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1.
1. One hundred and forty four Shaver broiler chicks (Starbro 15) were reared from 4 d to 56 d of age on 4 types of litter: sawdust, paddy straw, sand and rice husk each spread to a depth of 75 mm.
2. Birds reared on rice husk litter showed the greatest food consumption, greatest weight gain, best food conversion efficiency and scored highest in production number.
3. Survivability was also highest with rice husk group (94.4%) but differences in this variable were not thought to be attributable to types of litter.
4. Breast blisters were found only in birds reared on sand (8.3%).
5. It was concluded that rice husk is a suitable litter for rearing broilers on the floor, particularly in paddy‐growing countries. 相似文献
2.
1. Four groups of 36 one‐day‐old broiler chicks were reared for 8 weeks during summer on rice husk litter spread to depths of 20, 30, 40 or 50 mm.
2. The depth of the litter did not significantly affect live weight gain, food consumption, food conversion ratio, liveability or production number.
3. It was concluded that rice husks can be used as litter at depths of between 20 and 50 mm during summer to raise broilers without affecting performance. 相似文献
3.
1. Hazelnut husks and some other litter materials were compared for litter properties and their effects on broiler performance. 2. A total of 750 1-d-old broiler chicks were weighed and assigned at random to 1 of 5 treatments, with each treatment replicated 3 times. 3. The treatments were wood shavings (control), wheat stalks, rice hulls, hazelnut husks, and a mixture of 50% rice hulls and 50% hazelnut husks. 4. Although hazelnut husks were associated with lower body weights at 49 d of age, food efficiency mortality, carcase yield, breast blisters and production index were similar to birds on wood shavings. Hazelnut husks had the highest litter moisture. 5. The results show that hazelnut husks alone and when mixed with rice hulls are a potential alternative litter material for broiler production. 相似文献
4.
Nesting behaviour of LSL hens from a deep litter house and from a battery system was compared. Every hen was tested in one of two trial chambers containing a wire mesh floor and a nest unit with 5 nesting materials: wire mesh, perforated plastic, synthetic grass, wheat straw and oat husk. Wheat straw and oat husk were preferred as nesting materials to perforated plastic, synthetic grass and wire mesh. The results from these trials were confirmed in a deep litter house. After the nesting material, oat husk, was changed in two of 10 communal nests the hens did not accept those two nests for the trial period of two weeks and laid elsewhere. Hens of the same breed and age reared together on deep litter showed no differences in nest site selection and nesting behaviour regardless of whether they had previously been housed in a deep litter house or in cages. 相似文献
5.
Alice P. J. T. Garcês Sónia M. Santana Afonso Abel Chilundo Chenjerai T. S. Jairoce 《Tropical animal health and production》2017,49(2):369-374
The availability of wood by-products for bedding material is falling in many regions due to rising demand for other uses. The objective of this study was to evaluate six alternative litter sources—river bed sand, coconut husk, rice hulls, Guinea grass, newspaper, and corncob—as a substitute for wood shavings (WS). The trial was carried out over 35 days in an open-sided and naturally ventilated broiler house under conditions of high ambient temperatures and relative humidity. During the brooding period (0 to 14 days), chicks raised on grass had lower (P?<?0.05) footpad temperature than those grown on WS. After the brooding period (15 to 35 days), the temperatures of both litter and birds were higher (P?<?0.05) for coconut husk than for WS. Grass litter resulted in lower (P?<?0.05) final BW, FCR, and production efficiency. Sand and rice hulls were associated with lower (P?<?0.05) survival rate and higher (P?<?0.05) gizzard weight. Litter type did not affect carcass and meat yields. The footpad dermatitis score, associating incidence and severity, was not statistically different among the litter substrates tested, although numerically higher in coconut husk, grass, and corncob. The results obtained in this experiment indicate that, in a hot and humid environment, all materials except grass can be used as a substitute for wood shavings with comparable production efficiency. 相似文献
6.
The effect of used pine-shaving litter from broiler floor pens on Salmonella colonization resistance was evaluated in broiler chicks. One-day-old chicks were placed in floor pens on fresh unused litter or on used litter. All chicks were challenged orally with 10(4) S. typhimurium at 3 days of age. The study was replicated in three trials with used litter that was collected and stored for 1 day (Trial 1), 4 days (Trial 2), or 50 days (Trial 3) before the start of each trial. Cecal concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in chicks placed on used litter than in chicks on new litter. In all three trials, the number of Salmonella in the cecal contents and the number of Salmonella cecal-culture-positive chicks was significantly lower (P < 0.01) at 10 days and 20 days of age in the chicks on used litter than in the chicks on new litter. The results indicated that newly hatched chicks reared on used litter had higher cecal VFA concentrations and higher resistance to Salmonella colonization than chicks reared on new litter. 相似文献
7.
