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1.
微咸水灌溉对盐碱地土壤水盐分布与冬小麦产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《中国农村水利水电》2019,(8)
为探求冬小麦科学合理的微咸水灌溉模式,2015-2017年在山东省沾化区开展了冬小麦微咸水灌溉试验。基于大田试验,采用淡水和矿化度为3.0 g/L的微咸水,设计了四种不同的灌溉方案(T1:80 mm淡水+80 mm淡水+80mm淡水; T2:80 mm淡水+80 mm淡水; T3:80 mm淡水+80 mm微咸水+80 mm微咸水; T4:80 mm淡水+80 mm微咸水),研究了微咸水灌溉对盐碱地土壤水盐分布与冬小麦产量的影响。结果表明:①灌三水方案的土壤含水率可达到12.5%～19.9%,而灌两水方案仅达到10.8%～13.6%,在相同水量灌溉下,T3处理可以确保生育后期适宜的土壤水分;土壤盐分最终盈亏情况为T1T3T2T4,表明除淡水灌溉外,T3处理在补充土壤水分的同时,盐分积累较少。②灌三水比灌两水增产10%～25%,T3比T1处理减产0.03%～7.82%,表明三水灌溉要优于两水灌溉,微咸水灌溉下冬小麦略有减产。③综合节水及产量两方面,冬小麦采用T3处理方式进行灌溉为该区域的较优选择。 相似文献
2.
华北平原农业灌溉用水非常紧缺,水资源日益缺乏与粮食需求日益增多之间的矛盾尖锐。充分利用微咸水资源是缓解这一矛盾的重要途径之一。该文以中国农业大学曲周试验站1997－2005年冬小麦和夏玉米微咸水灌溉田间长期定位试验为基础,研究了充分淡水、充分淡咸水、关键期淡水、关键期淡咸水和不灌溉等5个处理下土壤饱和电导率和含盐量的动态变化,探讨了微咸水灌溉对冬小麦和夏玉米产量的影响。结果表明：土壤水盐动态呈受灌溉和降雨影响的短期波动和受季节更替影响的长期波动;在正常降雨年份,使用微咸水进行灌溉是可行的,不会导致土壤的次生盐渍化;微咸水灌溉虽然导致冬小麦和夏玉米产量降低10%～15%,但节约淡水资源60%～75%。如果降雨量达到多年平均水平以及微咸水灌溉制度制订合理,微咸水用于冬小麦/玉米田间灌溉前景广阔。 相似文献
3.
微咸水灌溉对冬小麦产量及农艺性状的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
《节水灌溉》2017,(9)
为了研究天津地区微咸水灌溉对冬小麦农艺性状及产量的影响,布置了5个不同矿化度微咸水(1、2、3、4、5 g/L)及淡水(CK)的田间灌溉试验,试验通过冬小麦耗水规律进行微咸水灌溉调控。研究结果表明:不同盐浓度微咸水对冬小麦农艺性状均有影响,总体上呈现出,小麦株高、叶面积随微咸水矿化度的增高而减小的趋势,其中4与5 g/L的微咸水灌溉下影响显著,小麦株高减少17.68%、23.84%,叶面积减小29.12%、36.31%。;微咸水矿化度的增高,使耗水强度呈现出变弱趋势,但在1与2 g/L盐水胁迫下,使得土壤渗透势提高,促进作物根系对土壤水分的吸收,并且在一定的盐胁迫下,使得干物质向小麦籽粒中转移,从而提高了小麦产量。用矿化度3 g/L以上的微咸水在灌溉冬小麦过程中,主要根层出现土壤盐分积累现象,但配合种植夏玉米,淡水压盐,土壤中含盐量明显下降,对冬小麦种植影响较小。 相似文献
4.
