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Over the years, aquaculture has shown increasing development in terms of production. However, due to intensive farming practices, infectious diseases represent the main problem in fish farms, causing heavy economic losses. The use of antibiotics for controlling diseases is widely criticized for its negative impact, including selection of antibiotic‐resistant bacterial strains, immunosuppression, environmental pollution and accumulation of chemical residues in fish tissues. On the other hand, though vaccination is the most effective prophylactic method of preventing disease outbreaks, the development of effective formulations is often hindered by high production costs and the antigenic heterogeneity of the microbial strains. Recently, there has been increased interest in the possibility of using medicinal herbs as immunostimulants, capable of enhancing immune responses and disease resistance of cultured fish. Plant‐derived products seem to represent a promising source of bioactive molecules, being at the same time readily available, inexpensive and biocompatible. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of recent research dealing with the use of medicinal plants in aquaculture. Special attention is given to the information about the effects of plant extracts/products on fish growth, haematological profiles, immune responses and resistance to infectious diseases. 相似文献
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Medicinal plant derivatives as immunostimulants: an alternative to chemotherapeutics and antibiotics in aquaculture 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Aquaculture makes a significant contribution in the production of protein-rich food for human consumption. Aquaculture practices encounter many challenges, and one of the most devastating problems is disease outbreaks caused by microbial pathogens. To control disease outbreaks, several chemotherapeutics and antibiotics were used indiscriminately, which in turn leads to residual problems in the surrounding environment affecting higher animals and also humans. Immunostimulants are considered as an alternative for antibiotics, which will boost the immune system of the cultured organism, thus effectively countering the assault of pathogens. The use of plant materials as immunostimulant will be an ecofriendly approach for the control of pathogens. The botanicals present in the plants have a key role in enhancing the fish immunity. This review focuses on the importance of plant material as immunostimulant in the control of diseases in aquaculture. 相似文献
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Probiotics,immunostimulants, plant products and oral vaccines,and their role as feed supplements in the control of bacterial fish diseases 
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下载免费PDF全文 There is a rapidly increasing literature pointing to the success of probiotics, immunostimulants, plant products and oral vaccines in immunomodulation, namely stimulation of the innate, cellular and/or humoral immune response, and the control of bacterial fish diseases. Probiotics are regarded as live micro‐organisms administered orally and leading to health benefits. However, in contrast with the use in terrestrial animals, a diverse range of micro‐organisms have been evaluated in aquaculture with the mode of action often reflecting immunomodulation. Moreover, the need for living cells has been questioned. Also, key subcellular components, including lipopolysaccharides, have been attributed to the beneficial effect in fish. Here, there is a link with immunostimulants, which may also be administered orally. Furthermore, numerous plant products have been reported to have health benefits, namely protection against disease for which stimulation of some immune parameters has been reported. Oral vaccines confer protection against some diseases, although the mode of action is usually linked to humoral rather than the innate and cellular immune responses. This review explores the relationship between probiotics, immunostimulants, plant products and oral vaccines. 相似文献
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Turmeric Powder,Curcuma longa L., in Common Carp,Cyprinus carpio L., Diets: Growth Performance,Innate Immunity,and Challenge against Pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila Infection 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Microbial diseases cause economic loss in aquaculture on a global scale, and the use of commercial antibiotics for disease treatment produces undesirable side effects. As many medicinal herbs have evolved a potent defense against pathogenic bacteria, there is a growing interest in these herbs as sources for natural antibacterial agents. In this context, this study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of turmeric powder (TP), Curcuma longa, on the performance and innate immunity of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., and its challenge against Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Fish (1.4 ± 0.06 g) were fed 0.0 (control), 1.0, 2.0, or 5.0 g TP/kg diet up to