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1.
This study was designed to evaluate the relative toxicity of (+)- and (-)-gossypol enantiomers in 0-3-week-old broilers. Treatments consisted of broiler starter diets formulated with either a glandless, which did not contain gossypol, a commercial glanded [62. 2% (+)-gossypol], or a glanded moco [83.2% (+)-gossypol] crushed cottonseed (CCS) (six replicates/treatment) plus a soybean meal negative control. Glandless cottonseed was mixed with the moco cottonseed (2.4% free gossypol) so that both the commercial glanded and moco glanded cottonseeds contained equivalent concentrations of free gossypol (2.0%). The cottonseed treatments were added at 5 and 10% of the diet. Body weights and feed conversions were determined weekly. Body weights and feed-to-gain ratios of broilers fed 5 and 10% glandless CCS and 5% moco CCS were not significantly different. Broilers receiving 10% commercial glanded CCS weighed significantly less than those subjected to all other treatments. Feed-to-gain ratios were significantly higher for broilers receiving 10% commercial glanded and 10% moco CCS as compared to 5% moco and glandless CCS, 10% glandless CCS, and control. Relative liver weights of birds receiving 10% moco CCS were significantly less than those of birds receiving 10% commercial CCS. The data clearly showed that broilers fed moco CCS containing a relatively high (+)- to (-)-gossypol enantiomer ratio performed better than broilers receiving commercial CCS with a lower (+)- to (-)-gossypol enantiomer ratio.  相似文献   

2.
The dimeric sesquiterpene gossypol occurs naturally in cottonseed and other parts of the cotton plant. Gossypol exists as enantiomers because of the restricted rotation around the central binaphthyl bond. The (-)-enantiomer is toxic to nonruminant animals while the (+)-enantiomer exhibits little, if any, toxicity to these animals. Developing cotton plants with low levels of the (-)-gossypol could expand the use of cottonseed as a feed source. Gossypol also may play a role in protecting the plant from pathogens. The relative toxicity of (+)- and (-)-gossypol to plant pathogens has not been reported. We measured the concentration of (+)- and (-)-gossypol in roots from cotton seedlings that were treated with the biocontrol agent Trichoderma virens that induces biosynthesis of gossypol and related terpenoids in cotton roots. (-)-Gossypol was the minor enantiomer in control and treated roots, but levels were slightly higher in roots from T. virens-treated seed. We also determined the toxicity of the gossypol enantiomers and the racemate to the seedling disease pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. The (+)- and (-)-enantiomers of gossypol and the racemate are equally effective in inhibiting growth of this pathogen. The lethal doses of the gossypols required to kill the pathogen appeared to be similar, but their toxicities are significantly less than those of related cotton and kenaf sesquiterpenes. The results indicate that altering the enantiomeric ratio in cotton roots will not adversely affect the resistance of seedlings to the seedling pathogen R. solani.  相似文献   

3.
Gossypol is an allelochemical that occurs naturally throughout the cotton plant as an enantiomeric mixture. Gossypol and related terpenoids protect the plant from some insect herbivores. Cottonseed has a high protein content, but it is underutilized because (-)-gossypol, which is toxic to nonruminants, occurs in the seed along with (+)-gossypol. Commercial Upland cottons usually have an approximate 3:2 (+)- to (-)-gossypol ratio in the seed, but plants can be bred with <8% (-)-gossypol using accessions of Gossypium hirsutum var. marie galante as parents. We report the (+)- and (-)-gossypol ratios and the concentration of related terpenoids in the stems, leaves, and roots of four accessions of marie galante that show high, moderate, and near normal levels of (+)-gossypol in the seed; we compare these values to the commercial cultivar Stoneville 474, which has 62% (+)-gossypol in the seed. In the marie galante accessions 2452 and 2425 that have the highest levels of (+)-gossypol in the seed, the percent (+)-gossypol and the concentration of gossypol and the related terpenoids were significantly higher (P = 0.05) in the stems and leaves as compared to Stoneville 474. Our analysis indicates that progeny from accessions 2452 and 2425 that retain these traits should not be overly susceptible to herbivorous insects.  相似文献   

