共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 453 毫秒
1.
We propose an isotopic fractionation mechanism, based on photolytic destruction, to explain the 15N/14N and 18O/16O fractionation of stratospheric nitrous oxide (N2O) and reconcile laboratory experiments with atmospheric observations. The theory predicts that (i) the isotopomers 15N14N16O and 14N15N16O have very different isotopic fractionations in the stratosphere, and (ii) laboratory photolysis experiments conducted at 205 nanometers should better simulate the observed isotopic fractionation of stratospheric N2O. Modeling results indicate that there is no compelling reason to invoke a significant chemical source of N2O in the middle atmosphere and that individual N2O isotopomers might be useful tracers of stratospheric air parcel motion. 相似文献
2.
KA Boering SC Wofsy BC Daube HR Schneider M Loewenstein JR Podolske TJ Conway 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1996,274(5291):1340-1343
Measurements of stratospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) concentrations were analyzed to investigate stratospheric transport rates. Temporal variations in tropospheric CO2 were observed to propagate into the stratosphere, showing that tropospheric air enters the lower tropical stratosphere continuously, ascends, and is transported rapidly (in less than 1 month) to both hemispheres. The mean age A of stratospheric air determined from CO2 data is approximately 5 years in the mid-stratosphere. The mean age is mathematically equivalent to a conserved tracer analogous to exhaust from stratospheric aircraft. Comparison of values for A from models and observations indicates that current model simulations likely underestimate pollutant concentrations from proposed stratospheric aircraft by 25 to 100 percent. 相似文献
3.
The ocean is an important global source of nitrous oxide (N(2)O), a greenhouse gas that contributes to stratospheric ozone destruction. Bacterial nitrification and denitrification are thought to be the primary sources of marine N(2)O, but the isotopic signatures of N(2)O produced by these processes are not consistent with the marine contribution to the global N(2)O budget. Based on enrichment cultures, we report that archaeal ammonia oxidation also produces N(2)O. Natural-abundance stable isotope measurements indicate that the produced N(2)O had bulk δ(15)N and δ(18)O values higher than observed for ammonia-oxidizing bacteria but similar to the δ(15)N and δ(18)O values attributed to the oceanic N(2)O source to the atmosphere. Our results suggest that ammonia-oxidizing archaea may be largely responsible for the oceanic N(2)O source. 相似文献
4.
Nitrous oxide is released from soils to the atmosphere during nitrification of ammonium and ammonium-producing fertilizers under aerobic conditions as well as by denitrification of nitrate under anaerobic conditions. Emissions of nitrous oxide during nitrification of fertilizer nitrogen may be significant in regard to the potential threat of fertilizer-derived nitrous oxide to the stratospheric ozone layer. Such emissions can be greatly reduced through the use of nitrapyrin, which inhibits nitrification of ammonium by soil microorganisms. 相似文献
5.
Measurements of the oxygen isotope ratios (18O/16O and 17O/16O) in atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O) from La Jolla, Pasadena, and the White Mountain Research Station (elevation, 3801 meters) in California and the White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico show that N2O has a mass-independent composition. These data suggest the presence of a previously undefined atmospheric process. The La Jolla samples can be explained by a mixing between an atmospherically derived source of mass-independent N2O and biologically derived mass-dependent N2O. Possible origins of the mass-independent anomaly in N2O are discussed. 相似文献
6.
Nitrous oxide in the earth's atmosphere contributes to catalytic stratospheric ozone destruction and is also a greenhouse gas component. A precise budgetary accounting of N(2)O sources has remained elusive, and there is an apparent lack of source identification. One source of N(2)O is as a by-product in the manufacture of nylon, specifically in the preparation of adipic acid. Characterization of the reaction N(2)O stoichiometry and its isotopic composition with a simulated industrial adipic acid synthesis indicates that because of high rates of global adipic acid production, this N(2)O may account for approximately 10 percent of the increase observed for atmospheric N(2)O. 相似文献
7.