satiation twice daily for 10 wk. After the feeding trial, fish of each treatment were intraperitoneally injected by pathogenic A. hydrophila, and they were kept under observation for 10 d during which the daily mortality was recorded. The growth‐promoting effect of TP was monitored and observed where fish growth and innate immunity increased significantly as dietary TP levels increased. According to the regression curve, the most suitable TP level for optimal fish growth and health was found to be 2.0 g/kg. On the other hand, TP inclusion in the fish diet did not significantly affect fish body contents. The obtained results indicate that TP supplementation is a promising immunostimulant, which could improve fish performance and innate immunity and prevent common carp aermoniosis at a level of 2.0 g/kg diet. 相似文献
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Strategies for further development of aquatic feeds 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
ABSTRACT: To date, aquatic feeds have depended heavily on fishmeal and fish oil as their source of protein and lipid. However, the feed industry is encountering shortfalls in the availability of these ingredients because of a decline in the number of fish captured in the wild and the increased human demand for some of the species currently being used for fishmeal and oil production. Therefore, efforts are now being directed in different parts of the world to finding alternative quality ingredients, which ideally are less expensive and readily available for use in practical diets. The data accrued have shown that a large proportion of both fishmeal and fish oil can be replaced by other protein and lipid sources. However, it is emphasized that an optimal essential amino acid balance be maintained and that the n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid requirement be satisfied when combining economical protein and lipid ingredients. Newly developed feeds should aim at being nutrient-dense in order to reduce the output of solid, P and N waste. This can be done through improving nutrient availability, optimizing the digestible protein to energy balance of the diet, and replacing dietary fishmeal with alternate ingredients. These diets should also be effective for maintaining good health and improving disease resistance in fish through enhancement of immune responses. A wholesome approach to culturing fish would be to use appropriate feeding standards that are aimed not only at improving economic returns but also at developing a lasting cohabitation of sustainable aquaculture and a cleaner environment. Furthermore, in the 2lst century aquaculture would still retain its place as a prominent source of food protein, signifying that fish feed research remains a forceful area in discovering better feeds for the industry. 相似文献
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One of the many environmental factors affecting the health of both farmed and wild fish is exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR). These rays penetrate to biologically relevant depths in natural waters and cause changes ranging from embryo malfunction to the production of heat‐shock proteins. As suppression of cell‐mediated immunity has been shown to follow irradiation of mammals, the possibility of UVR‐induced modulation in immune responses in fish is considered in this review. It is suggested that, after adsorption of UV photons by surface chromophores, dendritic‐like cells may be activated by immune mediators, leading to the generation of T‐ and B‐cell subsets with down‐regulatory activity. A limited number of studies involving infection of irradiated fish with bacteria, nematodes and protozoa have demonstrated an increased microbial load and lack of clearance, with associated changes in a variety of immune parameters. These preliminary results indicate that exposure of fish to solar UVR leads to less effective control of infections. Strategies evolved by fish to avoid overexposure to UVR include photoenzymatic repair, nucleotide excision repair, pigments, mycosporine‐like amino acids and habitat selection. The welfare of farmed fish is of concern currently. The detrimental effects of excessive sun exposure on the health of fish require recognition, and procedures put in place to minimize such consequences. 相似文献
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Oliva-Teles A 《Journal of fish diseases》2012,35(2):83-108