微咸水灌溉对冬小麦光合特征及产量的影响 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
【目的】寻求合理的微咸水利用方式以及揭示微咸水灌溉下作物生理生长响应机理。【方法】在黄河三角洲地区的典型引黄灌区开展了冬小麦微咸水灌溉试验,研究了微咸水灌溉对冬小麦光合特性、干物质及产量的影响。【结果】与淡水灌溉相比,采用矿化度3 g/L微咸水灌溉时,拔节期、灌浆期灌2水和拔节期灌1水均会导致气孔导度和蒸腾速率的下降,但是对净光合速率的影响却不显著,微咸水灌溉在降低蒸腾速率的同时维持着较高的净光合速率,叶片水分利用效率提高了2.8%~43.2%;微咸水灌溉抑制了冬小麦的株高和干物质积累,淡水-微咸水组合灌溉虽然导致产量降低3%~13%,但节约淡水资源50%~67%;相同灌溉水质下,与灌浆期不灌水相比,灌水有利于籽粒的灌浆,提高了千粒质量,实现冬小麦增产11.2%~11.4%。【结论】因此,淡水-微咸水-微咸水的灌溉模式用于该地区冬小麦田间灌溉是可行的。 相似文献
5.
以冬小麦为研究对象,通过设计不同微咸水浓度和不同灌水量的灌溉方案,采用桶栽试验,通过叶绿素含量、光响应曲线及荧光动力学参数的变化规律,探究微咸水灌溉下水盐胁迫对冬小麦的影响。结果表明:3 g/L的微咸水对叶绿素含量的影响较小,5 g/L的微咸水则会使得叶片叶绿素含量降低。在拔节期采用3 g/L的微咸水进行灌溉,可以促进冬小麦的生理生长,适当的盐分胁迫会促进作物的光合作用;盐分胁迫会改变作物对有效光辐射的利用方式,采用3 g/L的微咸水灌溉会促进冬小麦对低有效光辐射的利用效率。采用5 g/L的微咸水进行灌溉会影响冬小麦的叶片结构,降低叶片对高有效光辐射的响应,最终导致光合作用下降。另外,盐分胁迫会增加作物的初始荧光,使叶片的最大荧光产量降低,还会降低内禀光能转换效率。3 g/L的微咸水在可以一定程度上缓解作物的水分胁迫,并能增加作物在盐分胁迫下的生理生长。 相似文献
6.
长期咸水灌溉对小麦光合特性与土壤盐分的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
于2013—2015年研究了不同咸水利用方式(CK,淡水;T1,咸水与淡水混配为1.8 g/L的混合水灌溉;T2,3.6 g/L咸水与淡水交替灌溉;T3,3.6 g/L咸水灌溉;T4,无灌溉)对冬小麦光合特征及土壤盐分的影响。结果表明:T3和T4处理的株高、叶面积指数、叶面积持续期、叶绿素含量、最大净光合速率(Pnmax)、表观光量子效率(φ)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)和产量较淡水处理显著下降,且连续灌溉3.6 g/L的咸水导致土壤发生积盐,不宜连续灌溉。T1和T2处理与CK的株高、光合特性无显著差异,土壤盐分虽有一定积累,但未影响作物的生长。可见,T1(咸淡混溉)和T2(咸淡水交替灌溉)处理的咸水利用方式对冬小麦生长无负调控效应。从土壤生态环境及小麦产量的影响角度考虑,混灌和轮灌既能保证作物产量较淡水灌溉不减产,土壤未发生次生盐渍化,同时节约淡水资源。 相似文献
7.
为揭示微咸水灌溉下冬小麦的光合生理响应机理,在黄河三角洲地区的典型引黄灌区开展了冬小麦微咸水灌溉大田试验,研究了两种灌溉处理（淡水处理（矿化度0g/L）和微咸水处理（矿化度3g/L））条件下,冬小麦抽穗期（2016年5月1日和2017年5月1日）和开花期（2016年5月10日和2017年5月12日）蒸腾速率、净光合速率、气孔限制值及光响应曲线模拟特征参数等指标变化规律。结果表明,与淡水处理相比,2016、2017年微咸水灌溉导致浅层（0~40cm）土壤含盐量显著增加了37.8%、64.3%;抑制了抽穗开花期冬小麦的蒸腾作用,2016、2017年微咸水灌溉处理冬小麦抽穗期蒸腾速率降低了19.1%、31.4%,开花期降低了11.6%、11.0%;午前净光合速率的下降主要受到气孔因素和非气孔因素共同影响,午后由于非气孔因素的改善,微咸水处理冬小麦净光合速率超过淡水处理,却伴随着较高的气孔限制值。引入直角双曲线修正模型进行光合特征参数拟合发现,微咸水灌溉有利于增强抽穗开花期冬小麦对于强光和高温的适应能力并且可以提升冬小麦利用弱光的能力,暗呼吸速率的下降可以保证较快的干物质累积。因此,微咸水灌溉并未对冬小麦抽穗开花期叶片光合作用产生负面影响,反而一定程度上促进了冬小麦利用光能的潜力。 相似文献
8.
