Campylobacter. The isolation rate of Campylobacter in the cecum was higher (34.8%) compared to the small intestines (28.8%) and colon (16.7%) although the difference was not
statistically significant (P > 0.05). Campylobacter jejuni was the most prevalent species as it constituted 74% of all isolates, while Campylobacter coli was isolated at 26%. This suggests possible risks of infection to people through consumption of contaminated pork or through
contact with infected pigs. Cecum was found to be the major part of intestine highly colonized by Campylobacter. 相似文献
14.
Between 1989 and 1997 different factors related to warble fly infestation (prevalence, intensity, climate, breed) were studied in north-eastern Algeria. Mean prevalence during the period was 76%. This figure was obtained from a cattle market survey of four different regions (Jijel, Constantine, Guelma, and El Tarf). One-hundred percent of the herds were found to be infested in El Tarf and 61% of animals were infested. Within a herd, the intensity of infestation decreased with the age of the cattle. The mean number of warbles per animal decreased as reinfestations occurred. The peak of the emergence of warbles observed between January and March was progressively delayed in the older animals. Two species of Hypoderma were present in cattle in Algeria (H. bovis and H. lineatum) with a predominance of H. lineatum (63%) in the semi-arid area (Batna) and a majority of H. bovis (75%) in humid area (Jijel). Warbles appeared earlier in Batna (October) than in Jijel (November). The Prim'Holstein breed was more susceptible to the warble fly infestation than Montbeliard or local breeds. The implementation of a control programme for hypodermosis in Algeria is urgent. Control can be achieved through a mass treatment of cattle. This approach must take into account the factors described in this study which influence the epidemiology of the disease. 相似文献
15.
Summary A serological survey on dermatophilosis was carried out amongst sheep and goats in Kaduna State of Nigeria. Sera were‐obtained from slaughter animals and from sheep kept on an isolated ranch. The percentage of seropositive animals was 28.0 in slaughter sheep, 0.0 in sheep kept on the ranch, and 23.2 in slaughter goats. The high prevalence of D. congolensis antibodies among small ruminants compares well with the level of prevalence reported of cattle and calls for a concerted government effort for the control of the disease. 相似文献
16.
In order to estimate the presence and the seroprevalence of hypodermosis in Albania, 625 head of cattle were bled during two sampling seasons (i.e. from February to March 2003 and from November to December 2003). The cattle came from three collection sites in Northern (site A), Central (site B) and Southern (site C) Albania. Milk samples were collected monthly from four animals from October 2002 to May 2003 during the lactating period. The animals were also clinically examined for the presence of warbles by manual palpation from April to July 2003 and 2004 and third instar larvae were collected and morphologically identified. Serum and milk samples were processed by ELISA. One hundred and thirty-three (38.6%) out of 344 and 116 (41.3%) out of 281 animals were found to be seropositive for Hypoderma during the first and the second sampling season. In particular, the animals from site C presented the highest percentage of seropositive results (i.e. 72.8% and 97.8% in the first and in second year, respectively) followed by the animals from sites A (i.e. 35.8% and 23.8% in the first and in second year, respectively) and B (i.e. 17.8% and 3.4% in the first and in second year, respectively). The kinetics of anti-Hypoderma antibodies in milk samples showed the highest antibody titres from October to February 2003. All the seropositive animals in both the sampling periods showed the presence of one or more warbles under the skin during April and May 2003 and 2004 and the third-stage larvae collected were morphologically identified as Hypoderma bovis. The results of this survey indicate that hypodermosis is widespread in Albania and that early prophylactic treatments must be carried out accordingly. The hope is not only to reduce the parasitic intensity with obvious benefits for livestock production, but also to avoid the risk of spreading this parasitic disease to neighboring countries. 相似文献
17.
Phiri AM Phiri IK Sikasunge CS Monrad J 《Journal of veterinary medicine. B, Infectious diseases and veterinary public health》2005,52(9):414-416
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and some factors influencing occurrence of fasciolosis in cattle, carried out at selected major abattoirs in Zambia. Of 841 cattle livers inspected and 677 faecal samples analysed, prevalence rates of 53.9% and 48.9%, respectively, were found. Cumulative prevalence of 60.9% (n = 677) was recorded. According to age, no significant difference of infection was found. Female cattle on liver inspection (59.3%) and coprological examination (65.2%) had significantly higher (P < 0.001) rates than males (44.5% and 36.3% respectively). Origin of cattle had a significant influence (P < 0.001) on the prevalence rate. According to fluke egg count classification, 68.5% of cattle had light infection, 20.9% moderate, 4.4% heavy and 6.2% severe. These results indicate that Fasciola gigantica infection is an important condition that leads to high liver condemnations and/or trimmings in cattle tendered for slaughter. 相似文献
18.