A method of classification of broiler foot-health status was developed to estimate the prevalence of foot-pad dermatitis in Swedish broilers. Data on foot health were collected from 101 commercial broiler flocks at slaughter. The producers were asked to fill in a questionnaire on rearing conditions and equipment for every flock.
Lesions were commonly observed; only 62% of the birds were classified as being without lesions, 32% had mild lesions only (discoloration, erosions) and 6% had severe lesions (ulcers). Flocks reared in houses equipped with small water cups had significantly (P < 0.05) higher prevalences of foot-pad dermatitis than flocks reared with water nipples. Thick layers of litter, regardless of litter material, also resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) higher prevalences of foot-pad dermatitis than litter layers thinner than 5 cm. 相似文献
8.
Air hygiene in a broiler house: comparison of deep litter with raised netting floors 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
1. Deep litter and raised netting flooring systems in broiler houses were compared for their effects on air quality and bird health during an 8-week growing period. 2. Weekly measurements were taken of respirable dust, numbers of airborne microorganisms and concentrations of gaseous pollutants. Airborne fungi and bacteria were identified to species. 3. At the end of the experimental period, randomly sampled bird lungs were examined for the presence of viable microorganisms and for pathological changes. Bird health and performance were monitored throughout the 8 weeks. 4. Respirable dust concentrations and numbers of airborne microorganisms were significantly higher in the litter rooms. The type of floor had no effect on concentrations of gaseous ammonia. 5. Floor type had no significant effect on bird mortality but birds on litter had a slightly better gain:food ratio. However, birds on litter were observed to have a higher incidence of lung damage and more of the birds on litter had viable microorganisms present in the lungs at necropsy. 相似文献
9.
The efficacy of replacing broiler litter with rice mill feed was evaluated in four experiments. In Exp. 1, 40 predominantly Angus steers (initial BW = 277+/-18.2 kg) were fed four dietary treatments for 112 d (five steers per pen; two pens per diet). Dietary treatments (DM basis) were as follows: 1) 47% broiler litter:53% corn; 2) 60% rice mill feed:40% corn; 3) 50% rice mill feed:50% corn; and 4) 40% rice mill feed:60% corn. All diets, along with bermudagrass hay, were fed free choice. Daily gains were faster (P < 0.10) for the 50:50 and 40:60 diets (1.26 and 1.30 kg/d, respectively) than for the broiler litter diet (0.89 kg/d). Daily DMI was less (P < 0.10) by steers consuming rice mill feed-based diets than by those consuming broiler litter-based diets. In Exp. 2, 16 Angus x Charolais steers (initial BW = 277+/-22.7 kg) were fed the same four diets used in Exp. 1 while housed in individual metabolism stalls for determination of nutrient digestibility. Daily DMI was not different (P > 0.10) among diets. Nutrient digestibilities did not differ among diets (P > 0.10). In Exp. 3, 40 Continental cross steers (initial BW = 257+/-21.3 kg) were fed one of four dietary treatments for 112 d (five steers per pen; two pens per diet). On a DM basis, diets were as follows: 1) 47% broiler litter:53% soyhulls; 2) 70% rice mill feed:30% soyhulls; 3) 60% rice mill feed:40% soyhulls; and 4) 50% rice mill feed:50% soyhulls. All diets, along with bermudagrass hay, were fed free choice. Daily gains were less (P < 0.05) for the broiler litter diet than for the 60:40 and 50:50 diets (1.05, 1.16, and 1.28 kg/d, respectively), and steers fed the broiler litter diet consumed less DM than did steers fed the varying rice mill feed-based diets (P < 0.10). In Exp. 4, 16 Angus x Charolais steers (initial BW = 292+/-21.1 kg) were fed the same four diets as in Exp. 3 while housed in individual metabolism stalls for determination of nutrient digestibility. Daily DMI was less (P < 0.01) for the broiler litter diet (5.0 kg/d) than for the 70:30, 60:40, and 50:50 diets (7.8, 7.9, and 7.9 kg/ d, respectively). Digestibilities for DM, OM, and ADF did not differ (P > 0.10) among treatments; however, CP digestibility was greatest (P < 0.10) for the 60:40 diet, and NDF digestibility was least (P < 0.10) for the 70:30 diet. Rice mill feed can be used to replace broiler litter to formulate low-cost diets for stocker calves. Soyhulls and corn can be blended with rice mill feed to produce acceptable backgrounding diets for growing beef calves. 相似文献
10.