Under intensive culture conditions, fish are subject to increased stress owing to environmental (water quality and hypoxia) and health conditions (parasites and infectious diseases). All these factors have negative impacts on fish well-being and overall performance, with consequent economic losses. Though good management practices contribute to reduce stressor effects, stress susceptibility is always high under crowded conditions. Adequate nutrition is essential to avoid deficiency signs, maintain adequate animal performance and sustain normal health. Further, it is becoming evident that diets overfortified with specific nutrients [amino acids, essential fatty acids (FAs), vitamins or minerals] at levels above requirement may improve health condition and disease resistance. Diet supplements are also being evaluated for their antioxidant potential, as fish are potentially at risk of peroxidative attack because of the large quantities of highly unsaturated FAs in both fish tissues and diets. Functional constituents other than essential nutrients (such as probiotics, prebiotics and immunostimulants) are also currently being considered in fish nutrition aiming to improve fish growth and/or feed efficiency, health status, stress tolerance and resistance to diseases. Such products are becoming more and more important for reducing antibiotic utilization in aquafarms, as these have environmental impacts, may accumulate in animal tissues and increase bacterial resistance. This study reviews knowledge of the effect of diet nutrients on health, welfare and improvement of disease resistance in fish. 相似文献
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Bidhan C. De D. K. Meena B. K. Behera Pronob Das P. K. Das Mohapatra A. P. Sharma 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2014,40(3):921-971
Aquaculture is emerging as one of the most viable and promising enterprises for keeping pace with the surging need for animal protein, providing nutritional and food security to humans, particularly those residing in regions where livestock is relatively scarce. With every step toward intensification of aquaculture practices, there is an increase in the stress level in the animal as well as the environment. Hence, disease outbreak is being increasingly recognized as one of the most important constraints to aquaculture production in many countries, including India. Conventionally, the disease control in aquaculture has relied on the use of chemical compounds and antibiotics. The development of non-antibiotic and environmentally friendly agents is one of the key factors for health management in aquaculture. Consequently, with the emerging need for environmentally friendly aquaculture, the use of alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in fish nutrition is now widely accepted. In recent years, probiotics have taken center stage and are being used as an unconventional approach that has numerous beneficial effects in fish and shellfish culture: improved activity of gastrointestinal microbiota and enhanced immune status, disease resistance, survival, feed utilization and growth performance. As natural products, probiotics have much potential to increase the efficiency and sustainability of aquaculture production. Therefore, comprehensive research to fully characterize the intestinal microbiota of prominent fish species, mechanisms of action of probiotics and their effects on the intestinal ecosystem, immunity, fish health and performance is reasonable. This review highlights the classifications and applications of probiotics in aquaculture. The review also summarizes the advancement and research highlights of the probiotic status and mode of action, which are of great significance from an ecofriendly, sustainable, intensive aquaculture point of view. 相似文献
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大黄蒽醌提取物对罗氏沼虾抗鳗弧菌感染的研究 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
将罗氏沼虾随机分成5组,每组三个平行,每个平行约1000尾(个体均重1g左右),第1组为对照组,投喂基础日粮,另外4组为试验组,在基础日粮中分别添加0.05%、0.1%、0.2%、0.4%大黄蒽醌提取物,饲养6周后对罗氏沼虾进行鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)感染.测定生长以及0、12、24、48h血清和肝胰腺溶菌酶、丙二醛(MDA)、总抗氧化能(T-AOC)以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等指标.生长试验表明,与对照组相比,0.1%组、0.4%组罗氏沼虾的增重率、特定生长率显著提高,饵料系数显著降低.攻毒试验Ⅰ表明,各组48h内罗氏沼虾血清溶菌酶活性、肝胰腺溶菌酶含量、血清T-AOC均呈先升高后降低趋势,其中它们的最大值分别出现于0.4%组的12h、0.2%组24h、0.1%组12h;肝胰腺SOD活力呈上升趋势,而血清MDA则一直下降.攻毒试验Ⅱ表明,大黄蒽醌提取物能有效地降低试验组罗氏沼虾的死亡率,提高免疫保护率,其中0.4%组的保护效果为最佳.因此,在饲料中添加大黄蒽醌提取物降低罗氏沼虾对病原的敏感性,增强机体抗病力,促进生长. 相似文献
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动植物蛋白源替代鱼粉研究进展 总被引：42，自引：5，他引：37
With the fast development of aquaculture, fish meal needs increased in recent years, however the quantity of fish catching decreases gradually. Fishmeal is a limited feed resource, and serious concem exists on the future availability of this feedstuff for incorporation in fish diets. Undoubtedly, fish meal is well recognized as the best dietary protein source for most marine carnivorous fishes which required high dietary protein levels compared to omnivorous or herbivorous fish. Fishmeal is known for their high content of essential amino acids and fatty acids, low carbohydrates, high digestibility, low levels of anti-nutritional factors (for fresh fish meal) and is a very good source of minerals and is highly palatable. Thus fish meal is in high demand as the protein source for many formulated diets. However, production of fish meal consumes approximately 35 % of the total global fish catch, and the increasing price and potentially unstable supply in the market could be limiting factors for marine fish culture. There have been strong efforts to define and develop cost-effective protein sources that can, at least partly, substitute for expensive high-quality fish meals in least-cost feed formulations. The search for fish meal substitutes and altemative dietary protein sources is an international research priority that could be of considerable economic advantages. Therefore it is urgent task to find animal and plant protein sources in place of fish meal. Among these, plant feedstuffs have received most attention in recent years, but due to their amino acid unbalances, .presence of anti-nutritional factors and low palatability, a high level of replacement of fish meal with plant feedstuffs in omnivorous fish is generally not well accepted. This paper reviews the research status for other protein sources replacing fish meal based on available information in the literature. Animal and plant protein sources nutrient values are evaluated from the aspect of digestibility, antinutrients, physiological status and suitable supplementation. 相似文献