4.
The distribution and potential bioaccumulation of dietary arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, and selenium in organs and tissues of rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss Walbaum, 1792), a major aquaculture species, was studied in relation to fish growth over a period of >3 years. Fish were reared under normal farming conditions, that is, fed a standard fish food and exposed to negligible levels of waterborne trace elements. The age-related variations in the content of each trace element in gills, kidney, liver, muscle, and skin were studied through nonparametric regression analysis. A buildup of all elements in all tissues and organs was observed, but due to dilution with growth, the concentrations did not increase, except in a few cases such as cadmium and mercury in liver and kidney. In muscle tissue, the concentrations of mercury, lead, and selenium did not alter significantly with growth, whereas cadmium increased but remained at exceedingly low levels. The concentration of arsenic in muscle tissue peaked at 14 months and then decreased in adult specimens. Arsenic speciation by high-performance liquid chromatography--inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry revealed that arsenic in muscle was almost exclusively present in the form of nontoxic arsenobetaine. Application of a mercury mass balance model gave predicted concentrations in agreement with measured ones and showed that in farmed rainbow trout the ratio of mercury concentrations in feed and in fish is about 1:1. Therefore, rainbow trout does not approach the limits established for human consumption even when reared with feed at the maximum permitted levels. These findings highlight the low bioaccumulation potential of toxic trace elements such as cadmium, lead, and mercury in rainbow trout following dietary exposure. On the other hand, selenium concentrations in muscle (about 0.2 microg g (-1) of fresh weight) show that rainbow trout may be a good source of this essential element.  相似文献   

5.
Racemic gossypol and its related derivatives gossypolone and apogossypolone demonstrated significant growth inhibition against a diverse collection of filamentous fungi that included Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus alliaceus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium moniliforme, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium corylophilum, and Stachybotrys atra. The compounds were tested in a Czapek agar medium at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. Racemic gossypol and apogossypolone inhibited growth by up to 95%, whereas gossypolone effected 100% growth inhibition in all fungal isolates tested except A. flavus. Growth inhibition was variable during the observed time period for all tested fungi capable of growth in these treatment conditions. Gossypolone demonstrated significant aflatoxin biosynthesis inhibition in A. flavus AF13 (B(1), 76% inhibition). Apogossypolone was the most potent aflatoxin inhibitor, showing greater than 90% inhibition against A. flavus and greater than 65% inhibition against A. parasiticus (B(1), 67%; G(1), 68%). Gossypol was an ineffectual inhibitor of aflatoxin biosynthesis in both A. flavus and A. parasiticus. Both gossypol and apogossypolone demonstrated significant inhibition of ochratoxin A production (47%; 91%, respectively) in cultures of A. alliaceus.  相似文献   

6.
Arachidonic acid (AA) content, long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) equivalent [LCE; calculated as 0.15 x linolenic acid (LA) + eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)], and PUFA n-6/PUFA n-3 ratio were determined in meat [breast meat (BM), thigh meat (TM), and fillets (F), respectively] within four sets of chickens, five sets of turkeys, one set of common carp, and four sets of rainbow trout, fed either commercial diet or diets with manipulated PUFA n-3 and PUFA n-6 contents. AA content was within the range of 20 mg/100 g (F of rainbow trout fed the diet with linseed oil, LO) to 138 mg/100 g (TM of chickens fed restrictively the diet based on maize to the age of 90 days). AA content in BM of turkeys fed the diet with LO or fish oil (FO) did not differ (P > 0.05) from that of rainbow trout F. LCE was in the range of 16 mg/100 g (BM of turkeys fed a commercial feed mixture) to 681 mg/100 g (F of rainbow trout fed a commercial feed mixture). With regard to BM, only turkeys fed the diet with LO deposited more (P < 0.01) LCE (71 mg/100 g) as compared to all other poultry sets except turkeys fed the diet with FO (123 mg/100 g). Apart from all fish samples, also both BM and TM of turkeys fed the diet with either LO or FO met the recommended value of the PUFA n-6/PUFA n-3 ratio (<4). AA content in the tissue increased significantly (P < 0.001) with increasing dietary LA in both all chicken tissues and all turkey tissues, which is contrary to the suggested strong metabolic regulation of the AA formation. When all tissues within all animal species were taken as a one set, both AA percentage and EPA + DHA percentage in the tissue (Y, %) decreased (P < 0.001) with increasing fat content in the tissue (X, %), according to the equation Y = 4.7 - 0.54X (R (2) = 0.41) and Y = 6.0 - 0.33X (R (2) = 0.35), respectively. AA content in chicken BM, chicken TM, and turkey BM, respectively, decreased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing live weight reached at the slaughter age.  相似文献   