微咸水连续灌溉对冬小麦产量和土壤理化性质的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了合理开发和利用黄淮海平原浅层地下微咸水,2003~2005年在中科院河北南皮生态实验站连续以3g/L的微咸水对冬小麦进行田间灌溉试验,分析了微咸水灌溉对土壤含盐量、土壤溶液盐分含量、电导率以及冬小麦产量的长期影响,为建立华北地区冬小麦微咸水灌溉的合理灌溉制度和微咸水的合理利用提供理论依据。结果表明,连续利用3g/L的微咸水灌溉,会造成土壤表层盐分的累积,尤其在降水量偏少的年度会使作物受到盐分胁迫。微咸水灌溉比旱作增产,灌溉三次比灌溉两次产量高,降水量偏少的年份应尽量避免连续用微咸水进行灌溉。 相似文献
9.
微咸水连续灌溉对冬小麦产量和土壤理化性质的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为了合理开发和利用黄淮海平原浅层地下微咸水,2003～2005年在中科院河北南皮生态实验站连续以3 g/L的微咸水对冬小麦进行田间灌溉试验,分析了微咸水灌溉对土壤含盐量、土壤溶液盐分含量、电导率以及冬小麦产量的长期影响,为建立华北地区冬小麦微咸水灌溉的合理灌溉制度和微咸水的合理利用提供理论依据.结果表明,连续利用3 g/L的微成水灌溉,会造成土壤表层盐分的累积,尤其在降水量偏少的年度会使作物受到盐分胁迫.微咸水灌溉比旱作增产,灌溉三次比灌溉两次产量高,降水量偏少的年份应尽量避免连续用微咸水进行灌溉. 相似文献
10.
为了探讨淡水资源匮乏地区微咸水与再生水的安全合理利用,通过盆栽试验,设4种不同比例再生水与微咸水(5 g/L)混灌处理,即再生水灌溉(T1)、微咸水-再生水1:2灌溉(T2)、微咸水-再生水1:1灌溉(T3)、微咸水灌溉(T4),并以清水灌溉为对照,研究了作物生长生理特性对微咸水与再生水混灌的响应.结果表明,较T1相比,混灌显著降低地上部生物量,对SOD活性具有一定提升作用,尤以T2最为显著,但对地下部生物量和其他生理指标无显著影响.随着灌溉水中微咸水比重的升高,丙二醛含量呈先升高后降低趋势,可溶性蛋白含量无明显变化规律.综合考虑各因素,可考虑再生水替代清水与微咸水配合使用,微咸水-再生水混灌比例以1:2为宜. 相似文献
11.
D. P. Sharma K. V. G. K. Rao K. N. Singh P. S. Kumbhare R. J. Oosterbaan 《Irrigation Science》1994,15(1):25-33
In arid and semi-arid regions, effluent from sub-surface drainage systems is often saline and during the dry season its disposal poses an environmental problem. A field experiment was conducted from 1989 to 1992 using saline drainage water (EC=10.5–15.0 dS/m) together with fresh canal water (EC=0.4 dS/m) for irrigation during the dry winter season. The aim was to find if crop production would still be feasible and soil salinity would not be increased unacceptably by this practice. The experimental crops were a winter crop, wheat, and pearl-millet and sorghum, the rainy season crops, grown on a sandy loam soil. All crops were given a pre-plant irrigation with fresh canal water. Subsequently, the wheat crop was irrigated four times with different sequences of saline drainage water and canal water. The rainy season crops received no further irrigation as they were rainfed. Taking the wheat yield obtained with fresh canal water as the potential value (100%), the mean relative yield of wheat irrigated with only saline drainage water was 74%. Substitution of canal water at first post-plant irrigation and applying thereafter only saline drainage water, increased the yield to 84%. Cyclic irrigations with canal and drainage water in different treatments resulted in yields of 88% to 94% of the potential. Pearl-millet and sorghum yields decreased significantly where 3 or 4 post-plant irrigations were applied with saline drainage water to previous wheat crop, but cyclic irrigations did not cause yield reduction. The high salinity and sodicity of the drainage water increased the soil salinity and sodicity in the soil profile during the winter season, but these hazards were eliminated by the sub-surface drainage system during the ensuing monsoon periods. The results obtained provide a promising option for the use of poor quality drainage water in conjunction with fresh canal water without undue yield reduction and soil degradation. This will save the scarce canal water, reduce the drainage water disposal needs and associated environmental problems. 相似文献
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13.