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Es&#x;n Baba Gülen Uluky Ramazan Mammadov 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2014,45(2):173-182
This study was conducted to determine the effects of Muscari comosum (L.) Mill. 1768, geophyte plant extract on some nonspecific immune parameters of gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata (L. 1758). For this purpose, the plant was collected and extracted in ethanol solvent. Three different fish groups were formed, and each group was duplicated (total 300 fish). The plant extract was applied to the fish by intraperitoneal injection in two different concentrations (0.5 mg/fish and 2 mg/fish). Following injections on the 1st, 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th d, blood samples were collected from each group. Some of the nonspecific immune parameters in blood and serum samples such as leukocyte level, phagocytic activity (NBT (+) cells), lysozyme activity, and the percentage of white blood cells were determined. The results indicate that in line with the parameters observed, the group given 0.5 mg/fish was not as effective as the one given 2 mg/fish but more effective than the control group. The nonspecific immune parameters of blood samples of the gilthead seabream in the 2 mg/fish experimental group showed that maximum levels on measured parameters of blood were reached at the first week postinjection. The applied concentrations of plant extract did not inhibit growth performance in any of the groups. 相似文献
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白介素10(Interleukin 10, IL-10)是能够参与机体免疫的一种多功能细胞因子,由单核细胞、巨噬细胞等多种免疫细胞分泌,在抗肿瘤、抗感染、免疫性疾病等多种疾病的发生发展过程中发挥重要作用。有多种硬骨鱼IL-10被克隆表达,也被证实具有免疫调节作用,目前也有不少关于鱼类IL-10的生物活性、作用机制、调节机制的研究。本文根据已有报道,从鱼类IL-10的基因结构、转录表达、来源与进化、生物学活性及功能、鱼类IL-10受体及信号通路等五个方面进行了综述,为鱼类IL-10的研究与应用提供依据。 相似文献
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Delbert M Gatlin III Frederic T Barrows Paul Brown Konrad Dabrowski T Gibson Gaylord Ronald W Hardy Eliot Herman Gongshe Hu Åshild Krogdahl Richard Nelson Kenneth Overturf Michael Rust Wendy Sealey Denise Skonberg Edward J Souza David Stone Rich Wilson & Eve Wurtele 《Aquaculture Research》2007,38(6):551-579
Continued growth and intensification of aquaculture production depends upon the development of sustainable protein sources to replace fish meal in aquafeeds. This document reviews various plant feedstuffs, which currently are or potentially may be incorporated into aquafeeds to support the sustainable production of various fish species in aquaculture. The plant feedstuffs considered include oilseeds, legumes and cereal grains, which traditionally have been used as protein or energy concentrates as well as novel products developed through various processing technologies. The nutritional composition of these various feedstuffs are considered along with the presence of any bioactive compounds that may positively or negatively affect the target organism. Lipid composition of these feedstuffs is not specifically considered although it is recognized that incorporating lipid supplements in aquafeeds to achieve proper fatty acid profiles to meet the metabolic requirements of fish and maximize human health benefits are important aspects. Specific strategies and techniques to optimize the nutritional composition of plant feedstuffs and limit potentially adverse effects of bioactive compounds are also described. Such information will provide a foundation for developing strategic research plans for increasing the use of plant feedstuffs in aquaculture to reduce dependence of animal feedstuffs and thereby enhance the sustainability of aquaculture. 相似文献
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Cheng cai Zheng Jun wei Wu Zhi hong Jin Zi feng Ye Shun Yang Yu qiang Sun Hui Fei 《Aquaculture Nutrition》2020,26(2):213-224
Exogenous enzymes, including protease, lipase, carbohydrate enzyme and phytase, are widely used as additives in fish feed worldwide. The chemical effects of these enzymes are well understood; however, their benefits to fish remain controversial. This review aimed to explore the current state of knowledge on the impacts of exogenous enzymes on finfish aquaculture, and demonstrate the application of exogenous enzymes as a safe and efficient bio‐additive to regulate growth performance, digestibility, feed utilization, whole‐body composition and immune performance of fish, and reduce phosphorus pollution into environment. Overall, based on the current knowledge and information gathered in this review, it is clear that the research on exogenous enzyme supplementation in finfish aquaculture is not extensive. It may be significant to increase research on this subject in future because it could broaden the application of exogenous enzyme use in diets where they cannot be applied currently. 相似文献