7.
This paper describes the development of antibodies for detection of gossypol in cottonseed. Gossypol was linked to LPH (Limulus polyphemus hemolymph), BSA (bovine serum albumin), amines, or amino acids via Schiff base intermediates for the production of immunogen, solid-phase, and gossypol derivatives. Products were stabilized using NaBH(3)CN. Polyclonal antibodies were produced from rabbits after four immunizations with gossypol-LPH. In ELISA, approximately 0.4 mu caused 50% inhibition of binding (I(50)) to gossypol-BSA solid-phase, when gossypol derivatives were used competitively. This antibody showed higher affinity to lysine-derivatized gossypol, hemigossypol, gossypolone, 6, 6'-dimethoxygossypol, and hexamethoxygossypol compared to underivatized counterparts, and this antibody did not recognize naphthalene or naphthol. The ELISA results for acetone-extractable gossypol in cottonseed products (derivatized with L-(+)-lysine) showed good correlation (r(2) = 0.96) with free gossypol results obtained using the official AOCS method.  相似文献   

8.
This study was designed to assess the effect of dietary soybean phospholipids on canthaxanthin transport by serum lipoproteins and canthaxanthin muscle deposition in trout. Three groups of 12 immature trout in triplicate with a mean body weight of 130 g were fed with three experimental diets containing (1) canthaxanthin plus lecithin plus fish oil, (2) canthaxanthin plus lecithin, and (3) canthaxanthin alone, for 12 days. The two major lipoprotein classes in rainbow trout are high-density lipoproteins, which transport principally carotenoids present in the serum, and low-density lipoproteins, which are responsible for the transport of cholesterol, both independently of the administered diet. In addition, very low density lipoproteins are responsible for triglyceride transport in serum. Nevertheless, the amount of canthaxanthin in the serum increased when carotenoid was associated with phospholipids plus fish oil. When canthaxanthin is transported by lecithin plus fish oil, the amount of phospholipids, cantaxanthin, and cholesterol deposited in muscle increased but not significantly. The highest apparent canthaxanthin digestibility coefficient was obtained when canthaxanthin was carried by lecithin plus fish oil. The administration of canthaxanthin carried by phospholipids improved its accumulation in the muscle of rainbow trout. This accumulation could be enhanced if the time of administration of canthaxanthin is increased.  相似文献   

9.
Uptake and elimination of aflatoxins (AFs) by rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) during a long-term (21 days) dietary exposure were studied to assess contamination by AFs in aquaculture fish fed AF-containing feed. The uptake factor (UF) of aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) in muscle ranged from 0.40 × 10(-3) to 1.30 × 10(-3). AFB(1) concentrations in liver were 165-342 times higher than in muscle. AFs from feed were more highly accumulated in liver than in muscle. Aflatoxicol (AFL) and aflatoxin M(1) (AFM(1)) were detected in muscle and liver and also in the rearing water. AFL concentrations were higher than AFM(1) by 2 orders of magnitude in muscle, and AFL was a major metabolite of AFB(1). The elimination rate constants (α) of AFB(1) and AFL in muscle (1.83 and 2.02 day(-1), respectively) and liver (1.38 and 2.41 day(-1), respectively) were very large. The elimination half-life (t(1/2)) of AFB(1) was 0.38 days (9.12 h) in muscle and 0.50 days (12.00 h) in liver. The elimination half-life of AFL in muscle and liver was 0.34 day (8.16 h) and 0.29 day (6.96 h), respectively. These data show that AFs are eliminated rapidly and are not biomagnified in fish. Thus, AFB(1) concentration in muscle of fish fed AFB(1)-containing feed (ca. 500 μg/kg) decreased to below the detection limit (20 ng/kg) of the most sensitive analytical method at 1.54 days (36.96 h) after the change to uncontaminated feed.  相似文献   