农业生产中氧化亚氮排放源的影响因素分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
农业是温室气体氧化亚氮(N2O)的主要排放源.基于1990至2008年的统计数据,运用多元线性回归模型,分析了化肥施用量、水稻种植面积、灌溉面积和猪的饲养量对农业源N2O排放的影响.结果表明,化肥施用量、水稻种植面积、有效灌溉面积和猪的饲养量都对氧化亚氮的排放有正相关影响,其中有效灌溉面积对氧化亚氮排放的影响最大,占据... 相似文献
8.
MJ Prather 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1998,279(5355):1339-1341
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is one of the top three greenhouse gases whose emissions may be brought under control through the Framework Convention on Climate Change. Current understanding of its global budget, including the balance of natural and anthropogenic sources, is largely based on the atmospheric losses calculated with chemical models. A representative one-dimensional model used here describes the photochemical coupling between N2O and stratospheric ozone (O3), which can easily be decomposed into its natural modes. The primary, longest lived mode describes most of the atmospheric perturbation due to anthropogenic N2O sources, and this pattern may be observable. The photolytic link between O3 and N2O is identified as the mechanism causing this mode to decay 10 to 15 percent more rapidly than the N2O mean atmospheric lifetime, affecting the inference of anthropogenic sources. 相似文献
9.
Maire Juliette Gibson-Poole Simon Cowan Nicholas Krol Dominika Somers Cathal Reay Dave S. Skiba Ute Rees Robert M. Lanigan Gary J. Richards Karl G. 《Precision Agriculture》2022,23(5):1743-1774
Precision Agriculture - Most nitrogen (N) lost to the environment from grazed grassland is produced as a result of N excreted by livestock, released in the form of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions,... 相似文献
10.
The stratospheric concentration of trace gases released in the atmosphere as a result of human activities is increasing at a rate of 5 to 8 percent per year in the case of the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 1 percent per year in the case of methane (CH(4)), and 0.25 percent per year in the case of nitrous oxide (N(2)O). The amount of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) is expected to double before the end of the 21st century. Even if the production of the CFCs remains limited according to the protocol for the protection of the ozone layer signed in September 1987 in Montreal, the abundance of active chlorine (2 parts per billion by volume in the early 1980s) is expected to reach 6 to7 parts per billion by volume by 2050. The impact of these increases on stratospheric temperature and ozone was investigated with a two-dimensional numerical model. The model includes interactive radiation, wave and mean flow dynamics, and 40 trace species. An increase in CFCs caused ozone depletion in the model, with the largest losses near the stratopause and, in the vertical mean, at high latitudes. Increased CO(2) caused ozone amounts to increase through cooling, with the largest increases again near 45 kilometers and at high latitudes. This CO(2)-induced poleward increase reduced the CFC-induced poleward decrease. Poleward and downward ozone transport played a major role in determining the latitudinal variation in column ozone changes. 相似文献
11.
[目的]研究不同施肥制度对川中丘陵区紫色土小麦-玉米轮作系统氧化亚氮(N2O)排放的影响及排放特征。[方法]设6个处理,即有机肥(OM)、氮磷钾肥(NPK)、氮肥(N)、氮磷钾肥配施秸秆(RSDNPK)、氮磷钾肥配施有机肥(OMNPK)和不施肥(CK)。采用静态箱/气相色谱法对不同施肥制度下小麦-玉米轮作系统N2O排放进行定位观测,分析该系统N2O排放特征、6种施肥制度对N2O排放的影响及环境因子与N2O排放之间的关系。[结果]川中丘陵区紫色土小麦-玉米轮作系统N2O排放总量为0.73～4.51 kg/hm2,大小顺序为OM处理OMNPK处理N处理NPK处理RSDNPK处理CK,与不施肥相比,N2O排放量分别增加了517.8%、369.9%、275.3%、238.4%和212.3%,各处理间差异在0.05水平显著。在同等施肥条件下,氮磷钾肥配施秸秆可有效地控制N2O的排放。[结论]小麦季、休闲期和玉米季对整个轮作周期N2O排放总量的贡献分别为30%、10%和60%;肥料施用是川中丘陵区紫色土小麦-玉米轮作系统N2O排放量增加的主要驱动因子;土壤温度和水分是影响小麦季和休闲期土壤N2O排放的主要因素;降雨是影响玉米季土壤N2O排放的重要影响因素;土壤含水量偏低是川中丘陵区紫色土小麦季和休闲期出现N2O吸收现象的主要原因;若控制川中丘陵区紫色土WFPS50%或80%,则可抑制土壤N2O排放。 相似文献
12.