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鳃为鱼类重要的呼吸器官，是鱼类进行离子交换、酸碱调节和含氮废物排泄的重要结构基础，也是鱼类重要的外周黏膜免疫器官之一，在抵御病原微生物侵染过程中发挥重要的免疫屏障作用。当前，硬骨鱼类鳃黏膜免疫反应是研究热点之一。本文首先对硬骨鱼类鳃的结构和特点进行分析，之后综述了抗菌肽、干扰素、白细胞介素、Toll样受体、补体等先天性免疫相关分子以及T细胞受体和免疫球蛋白等适应性免疫相关分子在硬骨鱼类鳃黏膜中的表达规律、分子功能，最后探讨了化学因素(重金属、杀虫剂等)、生物因素(细菌、病毒、真菌、和寄生虫等)以及营养物质和疫苗等对硬骨鱼类鳃黏膜结构的影响，以期为深入研究鳃在鱼类黏膜免疫反应中的角色和应答机制提供指导，为硬骨鱼类病原性疾病的免疫防控策略的制定提供理论基础。 相似文献
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Using plant extracts as immunostimulants in aquaculture has prove effectiv in resisting infectious disease, in addition to being safe and inexpensive. The present study is concerned about the prospective mode of action of using lesser galangal extract (Alpinia officinarum) encapsulated into amine surface functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) in order to elevate the immune status of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish were randomly divided into 6 groups and fed for 4 weeks with commercial diets supplemented with 0% (control), 0.5% and 1.5% of lesser galangal extract, and with previous concentrations encapsulated with MSN (0.5% + MSN, 1.5% + MSN) and MSN (without extract). The effects of the feeding trial on the innate humoural immune parameters (total protein, myeloperoxidase content, lysozyme antiproteases and bactericidal activities) in rainbow trout were examined. Also, the influence of dietary supplement on some immune‐related genes in rainbow trout head kidney (TNF, IL‐8, IL‐1b, LYZ2 and CD4) after challenge with Yersinia ruckeri was examined. The results revealed enhancement in immune parameters in all treatment groups compared to the control, especially in the fish group fed with 1.5% + MSN which showed the highest significant difference (p < .05) in total protein, lysozyme and antiproteases activities. Also, feeding lesser galangal extract encapsulated into MSN led to an increase in myeloperoxidase content and bactericidal activity. An improvement in the expression of immune‐related genes has been recorded in fish groups fed doses of lesser galangal extract and lesser galangal extract encapsulated into MSN compared to the control or to the group fed with MSN only. Particularly, the group fed with 0.5% + MSN showed a significant up‐regulation in most of the immune‐related genes. The current investigation supports using lesser galangal extract encapsulated into MSN in fish diets as a supplement to enhance the immune response of rainbow trout and elevate its resistance to infectious diseases. 相似文献
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鱼类粘膜免疫研究进展 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
Fish immunology has achieved great progress in recent years. While before 1990s, most researches focused on the fish systematic immunity, and the mucosal immunity of fish had not been given enough attention. Indeed, it has been shown that fish mucosal immunity plays an important role in disease defense. Fish mucosal immunity research has made some exciting progress in this decade. This review will focus on such progress: Constitution of mucosal-associated tissues and distribution of different immune cells, including T/B lymphocytes, granules, monocytes, macrophages, goblet cells, etc, in these sites have been well described with the development of some monoclonal antibody to these cells and associated techniques. Non-specific immune response mechanism of mucosal tissues reported these years, such as secretion of non-specific anti-bacteria and anti-fungi substances in mucus, the respiratory burst, enzyme activity of immune cells and so on, is believed important for fish disease defense. The specific immunity of mucosal tissues also attracts much interest and makes great achievement in antigen presenting, MHC genes, antibody producing and antibody secreting cells, comparison of serum and mucus immunoglobulin, relationships of immune response between different mucosal immune tissues. Whether mucosal immune system is independent of systematic immune system is another interesting question and causes great concern. In recent years, some evidences from phyletic evolution and ontogenesis show that mucosal immunity is prior to systematic immunity in evolution. Dynamics of antibody producing of mucosal tissues and serum in immersion or oral vaccines immunized fish also shows immune response can be elicited in mucosal tissues independent of systematic immune system. Some researchers also begin to pay attention to factors involved in mucosal immune regulations, for instance, neuromodulators and cytokines. The level of these factors changes in fish immune response process but the mechanisms of regulation still remain unknown. Prospect of the promising future of fish mucosal immunity has also been discussed in this review. 相似文献