10.
Two separate studies were conducted to evaluate the utility of glyphosate tolerant canola (GTC) as a feed ingredient in diets fed to rainbow trout. In the first study, two forms of GTC were compared to a parental line, Westar. In the second study, one line of GTC was reevaluated to Westar. In each study, processed canola meals were incorporated at 5, 10, 15, or 20% of the dry diet and a diet containing no canola was fed for comparison. All diets were fed to triplicate groups of fish in each study. In the first study, weight gain, feed efficiency (FE), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and protein retention (PR) were not significantly different in fish fed either Westar or GT200 at any level of substitution. Fish fed GT73 exhibited a gradual reduction in weight gain, FE, and PER as the level of GTC increased. However, the only significant reduction was in weight gain of fish fed 20% GT73 as compared to fish fed 5% GT73. Because of an error in preparing samples prior to the experiment, samples GT200 and GT73 were essentially equivalent in composition. The differences were explained by differences in processing temperatures that occurred after the sample mixing error occurred. In the second study, mean weight gain, PR, and survival were not significantly different among forms of canola. FE and PER values were significantly lower in fish fed 15% Westar as compared to fish fed 10% Westar; other FE and PER values were not significantly different. On the basis of these results, GTC processed into a toasted meal and incorporated into diets for rainbow trout is equivalent to a parental line of canola.  相似文献   

11.
Immunogens, prepared by conjugating either (+)-gossypol or (-)-gossypol to Limulus polyphemushemolymph protein, were used for immunization in the production of monoclonal antibodies. Hybridoma were evaluated for their relative affinity to racemic gossypol, (+)-gossypol, (-)-gossypol, gossypol analogues, and their lysine derivatives. The monoclonal antibody obtained showed higher affinity to gossypol and gossypol analogues as compared to their lysine derivative counterparts. An indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with this antibody was used to measure gossypol in 15 cottonseed meal products; the results showed good correlation with results obtained using the AOCS (free gossypol) official method (R(2) = 0.89). The direct recognition of both free gossypol and bound gossypol using this antibody will be useful for rapid screening and quality control.  相似文献   

12.
Fingerling rainbow trout were fed a diet fortified with 10 ppm Chlorowax 500C, a chlorinated paraffin, for up to 82 days. Chlorinated paraffin residues as high as 1.1 ppm (tissue basis) were found. Recoveries from fortified fish tissue were greater than 92%, and the method sensitivity (tissue basis) is at least 0.5 ppm. Ultraviolet irradiation of the sample extracts and microcoulometric gas chromatography minimized interferences. No gross toxicological effects were noted in the experimental fish, although their weight gain was less than that of the controls.  相似文献   

13.
Gossypol occurs as a mixture of enantiomers in cottonseed. These enantiomers exhibit different biological activities. The (-)-enantiomer is toxic to animals, but it has potential medicinal uses. Therefore, cottonseed with >95% (-)-gossypol could have biopharmaceutical applications. The (+)-enantiomer shows little, if any, toxicity to nonruminant animals. Thus, cottonseed with >95% (+)-gossypol could be more readily utilized as a feed for nonruminants. The (+)- to (-)-gossypol ratio in commercial Upland (Gossypium hirsutum) cottonseed is usually about 3:2, whereas that in commercial Pima cottonseed (Gossypium barbadense) is approximately 2:3. Herein are reported the (+)- to (-)-gossypol ratios in the seed from 28 wild species of cotton (194 accessions), 94 accessions of G. hirsutum var. marie-galante, and 3 domesticated species (11 accessions). It was found that some or all of the accessions of Gossypium darwinii, Gossypium sturtianum, Gossypium areysianum, Gossypium longicalyx, Gossypium harknessii, and Gossypium costulatum produce an excess of (-)-gossypol but none >65%. At least one accession of Gossypium anomalum, Gossypium mustelinum, Gossypium gossypioides, and Gossypium capitis-viridis contained >94% (+)-gossypol. One of the 94 accessions of G. hirsutum var. marie-galante (i.e., no. 2469) contained 97% (+)-gossypol.  相似文献   