Paracox anticoccidial vaccine was administered to a 7-day-old flock of commercial broiler breeder stock subsequently reared to point-of-lay in the same house. For comparison, three subgroups of another flock of broiler breeders were also vaccinated with Paracox at 7 days of age, reared to 42 days and then transferred to new litter on another farm until point-of-lay. The first subgroup received no further treatment, but the second and third each received a second vaccination with Paracox, either immediately after transfer to the new litter or 42 days after transfer. Using an Eimeria necatrix model, protective immunity was demonstrated by virulent challenge of samples of birds from all groups by the age of 37–40 days (30–33 days after the first vaccination), and was maintained to at least 122–125 days of age, whether the birds remained on the same litter or were transferred to another farm, and whether they received one or two anticoccidial vaccinations. Therefore, there is no disadvantage in transferring birds onto new litter 35 days after a single Paracox vaccination, nor is there any advantage in giving a second vaccination after such a transfer. Vaccinated birds seeded the new litter with oocysts, despite being clinically immune to coccidiosis. A supplementary laboratory experiment showed that birds vaccinated at 8 days of age passed almost no oocysts after a second vaccination at 43 days of age. This indicated that they were not only protected against clinical coccidiosis, but were almost solidly immune to a homologous infection 5 weeks after a single vaccination. Nevertheless, oocysts appeared in the litter of all four groups of commercial breeders throughout the trial, showing that wild-type heterologous infections occurred whether the birds were transferred to new litter or not, but these did not overwhelm the acquired protective immunity and cause clinical coccidiosis. 相似文献
11.
João Borges Guimarães Éder Clementino dos Santos Eustáquio Souza Dias Antônio Gilberto Bertechini Carla Luiza da Silva Ávila Francesca Silva Dias 《Tropical animal health and production》2014,46(8):1509-1514
This trial was performed to study the use of the mushroom Agaricus brasiliensis as an alternative additive to antimicrobial growth promoters in broiler chicken diets and to assess the quality of the broiler chicken breast meat of birds that are fed diets containing this fungus. Thus, 595 1-day-old chicks were reared in reused poultry litter without anticoccidial and antimicrobial additives. The results showed that a concentration of 1.6 g mushrooms/kg diet was ideal for these birds because it provided better bird performance. When the birds’ immune system organs were analyzed, it was found that the addition of both mushrooms influenced the immune system organs of these broiler chickens. Adding A. brasiliensis to broiler chicken diets did not compromise breast meat quality. 相似文献
12.
A postal questionnaire was sent to the managers of 857 broiler farms in the UK to determine the prevalence and risk factors for wet litter. The response rate was 75 per cent. Wet litter was reported by 75 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval [CI] 71.3 to 78.3) of the respondents in at least one flock during the year 2001 and 56.1 per cent (95 per cent CI 52.0 to 60.0) of them reported that they had an outbreak of wet litter in their most recently reared flock. Wet litter occurred more often during the winter months and farms using side ventilation systems were at an increased risk (odds ratio 1.74; 95 per cent CI 1.09 to 2.76). A multivariable analysis was carried out using two different definitions of wet litter as outcome variables - all cases of wet litter, and cases of wet litter associated with disease. Consistent risk factors for both outcomes were coccidiosis, feed equipment failures and the availability of separate farm clothing for each house. Cases of wet litter associated with disease were reported by 33.7 per cent (95 per cent CI 28.8 to 39.1) of the managers in their last flock and were associated with the use of hand sanitisers and broiler houses with walls made of concrete. 相似文献
13.
