Objective
The fixed-dose combination of butorphanol, azaperone and medetomidine (BAM; 30, 12 and 12 mg mL?1, respectively) with subsequent antagonism by naltrexone–atipamezole was evaluated for reversible immobilization of captive blesbok (Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi).Study design
Prospective, clinical trial.Animals
Sixteen blesbok (four males and twelve females), weighing 52.5?71.0 kg, were immobilized in South Africa.Methods
The total dose of BAM ranged from 0.5 to 0.7 mL for females and 0.7 to 0.9 mL for males. In seven animals chosen randomly, 8000 units of hyaluronidase was added to the dart. Physiologic variables were recorded every 5 minutes beginning at 10?20 minutes after darting. Arterial blood samples were collected three times at 20, 30 and 40 minutes after darting for analysis of blood acid-base status.Results
The mean administered doses of BAM were as follows: butorphanol (0.34 ± 0.08 mg kg?1), azaperone (0.14 ± 0.03 mg kg?1) and medetomidine (0.14 ± 0.03 mg kg?1). The inductions were calm and smooth. The mean induction time was 9.6 ± 3.2 minutes with just BAM and 5.1 ± 0.8 minutes with BAM and hyaluronidase combination. Heart rate (45 ± 6 beats minute?1) and respiratory frequency (38 ± 4 breaths minute?1) were stable throughout immobilization. The mean arterial blood pressure for all animals was stable but elevated (137 ± 7 mmHg). Rectal temperature slightly increased over time but remained within an acceptable range. The recovery time after administering naltrexone and atipamezole was 4.8 ± 0.7 minutes.Conclusion and clinical relevance
The BAM combination proved to be reliable and effective in blesbok. 相似文献Objective
The combination of butorphanol, azaperone and medetomidine (BAM) with subsequent antagonism by naltrexone–yohimbine or naltrexone–atipamezole was evaluated for reversible immobilization of captive African lions (Panthea leo).Study design
Prospective, clinical trial.Animals
Twenty lions, 11 males and nine females, weighing 38–284 kg were immobilized in South Africa.Methods
The BAM volume dose rate administered was 0.005–0.008 mL kg?1 (0.6 mL 100 kg?1). Physiologic variables were recorded every 5 minutes. Four arterial blood samples were collected from all animals at 20, 30, 40 and 50 minutes after immobilization for analysis of blood-gases and acid-base status.Results
The actual doses administered were as follows: butorphanol, 0.18 ± 0.03 mg kg?1; azaperone, 0.07 ± 0.01 mg kg?1; and medetomidine, 0.07 ± 0.01 mg kg?1. The inductions were calm and smooth, and induction time ranged from 4 to 10 minutes (7 ± 2 minutes). The amount of time needed to work with each lion was 70 minutes, and no additional drug doses were needed. Heart rate (40 ± 8 beats minute?1) and respiratory frequency (15 ± 4 breaths minute?1) were stable throughout immobilization. The mean arterial blood pressure of all animals was stable but elevated (142 ± 16 mmHg). The rectal temperature slightly increased over time but remained within acceptable range. The recovery time was significantly shorter when using naltrexone and atipamezole (9 ± 1 minutes) compared to using naltrexone and yohimbine (22 ± 7 minutes).Conclusion and clinical relevance
The BAM combination proved to be reliable for general veterinary anaesthesia in lions. During anaesthesia, minor veterinary procedures such a blood collection, intubation, vaccination and collaring could safely be performed with no additional dosing required. 相似文献Objective
To characterize a propofol–medetomidine-ketamine total intravenous anaesthetic in impala (Aepyceros melampus).Study design
Prospective clinical study.Animals
Ten adult female impala.Materials and methods
Impala were immobilized at 1253 m above sea level with 2.0 mg thiafentanil and 2.2 mg medetomidine via projectile darts. Propofol was given to effect (0.5 mg kg?1 boluses) to allow endotracheal intubation, following which oxygen was supplemented at 2 L minute?1. Anaesthesia was maintained with a constant-rate infusion of medetomidine and ketamine at 5 μg kg?1 hour?1 and 1.5 mg kg?1 hour?1, respectively, and propofol to effect (initially 0.2 mg kg?1 minute?1) for 120 minutes. The propofol infusion was titrated according to reaction to nociceptive stimuli every 15 minutes. Cardiopulmonary parameters were monitored continuously and arterial blood gas samples were analysed intermittently. After 120 minutes' maintenance, the thiafentanil and medetomidine were antagonized using naltrexone (10:1 thiafentanil) and atipamezole (5:1 medetomidine), respectively.Results