14.
Bayluscide [the ethanolamine salt of niclosamide (NIC)] is a registered piscicide used in combination with 3-(trifluoromethyl)-4-nitrophenol (TFM) to control sea lamprey populations in streams tributary to the Great Lakes. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the determination of NIC residues in muscle fillet tissues of fish exposed to NIC and TFM during sea lamprey control treatments. NIC was extracted from fortified channel catfish and rainbow trout fillet tissue with a series of acetone extractions and cleaned up on C(18) solid-phase extraction cartridges. NIC concentrations were determined by HPLC with detection at 360 and 335 nm for rainbow trout and catfish, respectively. Recovery of NIC from rainbow trout (n = 7) fortified at 0.04 microg/g was 77 +/- 6.5% and from channel catfish (n = 7) fortified at 0.02 microg/g was 113 +/- 11%. NIC detection limit was 0.0107 microg/g for rainbow trout and 0.0063 microg/g for catfish. Percent recovery of incurred radioactive residues by this method from catfish exposed to [(14)C]NIC was 89.3 +/- 4.1%. Percent recoveries of NIC from fortified storage stability tissue samples for rainbow trout (n = 3) analyzed at 5 and 7.5 month periods were 78 +/- 5.1 and 68 +/- 2.4%, respectively. Percent recoveries of NIC from fortified storage stability tissue samples for channel catfish (n = 3) analyzed at 5 and 7.5 month periods were 88 +/- 13 and 76 +/- 21%, respectively.  相似文献   

15.
Fish oil replacement in aquaculture feeds results in major modifications to the fatty acid makeup of cultured fish. Therefore, in vivo fatty acid biosynthesis has been a topic of considerable research interest. Evidence suggests that pyridoxine (vitamin B(6)) plays a role in fatty acid metabolism, and in particular, the biosynthesis of LC-PUFA has been demonstrated in mammals. However, there is little information on the effects of dietary pyridoxine availability in fish fed diets lacking LC-PUFA. This study demonstrates a relationship between dietary pyridoxine supplementation and fatty acid metabolism in rainbow trout. In particular, the dietary pyridoxine level was shown to modulate and positively stimulate the activity of the fatty acid elongase and Δ-6 and Δ-5 desaturase enzymes, deduced by the whole-body fatty acid balance method. This activity was insufficient to compensate for a diet lacking in LC-PUFA but does highlight potential strategies to maximize this activity in cultured fish, especially when fish oil is replaced with vegetable oils.  相似文献   

16.
Investigation of Heeney Lake, 21.7 ha, revealed a small population of white sucker, Catostomus commersoni. Only four age-classes were represented in this normally abundant and long-lived species. By 1984 only one new age-class had been recruited into the population. As these fish spawned in the outlet stream in early spring, the potential toxicity of these waters was assessed at two snow-melt events. Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, of hatchery origin were held in the outlet stream as pH declined from 6.5 to 4.7 during a snow melt, late February. Trout showed a loss of 19% in plasma Na and 24% in Cl concurrent with gill Al concentration increasing from 10 to 250 μg'g?1 dry wt. At the mid-April snow melt, pH fell to 4.1, and rainbow trout held in the outlet showed a decline in plasma sodium of 42% and gill Al increased from 10 to 415 μg'g?1 dry wt. Control rainbow trout held in Harp L. at pH 6.3 showed no significant change in plasma and muscle ion concentrations, or in gill Al concentration. White sucker from nearby waters were held in Heeney Lake outlet, late April, and muscle Na and Cl declined significantly as gill Al concentration increased from 11 to 50 μg'g?1 dry wt during 48 hr exposure. White sucker hekl in Heeney L. outlet, mid-May, showed no significant change in plasma ions. No white sucker have been captured in Heeney L. since 1984 and the population is presumed to be extinct. Acid deposition has declined in recent years but lake and stream pH have not recovered and fish populations may still decline or disappear.  相似文献   