Dai Hanajima 《Animal Science Journal》2014,85(10):919-923
To elucidate the characteristics of ear corn residue as a bulking agent, the composting process using this residue was compared with processes using three other conventional materials such as sawdust, wheat straw and rice husk, employing a bench‐scale composting reactor. As evaluated via biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), ear corn residue contains 3.3 and 2.0 times more easily digestible materials than sawdust and rice husk, respectively. In addition, mixing ear corn residue with manure resulted in reduced bulk density, which was the same as that of wheat straw and was 0.58 and 0.67 times lower than that of sawdust and a rice husk mixture, respectively. To evaluate temperature generation during the composting process, the maximum temperature and area under the temperature curve (AUCTEMP) were compared among the mixed composts of four bulking agents. Maximum temperature (54.3°C) as well as AUCTEMP (7310°C●h) of ear corn residue were significantly higher than those of sawdust and rice husk (P < 0.05), and they are similar to that of wheat straw mixed compost. Along with the value of AUCTEMP, the highest organic matter losses of 31.1% were observed in ear corn residue mixed compost, followed by wheat straw, saw dust and rice husk. 相似文献
14.
A prospective study of management and litter variables associated with cellulitis in California broiler flocks 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Cellulitis has emerged as an economically important disease of broiler chickens. The impact of environmental risk factors on the incidence of cellulitis has not been evaluated in the United States. Escherichia coli (E. coli), the causative agent, is introduced through skin scratches during the grow out. Our previous work suggested that the litter was an important reservoir for cellulitis-associated E. coli. We hypothesized that factors contributing to a positive environment for E. coli growth would increase the opportunity for exposure of a broiler to an infectious dose of E. coli, capable of initiating a cellulitis lesion. This prospective study of 304 flocks on five farms from two integrated broiler companies was conducted to determine the effect of environmental factors on the prevalence of cellulitis in California broiler flocks. Environmental variables included temperature, wind velocity, and relative humidity (RH) at the litter surface. Litter variables measured included E. coli and total gram-negative bacteria load (colony forming units/g dry matter), water activity, and pH. Management variables such as clean out, the number of flocks reared on the same litter (litter run, LR), and downtime (DT) between flocks were also evaluated. Cellulitis ranged from 0.197% to 6.04%. Significant associations were identified using linear regression between farm, LR, DT, ambient temperature during the brooding period, gram-negative bacteria load in the litter during the brooding period, RH mid-grow out, and E. coli load late in the grow out. The significant variation in the rate of cellulitis between farms combined with the strong association of LR and DT with cellulitis demonstrated that management choices were highly influential in this disease syndrome. Based on these data and our previous findings, managers would be advised to increase DT between flocks and perform a total clean out of the house when a flock processes with a high incidence of cellulitis. 相似文献
15.
1. A survey was carried out to assess some welfare indicators in broilers reared by the largest poultry companies in Italy, to determine whether they accord with European proposal COM (2005) 221 final. 2. Productive traits, carcase injuries and foot dermatitis were recorded from 279,640 broiler chickens reared in winter and in summer in 5 farms representative of the Italian production system. 3. The densities currently used in Italy are in accordance with the European proposal, which recommends that broilers are kept at a density lower than 30 to 32 kg live weight/m(2) and not exceeding 38 to 40 kg live weight/m(2). 4. Season markedly influenced broiler welfare status, with the worst score collected in winter cycles, when the recommended limit of 50 points for foot pad dermatitis was exceeded. 5. Stocking density is not a straightforward indicator for bird welfare; there was no relationship between stocking density and lesion incidence or mortality rate. 6. The control of environmental conditions, particularly litter quality, appears to be a key issue for broiler welfare. 相似文献
16.
R. G. Wells 《British poultry science》1972,13(1):27-31
Light‐weight, hybrid pullets were reared on litter in flocks of 400, 800 and 1200 birds per pen. Floor space allowance was held constant at 0–093 m2 per bird and other related factors of management were standardised. The different sizes of flock had no significant effect on growth rate or mortality, but individual food consumption was significantly higher in the 400‐bird flocks than in the larger units.
At 18 weeks of age, some of the birds from each treatment were transferred to battery cages and others to deep‐litter laying quarters and records of their performance in terms of egg numbers and size, food consumption, mortality and body weight gain were taken over a period of 1 year. The only consistently significant finding was that birds reared in groups of 1200 tended to produce larger eggs (as shown by market grading) and, when housed on deep litter, to eat more food than birds reared in the smaller flocks. 相似文献
17.