All impala were successfully immobilized. The median dose [interquartile range (IQR)] of propofol required for intubation was 2.7 (1.9–3.3) mg kg?1. The propofol–medetomidine–ketamine combination abolished voluntary movement and ensured anaesthesia for the 120 minute period. Propofol titration showed a generally downward trend. Median (IQR) heart rate [57 (53–61) beats minute?1], respiratory rate [10 (9–12) breaths minute?1] and mean arterial blood pressure [101 (98–106) mmHg] were well maintained. Arterial blood gas analysis indicated hypoxaemia, hyper- capnia and acidaemia. Butorphanol (0.12 mg kg?1) was an essential rescue drug to counteract thiafentanil-induced respiratory depression. All impala regurgitated frequently during the maintenance period. Recovery was calm and rapid in all animals. Median (IQR) time to standing from antagonist administration was 4.4 (3.2–5.6) minutes.Conclusions and clinical relevance
A propofol–medetomidine–ketamine combination could provide adequate anaesthesia for invasive procedures in impala. The propofol infusion should begin at 0.2 mg kg?1 minute?1 and be titrated to clinical effect. Oxygen supplementation and airway protection with a cuffed endotracheal tube are essential. 相似文献Objectives
To describe signalment, clinical characteristics, diagnostic, treatment, and outcome data in a large case series of cats with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA).Animals
Fifty cats with confirmed PDA.Methods
Retrospective review of medical records from five referral veterinary hospitals for cats with PDA between 2000 and 2015. Cats were included if a PDA was visualized echocardiographically, during surgery, or on post-mortem examination.Results
Median age at presentation was 6 months (range: 36 days–9.7 years; n = 50), and sex distribution was approximately equal (27 male, 23 female). Most cats did not have clinical signs (70.2%; 33/47) at the time of presentation. Murmurs were classified as continuous (55%; 22/40) or systolic (45%; 18/40). Echocardiography confirmed left-to-right shunting in 33 cats (82.5%; 33/40) and right-to-left shunting in 7 (17.5%; 7/40). Concurrent cardiac anomalies were identified in 54.5% (18/33) and pulmonary hypertension in 45.7% (16/35). Closure was pursued in 68% (34/50), and complications associated with the procedure occurred in 14.7% (5/34) of cats, including one intraoperative mortality. Long-term follow up was available in 80% (40/50) of cats.Conclusions
Cats with PDA often do not display clinical signs and may not have the characteristic physical examination findings typical of PDA in dogs. An increased prevalence of concurrent cardiac anomalies and pulmonary hypertension were found relative to previous reports. Thoracic radiographs and echocardiogram may provide the most comprehensive information for making a diagnosis and treatment recommendations. PDA closure was associated with a favorable long-term outcome in cats included in this study. 相似文献Objective
To describe the anaesthetic, physiological and side effects of intramuscular (IM) medetomidine and ketamine, followed by inhalational anaesthesia with sevoflurane, in Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus).Study design
Observational trial.Animals
Ten juvenile captive-bred Nile crocodiles undergoing surgical implantation of skeletal beads and muscular electrodes.Methods
During preanaesthetic examination, the following variables were assessed: heart (HR) and respiratory (fR) rates, and response to palpebral, corneal and toe- and tail-pinch withdrawal reflexes. The crocodiles were injected IM with an initial combination of medetomidine and ketamine and re-evaluated at 5 minute intervals for 20 minutes, or until they appeared unresponsive. If that did not occur, the drugs were redosed according to a decision tree based on the observed effects. The righting, biting and palatal valve reflexes were assessed in the unresponsive crocodiles, and used to confirm anaesthetic induction. Anaesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane in oxygen. At the end of surgery, medetomidine was antagonized with IM atipamezole.Results