为了探究石羊河流域适宜春玉米生长的咸水非充分灌溉模式,应用SWAP模型模拟不同灌溉模式下的土壤水盐平衡、春玉米相对产量和相对水分利用效率,并预测了较长时期土壤水盐动态变化规律.研究结果表明:灌溉水矿化度为0.71 g/L和3.00 g/L的春玉米最优灌溉模式为生育期内灌4次水,灌溉定额均为408 mm,2种灌溉模式均能达到节约灌溉用水、提高作物产量和水分利用效率以及减少土体盐分累积量的目的.较长时期土壤水盐动态变化规律模拟结果表明:在冬灌条件下,春玉米最优灌溉模式下的土壤水分和盐分能够在模拟期内保持相对平稳的状态;在不同年份,相同土层土壤含水率随着土层深度的增加而增大,0.71 g/L的淡水灌溉土壤盐分主要累积在40~80 cm土层,3.00 g/L的微咸水灌溉土壤盐分主要累积在10~40 cm土层;5 a的模拟结果表明0.71 g/L和3.00 g/L的水持续灌溉5 a,不会引起土壤次生盐渍化. 相似文献
14.
《Agricultural Water Management》2004,68(2):117-133
Continuous cropping of winter wheat and summer maize is the main cropping pattern in North China Plain lying in a seasonal frost area. Irrigation scheduling of one crop will influence soil water regime and irrigation scheduling of the subsequent crop. Therefore, irrigation scheduling of winter wheat and maize should be studied as a whole. Considering the meteorological and crop characteristics of the area lying in a seasonal frost area, a cropping year is divided into crop growing period and frost period. Model of simultaneous moisture and heat transfer (SMHT) for the frost period and model of soil water transfer (SWT) for the crop growing period were developed, and used jointly for the simulation of soil water dynamics and irrigation scheduling for a whole cropping year. The model was calibrated and validated with field experiment of winter wheat and maize in Beijing, China. Then the model was applied to the simulation of water dynamics and irrigation scheduling with different precipitation and irrigation treatments. From the simulation results, precipitation can meet the crop water requirement of maize to a great extent, and irrigation at the seeding stage may be necessary. Precipitation and irrigation had no significant influence on evaporation and transpiration of maize. On the other hand, irrigation scheduling of winter wheat mainly depends on irrigation standard. Irrigation at the seeding stage and before soil freezing is usually necessary. For high irrigation standard, four times of irrigation are required after greening. While for medium irrigation, only once (rainy year) or twice (medium and dry years) of irrigation is required after greening. Transpiration of winter wheat is very close for high and medium irrigation, but it decreases significantly for low irrigation and will result in a reduction of crop yield. Irrigation with proper time and amount is necessary for winter wheat. Considering irrigation quota and crop transpiration comprehensively, medium irrigation is recommended for the irrigation of winter wheat in the studying area, which can reduce the irrigation quota of over 150 mm with little water stress for crop growth. 相似文献
15.
不同灌水处理对冬小麦生长及水分利用效率的影响 总被引：52，自引：7，他引：52
1998～ 1 999年在山东省桓台县进行了冬小麦节水灌溉试验。通过对冬小麦生长动态观测表明 :减少灌水量可以促进冬小麦发育。起身拔节水对冬小麦株高有显著影响。叶面积指数、冠层干物重、根系总量随着灌水量的增加而增加。各处理冬小麦根系总量的 80 %以上分布在 0～ 2 0 cm土层内。随着灌水次数的增加 ,灌水量的增多 ,灌溉水的利用效率逐渐减小。全生育期浇越冬水、起身拔节水、开花水的处理经济产量最高 ,达到 771 6.7kg/hm2 ,水分利用效率最大 ,达到 1 5 .92 kg/(hm2· mm) ,单位水资源量的边际效率也最大 ,达43 .1 2 kg/mm,单次灌水的最大平均产量为 85 1 .65 kg/hm2。 相似文献
16.