17.
A liquid chromatographic procedure for the determination of albendazole ([5-(propylthio)-1H-benzimidazol-2yl]carbamic acid methyl ester) and its major metabolites, albendazole sulfoxide, albendazole sulfone, and albendazole-2- aminosulfone in rainbow trout, tilapia, and salmon muscle with adhering skin tissue is described. The muscle tissue samples are made alkaline with potassium carbonate and extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracts are further subjected to cleanup by utilizing a number of liquid-liquid extraction steps. After solvent evaporation, the residue is reconstituted in mobile phase and chromatographed. The chromatography is carried out on a reversed phase Luna C(18) column, using acetonitrile/methanol/buffer as a mobile phase and a fluorescence detector. The average recoveries from the fortified muscle tissue of the three fish species for albendazole (25-100 ppb), albendazole sulfoxide (15.5-62 ppb), albendazole sulfone (1-10 ppb), and albendazole-2- aminosulfone (10-100 ppb) were 94, 77, 82, and 67%, respectively. The average CV for each compound was < or =10%. The procedure was validated and then applied to the determination of albendazole and its three major metabolites in the muscle tissue of the three fish species obtained after orally dosing with albendazole.  相似文献   

18.
In Plastic Lake, Ontario, stocked rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) have failed to survive, one endemic fish species has become extinct and annual fish kills included up to five species, but especially pumpkinseeds (Lepomis gibbosus). The potential toxicity of Plastic Lake water was assessed by holding (hatchery) rainbow trout in the major inlet stream, the outlet, and in a portion of the outlet stream acidified to the pH of inlet No. 1. Stress on rainbow trout was assessed by measuring plasma and muscle concentrations of Na + Cl?, and K+, plus gill A1 concentration. Trout held in Plastic Lake inlet No. 1 showed a rapid loss of plasma Na+ from 138 to 85 meq.L?1and Cl? from 120 to 75 meq.L?1 within 24 hr. Gill A1 concentration increased from 20 to 105 μg.g?1 dry weight. Trout held in the outlet steam showed only slight loss of plasma Na+ and Cl? and no accumulation of Al on the gills. Trout held in the acidified outlet showed a significant loss of ions with plasma Na+ depressed from 140 to 115 meq.L?1 and plasma Cl? from 125 to 95 meq.L?1over 24 hr. Gill Al concentration increased from 18 to 30 μg.g?1 dry weight. The differences in stress response of rainbow trout held in the inlet and acidified outlet are likely due primarily to the difference in Al species concentrations in the two waters.  相似文献   

19.
Atlantic cod of initial mean weight approximately 220 g were fed a control diet and three diets in which fish meal (FM) was replaced with increasing levels of full-fat soybean meal (FFS) supplied at 12, 24, and 36% of dry diet, for 12 weeks. There were no significant differences in final weights, but the specific growth rate (SGR) was significantly higher in fish fed the control (FFS0) diet compared to fish fed the FFS12 and FFS36 diets, and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly lower in fish fed the FFS0 diet compared to the other three treatments. The fatty acid (FA) compositions of the cod muscle and liver were highly affected by dietary treatment, and linear relationships between dietary and tissue FA concentrations were shown for some of these. Moreover, selective utilization or accumulation in the tissues of specific FA was suggested by the results.  相似文献   

20.
Protein oxidation is evaluated in rainbow trout muscle by labeling protein carbonyls with 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine (DNPH) followed by immunoblotting of proteins separated by SDS-PAGE or two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-GE). The carbonylation level is accessed on proteins in a whole muscle homogenate or proteins soluble in a high-salt or low-salt buffer. Spoilage-related changes in carbonylation are followed in the high-salt-protein and low-salt-protein fractions by 2D immunoblotting, which reveals increases regarding total number and intensity of carbonylation in both protein fractions for fish kept at room temperature for 48 h. The major amount of carbonylated proteins is found among the high-salt-soluble proteins, and this protein fraction is also responsible for the biggest increase in carbonylation during fish tainting. The results give an estimate of the level of protein carbonylation in rainbow trout and reveal that oxidation increases for a distinct number of proteins during tainting.  相似文献   

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