The decision tree identified 0.3 mg kg?1 medetomidine and 15 mg kg?1 ketamine as a useful drug combination, which resulted in anaesthetic induction and surgical anaesthesia 16 ± 8 and 16 (25–20) minutes after injection, respectively. Compared to baseline, HR and fR significantly decreased after anaesthetic induction (p < 0.001), but then remained stable throughout surgery. Intraoperatively, cloacal temperature [27 (26–30) °C] did not change over time (p = 0.48). The total dose of atipamezole was 2 (1–3) mg kg?1 and time to recovery was 36 (20–60) minutes. Perioperative complications were not observed.Conclusions
and clinical relevance Medetomidine and ketamine, injected IM and followed by sevoflurane anaesthesia, may be regarded as a useful anaesthetic technique for juvenile Nile crocodiles undergoing minimally invasive experimental surgery. 相似文献Background
Lipogranulomatous lymphangitis is inflammation of the intestinal lymphatic vessels and surrounding tissues caused by chronic leakage of lipid‐laden chyle. Grossly, lipogranulomas are typically disseminated small masses on the serosa and surrounding lymphatic vessels and consist of epithelioid macrophages, multinucleated giant cells, and cholesterol. Lipogranulomatous lymphangitis is occasionally seen in patients with lymphangiectasia and protein‐losing enteropathy (PLE).Objectives
To characterize the historical features, clinical signs, treatment, histopathology, and outcome of dogs with focal lipogranulomatous lymphangitis.Animals
Six dogs with ultrasonographic evidence of focal, regional small intestinal masses, often with involvement of the adjacent mesentery, and a diagnosis of focal lipogranulomatous lymphangitis based on histopathology of biopsied masses.Results
The median age of dogs was 6.9 years (range 3–10 years). All dogs had total protein, globulin, and albumin concentrations within the reference range at initial presentation and had intestinal masses identified on abdominal ultrasound examination. Histopathologic evaluation of lesions identified severe mural and mesenteric lipogranulomatous lymphangitis. Lymphangiectasia was noted in 5 cases and only in sections within the mass‐like lesion; tissue without lipogranulomas had minimal lymphangiectasia, suggesting a localized phenomenon. Postoperative outcomes ranged from remission of clinical signs with no subsequent treatment for 10–12 months in 2 dogs, postoperative management with medical and nutritional management in 3 dogs, and no outcome for 1 case.Conclusions and Clinical Importance
This case series describes a unique mass‐like manifestation of intestinal lipogranulomatous lymphangitis and should be considered as a possible differential diagnosis in dogs with an intestinal mass. 相似文献Successful preventive and control measures of zoonotic diseases require updated epidemiological data. Sylvatic rabies is endemic in Oman since 1990. Studying of the prevalence of animal rabies in Oman (2017–2019) was the goal of the current study besides the clinical–histopathological investigations of rabies in different animal species. A total of 117 whole brains of different animal species from different regions of Oman were examined by fluorescent antibody test (FAT) and histopathology for rabies during 2017–2019. Sixty-four samples (54.7%) were positive for rabies by FAT. The most affected species were goat (53.1%) followed by camel (18.8%), which pose a great risk to farmers and veterinarians. Positive fox cases were (10.9%). Most confirmed cases of animal rabies were submitted from Northern regions of Oman. Rabies was reported recently in Al Wusta among wild ruminants, Central Oman. The seasonal cycle of animal rabies in Oman was year-round with the peak from December to April. The clinical signs and neuropathological findings were nearly similar in different animal species. Histopathology-positive cases had Negri bodies in pyramidal and purkinje neurons, non-suppurative encephalitis features, and neuronal degeneration and necrosis. The sensitivity and specificity of histopathological diagnosis of rabies in different animals were 76.47% and 100.00%, respectively. Finally, sylvatic rabies remains a major challenge to the public and animal health in Oman. Although of the value of histopathological diagnosis of rabies if no other technique is available, other complementary tests must be employed to confirm negative results.
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