《The Journal of Applied Poultry Research》2014,23(1):116-120
Poultry are normally reared on bedding materials such as wood shavings or rice hulls. Poultry litter reuse for multiple flocks has become economically important in modern broiler production. However, this practice results in the litter serving as a reservoir of numerous microbial organisms, including, yeasts, molds, multiple types of viruses, and bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella, Escherichia, Campylobacter, Clostridium, Staphylococcus, and Pseudomonas. The foodborne pathogens are of particular importance for poultry producers. During the preharvest feed withdrawal period, consumption of contaminated litter and feces by the birds can lead to infection of the upper gastrointestinal tract with Salmonella, which presents substantial problems at processing. The current study was conducted to determine whether the use of a liquid bacterial product (LBP), such as LT1000, could reduce the load of Salmonella Typhimurium in poultry manure. The LBP was added to sterile poultry manure then challenged with 108 cfu/mL of Salmonella Typhimurium. The concentration of Salmonella Typhimurium was measured over 9 d or until the Salmonella Typhimurium was no longer detected. In 91% of the trials, Salmonella Typhimurium was completely eliminated within 9 d. This demonstrates that the LBP used in the current study has the potential to substantially improve the overall microbiological safety of used poultry litter. 相似文献
18.
Floor-pen studies were conducted to ascertain whether coccidiosis could be prevented by using a drug added to the litter to preclude coprophagia and ingestion of infective oocysts. An experimental drug (1-pyrrolidinebutyramide, 2-methyl-alpha,alpha-diphenyl) was added to litter contaminated with sporulated Eimeria tenella oocysts. Thereafter 7-day-old broiler chicks were reared on the litter for a nine-day period. Mortality, lesion scores and dropping scores were the criteria selected to determine efficacy. Treatment of the litter at the lowest level (2.3 g kg-1) did not reduce the incidence or severity of the disease, whereas treatment at two higher levels (11.5 and 23.0 g kg-1) significantly reduced both (incidence and severity). The highest level was the most efficacious; however, drug toxicity was also encountered at this level. 相似文献
19.
《The Journal of Applied Poultry Research》2006,15(2):333-340
Reduction of airborne dust in enclosed animal housing has been shown to result in corresponding reductions in airborne bacteria, ammonia, and odor. The search for strategies to reduce particulate matter and ammonia emissions from animal housing has led to considerable interest in the poultry industry for practical systems to reduce these air emissions. Technologies that have been shown to be effective for reducing airborne dust in animal areas include misting with an oil spray, water mists, extra ventilation, and electrostatic space charge systems. An electrostatic space charge system (ESCS) was designed to reduce airborne dust and ammonia emissions from a commercial broiler production house. The ESCS for this application was based on patented technology developed to reduce airborne dust and pathogens. Two commercial broiler houses with built-up litter (a control house and one outfitted with an ESCS unit) were monitored for dust and ammonia concentrations over a period of 7 flocks. Results of this study indicate the ESCS significantly reduced airborne dust by an average of 43% and reduced ammonia by an average of 13%. Power consumption of the ESCS system was less than 100 W when in operation. Commercial application of this technology within the production house has the potential to improve in-house air quality and reduce particulate emissions. 相似文献
20.
Influence of dietary electrolyte balance, source of added potassium and anticoccidial agents on the performance of male broilers 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
1. The performance of 1680 male broiler chickens was measured from one to 42 d of age. They were given diets with three (125, 165 and 205 mEq/kg) electrolyte balances (sodium + potassium - chloride), two sources of added potassium (carbonate or sulphate) and two anticoccidial agents (90 mg/kg of either monensin or lasalocid). 2. The dietary treatments had no significant effects on the growth performance of broiler chickens in the starter phase. 3. In the finisher phase, the chickens given the diets containing lasalocid utilised food less efficiently that those given the diets containing monensin. 4. There were significant interactions between dietary electrolyte balance and source of added potassium on body weight gains and food:gain ratios in the finisher phase. In diets with an electrolyte balance of 205 mEq/kg, the inclusion of potassium sulphate instead of potassium carbonate increased body weight gains by 3.4% and reduced food:gain ratios by 4.6%. 5. The body weight gains of chickens given the finisher diets containing lasalocid and added potassium carbonate were reduced by 2.6% compared to those of chickens given the diets containing monensin or added potassium sulphate. 6. The litter moisture content was higher in pens with chickens on the diets with an electrolyte balance of 205 mEq/kg than on the diets with either 125 or 165 mEq/kg. Both lasalocid and potassium sulphate tended to increase the litter moisture content. 7. It may be concluded that the inclusion of 90 mg/kg of either monensin or lasalocid in broiler diets does not alter the balance of electrolytes required for optimum growth performance of broiler chickens. 相似文献