Haijun Liu Lipeng Yu Yu Luo Xiangping Wang Guanhua Huang 《Agricultural Water Management》2011,98(4):483-492
The North China Plain (NCP) is one of the main productive regions for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and summer maize (Zea mays L.) in China. However, water-saving irrigation technologies (WSITs), such as sprinkler irrigation technology and improved surface irrigation technology, and water management practices, such as irrigation scheduling have been adopted to improve field-level water use efficiency especially in winter wheat growing season, due to the water scarcity and continuous increase of water in industry and domestic life in the NCP. As one of the WSITs, sprinkler irrigation has been increasingly used in the NCP during the past 20 years. In this paper, a three-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the responses of volumetric soil water content (SWC), winter wheat yield, evapotranspiration (ET), water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) to sprinkler irrigation regimes based on the evaporation from an uncovered, 20-cm diameter pan located 0-5 cm above the crop canopy in order to develop an appropriate sprinkler irrigation scheduling for winter wheat in the NCP. Results indicated that the temporal variations in SWC for irrigation treatments in the 0-60-cm soil layer were considerably larger than what occurred at deeper depths, whereas temporal variations in SWC for non-irrigation treatments were large throughout the 0-120-cm soil layer. Crop leaf area index, dry biomass, 1000-grains weight and yield were negatively affected by water stress for those treatments with irrigation depth less than 0.50E, where E is the net evaporation (which includes rainfall) from the 20-cm diameter pan. While irrigation with a depth over 1.0E also had negative effect on 1000-grains weight and yield. The seasonal ET of winter wheat was in a range of 206-499 mm during the three years experiments. Relatively high yield, WUE and IWUE were found for the irrigation depth of 0.63E. Therefore, for winter wheat in the NCP the recommended amount of irrigation to apply for each event is the total 0.63E that occurred after the previous irrigation provided total E is in a range of 30-40 mm. 相似文献
17.
非充分灌溉对冬小麦产量及水分利用效率影响研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过田间试验,研究冬小麦在不同生育期缺水以及不同程度的缺水对其生长发育及产量的影响,为半干旱区冬小麦建立优化灌溉制度提供理论依据。通过试验观测:枯水年份,冬小麦各生育期耗水比例相差较大,0~80cm土层的耗水量占总耗水量的绝大部分,总耗水量随灌水量的增加而增大,非充分灌溉对冬小麦叶面积、产量和水分利用率均会产生显著影响,灌水可显著提高植株叶面积,不灌水会显著降低作物产量与耗水量;灌1水的灌溉水利用效率明显高于灌2水和灌3水的灌溉水利用效率,其中以T2处理的灌溉水利用效率最高,边际效益最大;灌冬浇水与拔节水可获得较理想的产量和水分利用效率,在半干旱区水资源不足时,可作为冬小麦最佳灌水模式。 相似文献
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Wenjun Ma Zhenqiang Mao Zhenrong Yu M. E. F. van Mensvoort P. M. Driessen 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》2008,22(1):3-18
Drought and fresh water shortage are in the way of sustainable agriculture development in the North China Plain. The scarcity
of fresh water forces farmers to use shallow saline ground water, which helps to overcome drought and increase crop yields
but also increases the risk of soil salinization. This paper describes salt regimes and crop responses to saline irrigation
water based on field experiments conducted from October 1997 to September 2005. It was found that use of saline water causes
the ECe of the topsoil (0–100 cm, Cv: 0.196∼0.330) to be higher and more variable than the subsoil (100–180 cm, Cv: 0.133∼0.219).
The salt load rapidly increased, notably in the upper 80 cm and especially during the season of October 1999 to June 2000.
It was concluded that the maximum soil depth to which the soil was leached during the wet season was about 150 cm. The relative
yields of winter wheat could be ranked Fresh Sufficient (FS, 100%) > Fresh Limited (FL, 91.80%) > Saline Sufficient (SS, 91.63%)
> Saline Limited (SL, 88.28%) > Control (C, 69.58%) and for maize FS (100%) > FL (96.37%) > SS (93.05%) > SL (90.04%)> C (89.81%).
The best irrigation regime was Saline Limited for winter wheat and maize, provided rainfall is sufficient. The experiments
confirm that saline irrigation water appears to be economically attractive to farmers in the short term and ecological hazards
can still be controlled with proper leaching. 相似文献