[目的]研究氨氮浓度对部分亚硝化过程中温室气体N2O释放的影响。[方法]利用序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR),采用间歇曝气的方式,分析进水不同氨氮浓度对部分亚硝化过程中N2O产生的影响。[结果]当进水氨氮浓度不同时,部分亚硝化过程中DO、ORP变化趋势大体一致,出水中亚硝氮与氨氮的浓度比都能达到1∶1,而且硝氮始终都维持在较低水平。进水氨氮浓度对部分亚硝化过程中N2O的释放有显著影响,氨氮浓度越高,N2O的释放量越大。其中,当氨氮浓度为400 mg/L时,N2O的释放量高达37 mg左右。[结论]部分亚硝化过程中N2O的释放可能与NH4+、NO2-的浓度有关。 相似文献
13.
从2000年9月到2001年9月,每月两次采样连续监测太湖地区湖、河和井水水体中溶解的N2O浓度、NO-3-N和NH4+-N浓度及水温的变化,研究了湖、河、井水体NO-3-N和NH4+-N浓度对水中溶解N2O浓度的影响。结果表明,湖、河和井水中溶解的N2O浓度与NO-3-N浓度呈显著正相关关系,也与水温呈正相关,而与NH4+-N浓度无显著相关关系。结果还表明,浅水型水体高浓度NO-3-N和NH4+-N的存在均是N2O产生的源;水体反硝化作用和硝化-反硝化均是水中产生N2O的重要途径。 相似文献
14.
Concentrations of the halocrbons CCl(3)F (F-11), CCl(2)F(2) (F-12), CCl(4), and CH(3)CCl(3), methane (CH(4)), and nitrous oxide (N(2)O) over the decade between 1975 and 1985 are reported, based on measurements taken every January at the South Pole and in the Pacific Northwest. The concentrations of F-11, F-12, and CH(3)CCl(3) in both hemispheres are now more than twice their concentrations 10 years ago. However, the annual rates of increase of F-11, F-12, and CH(3)CC1(3) are now considerably slower than earlier in the decade, reflecting in part the effects of a ban on their nonessential uses. Continued increases in these trace gas concentrations may warm the earth and deplete the stratospheric ozone layer, which may cause widespread climatic changes and affect global habitability. 相似文献
15.
16.
Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) and methane (CH(4)) are chemically reactive greenhouse gases with well-documented atmospheric concentration increases that are attributable to anthropogenic activities. We quantified the link between N(2)O and CH(4) emissions through the coupled chemistries of the stratosphere and troposphere. Specifically, we simulated the coupled perturbations of increased N(2)O abundance, leading to stratospheric ozone (O(3)) depletion, altered solar ultraviolet radiation, altered stratosphere-to-troposphere O(3) flux, increased tropospheric hydroxyl radical concentration, and finally lower concentrations of CH(4). The ratio of CH(4) per N(2)O change, -36% by mole fraction, offsets a fraction of the greenhouse effect attributable to N(2)O emissions. These CH(4) decreases are tied to the 108-year chemical mode of N(2)O, which is nine times longer than the residence time of direct CH(4) emissions. 相似文献
17.
Paleoatmospheric records of trace-gas concentrations recovered from ice cores provide important sources of information on many biogeochemical cycles involving carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. Here, we present a 106,000-year record of atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O) along with corresponding isotopic records spanning the last 30,000 years, which together suggest minimal changes in the ratio of marine to terrestrial N2O production. During the last glacial termination, both marine and oceanic N2O emissions increased by 40 +/- 8%. We speculate that our records do not support those hypotheses that invoke enhanced export production to explain low carbon dioxide values during glacial periods. 相似文献
18.