Echinococcosis/hydatidosis: its prevalence,economic and public health significance in Tigray region,North Ethiopia 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
A cross sectional study was carried out to assess the prevalence, economic and public health significance of echinococcosis/hydatidosis
in Tigray Regional State, north Ethiopia. Out of 18 stray dogs euthanized and examined, three of them were found harboring
the adult parasite Echinococcus granulosus in their small intestine. From 5,194 cattle examined at slaughter houses, 1146 (22.1%) of them were found harboring hydatid
cyst. The majority of the infected cattle had hydatid cyst in both liver and lungs. The hydatid cyst infection in the lung,
liver, kidney, heart and spleen were found to be 13%, 8.1%, 0.5%, 0.4%, and 0.1%, respectively. The estimated total annual
loss from bovine hydatidosis due to offal condemnation (lungs and liver) and carcass weight loss was 25,608 Ethiopian (Eth.)
Birr. The present human hydatidosis survey conducted in all six zonal hospitals of Tigray Regional State disclosed one active
clinical case in Mekelle hospital during the study period. While, the retrospective data analyses of the six zonal hospitals
indicated that eight cases of human hydatidosis were diagnosed since 2000. Thus echinococcosis/hydatidosis is considerably
prevalent disease in cattle and it is a serious public health concern in Tigray region. 相似文献
19.
Seasonality of bovine amphistomosis in the Southern province of Zambia was established after examining 268 faecal samples
from cattle presented for slaughter at Turnpike slaughter slab, Mazabuka. Amphistomosis was found present throughout the year
but the highest abundance rate was found during the post-rainy season (47.8%) and the lowest during the cold dry season (24.8%).
In the rainy and post-rainy seasons, higher mean egg counts and cattle found positive were recorded than in any other season.
The distribution of amphistome eggs was significantly different (p < 0.001) among the four seasons, with the rainy season having higher median egg counts than others. There were no significant
differences in abundance rates between sexes or between ages of cattle. A similar seasonality to that of fasciolosis exists
and may help in strategic management of Fasciola and amphistomes. 相似文献
20.
E. Ernest H. E. Nonga A. A. Kassuku R. R. Kazwala 《Tropical animal health and production》2009,41(7):1179-1185
A study on the prevalence of hydatidosis in cattle, goats and sheep was carried out in Ngorongoro district of Arusha region,
Tanzania. A 4-years data records from four slaughter slabs were retrieved and analysed. In addition, meat inspection was done
in the same slaughter slabs for nine months and 64 households were interviewed to assess the community awareness on hydatidosis.
Results showed the overall prevalence of hydatidosis to be 47.9%. Species prevalence of 48.7%, 34.7% and 63.8% in cattle,
goats and sheep respectively was recorded. Of 174 cysts examined in cattle, 37 (21.3%) were fertile, 126 (72.4%) were sterile
and 11 (6.3%) were calcified. Out of 215 goats and 67 sheep cysts examined, 52 (24.7%) and 26 (38.8%) were fertile, 138 (64.2%)
and 38 (56.7%) were sterile, 24 (11.2%) and 3 (4.5%) were calcified respectively. The higher percentage of fertile hydatid
cysts in sheep and goats coupled with the practice of backyard slaughter of sheep and goats suggests that, these animals could
be important intermediate hosts for the maintenance of the domestic life cycle of E. granulosus in the locality. Questionnaire survey revealed that 17.2% of the respondents were aware of hydatidosis but non of them were
knowledgeable on its transmission. Up to 84.4% of the respondents had domestic ruminants and donkeys, while 89.1% had dogs.
Of the households with dogs, only 19.3% had their dogs dewormed at least once in life time. Most of the households (87.7%)
had their dogs managed freely and 77.2% of the respondents reported school children to be the closest friends of dogs in the
family. The prevalence of E. granulosus infection in wildlife and the possible relationship of the domestic cycle to the sylvatic cycle operating in the same area
are unknown and need to be studied. 相似文献