用乙炔抑制原状土柱和模拟土柱法,研究了包括水分、碳源、氮源以及反硝化的主要决定因子水分干湿交替对土壤N2O排放量的影响。结果表明,影响旱地土壤反硝化的主要因子是作为微生物能源和碳源的有机物质,在碳源充足时,土壤的硝态氮含量和水分因子是限制因子;两种氮源相比较,在一定的碳含量和水分条件下,土壤N2O排放量并不随NO3--N加入量的增加而增大,最大N2O排放量发生在氮源加入量为300 mg/kg时;而当氮源为NO2--N时,土壤N2O排放量随NO2--N加入量的增加而增大,最大排放量为NO2--N为450 mg/kg处理。在同等土壤水分条件下,土壤由湿变干过程中产生的N2O通量高于土壤由干变湿过程中的产生量;土壤由干变湿过程中N2O通量随着土壤水充孔隙空间(WFPS)含量的增加而增大,但在土壤由湿变干过程中最大N2O通量并非在土壤水分饱和状态下,而是在土壤WFPS为70%时,而后N2O排放量随土壤WFPS含量的减少而降低;施肥处理土壤与不施肥对照相比,两者的N2O通量变化趋势相同,但对照的变化幅度相对较小。 相似文献
19.
[目的]研究N／s沉降对中亚热带米槠天然林土壤硝化作用和N：0排放的影响。[方法]室内用NH。NO,／K,SO。模拟N／S沉降,在30℃和60％WHC水分条件下,恒温培养15d。在培养的第1、5、10和15天测定土壤NH4＋-N、NO3^--N和pH,在培养的第3、4、5和10天采集气体样品测定N,0浓度。[结果]N沉降和NS复合沉降在0．05水平显著促进土壤的矿化和硝化,且促进效果随沉降强度或NS复合沉降中N的比例增大而增大,但s沉降的促进作用不显著;土壤净矿化速率和净硝化速率与土壤pH具有极显著的负相关性。土壤在自然状态和N／S沉降的影响下,有机氮净矿化速率与净硝化速率之间均存在显著相关性,且矿化速率大于硝化速率。N沉降和NS复合沉降显著提高土壤的硝化率在N／S沉降下,该区土壤中的无机氮仍以NH4＋一N为主,硝化作用弱,铵态氮的供给不成为土壤硝化作用的限制因素。NS复合沉降促进土壤N2O的排放,具体机理有待进一步揭示。[结论]N沉降和NS复合沉降明显促进土壤的矿化和硝化作用,S沉降对土壤的矿化和硝化作用的影响不大;NS复合沉降影响土壤的N2O排放,且其影响效应与沉降中N、S的比例相关,在有关酸沉降对土壤N2O排放的影响方面,s沉降应受到关注。 相似文献
20.
《农业科学学报》2016,(2)
The application of nitrogen(N) fertilizer to increase crop yields has a significant influence on soil methane(CH_4) and nitrous oxide(N_2O) emission/uptake.A meta-analysis was carried out on the effect of N application on(i) CH_4 emissions in rice paddies,(ii) CH_4 uptake in upland fields and(iii) N_2O emissions.The responses of CH_4 emissions to N application in rice paddies were highly variable and overall no effects were found.CH_4 emissions were stimulated at low N application rates(100 kg N ha~(-1)) but inhibited at high N rates(200 kg N ha~(-1)) as compared to no N fertilizer(control).The response of CH_4 uptake to N application in upland fields was 15%lower than control,with a mean CH_4 uptake factor of-0.001 kg CH_4-C kg~(-1) N.The mean N_2O emission factors were 1.00 and 0.94%for maize(Zea mays) and wheat(Triticum aestivum),respectively,but significantly lower for the rice(Oryza sativa)(0.51%).Compared with controls,N addition overall increased global warming potential of CH_4 and N_2O emissions by 78%.Our result revealed that response of CH_4 emission to N input might depend on the CH_4concentration in rice paddy.The critical factors that affected CH_4 uptake and N_2O emission were N fertilizer application rate and the controls of CH_4 uptake and N_2O emission.The influences of application times,cropping systems and measurement frequency should all be considered when assessing CH_4 and N_2O emissions/uptake induced by N fertilizer. 相似文献