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利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜,对樟科10属14种木材结构进行观察.结果表明:除檫木外,其它木材的管孔分布均为散孔材,具较高的单孔率;导管分子穿孔板兼有单穿孔和梯状穿孔2种或者仅具有单穿孔;导管间纹孔式为互列;导管-射线间纹孔式类型丰富,主要为刻痕状和大圆状.木射线有单列和多列射线2种类型,单列射线稀少、短,多列射线数量多;射线组织主要为异形Ⅲ和异形Ⅱ;轴向薄壁组织以傍管状为主,少数有带状或轮界状.油细胞和粘液细胞普遍存在于射线薄壁细胞或轴向薄肇细胞中.木纤维由韧性纤维和纤维管胞组成,部分树种具分隔纤维.从樟科木材结构特征与系统演化关系看出:樟科木材结构表现为过渡型,即不完全低级,也不完全进化. 相似文献
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利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜,对樟科10属14种木材结构进行观察。结果表明：除檫木外,其它木材的管孔分布均为散孔材,具较高的单孔率;导管分子穿孔板兼有单穿孔和梯状穿孔2种或者仅具有单穿孔;导管间纹孔式为互列;导管-射线间纹孔式类型丰富,主要为刻痕状和大圆状。木射线有单列和多列射线2种类型,单列射线稀少、短,多列射线数量多;射线组织主要为异形Ⅲ和异形Ⅱ;轴向薄壁组织以傍管状为主,少数有带状或轮界状。油细胞和粘液细胞普遍存在于射线薄壁细胞或轴向薄壁细胞中。木纤维由韧性纤维和纤维管胞组成,部分树种具分隔纤维。从樟科木材结构特征与系统演化关系看出：樟科木材结构表现为过渡型,即不完全低级,也不完全进化。 相似文献
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为给樟科（Lauraceae）植物分类鉴定及其木材加工利用提供参考,利用生物显微镜对四川5种樟属（Cinnamomum）木材的结构进行观察与分析,包括香樟（C. camphora）、油樟（C. longepaniculatum）、阔叶樟（C. platyphyllum）、银叶桂（C.mairei）和川桂（C. wilsonii）。结果表明,5种樟属木材结构较相似,为散孔材至半散孔材;管孔为单管孔及径列复管孔,稀呈管孔团;具单穿孔和梯状穿孔两种类型,管间纹孔式互列;分割木纤维偶见;木射线非叠生,单列射线极少,多列射线量多,射线组织为异形Ⅱ和Ⅲ型;射线-导管间纹孔式主要为刻痕状及大圆状;轴向薄壁组织以环管状为主。5种木材的差异主要为管孔大小和油细胞或粘液细胞的数量。阔叶樟和川桂木材的管孔略小,其他3种木材管孔中等。香樟、油樟和阔叶樟木材的油细胞或粘液细胞多;银叶桂和川桂木材的油细胞或粘液细胞少。5种木材木纤维的长宽比约为48～56,适用于造纸;木材结构甚细到细,耐久性较高。从总体结构特征看,5种木材均表现为过渡型,即进化中保留着原始性质。 相似文献
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在木糖存在的条件下,采用硫酸盐法蒸煮对蓝花楹磨木木质素(MWL)进行处理,然后对处理后的产物进行红外光谱和13 CNMR分析,研究蓝花楹MWL的结构变化,探讨在硫酸盐法蒸煮过程中木质素-碳水化合物复合体(LCC)的形成情况.研究发现:蓝花楹MWL结构单元之间的α-烷基芳基醚键、β-O-4型连接键很容易发生断裂,而在这些连接键发生断裂的同时,形成的木质素中间体与木糖通过化学键的结合,形成新的LCC结构.这种新形成的LCC结构主要是由β-O-4型木质素结构和5-5′缩合型木质素结构与木糖形成的以苯甲醚键连接的LCC,这种新形成的LCC结构对碱非常稳定. 相似文献
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以9年生的西江桂(Cinnamomum cassia)和清化桂(Cinnamomum cassia var.macrophyll)人工林木材为研究对象,对其微观结构、木材纤维形态特征和组织比量进行测定分析。结果表明:西江桂木材的的纤维长度、纤维宽度、纤维腔径、双壁厚、长宽比、壁腔比、腔径比分别为894.00μm、24.63μm、16.67μm、7.97μm、36.30、0.48、0.68;清化桂木材的的纤维长度、纤维宽度、纤维腔径、双壁厚、长宽比、壁腔比、腔径比分别为953.67μm、22.37μm、14.40μm、7.97μm、42.65、0.55、0.64。西江桂的木材导管、轴向薄壁组织、木射线、木纤维比量分别为9%、13%、10%、68%;清化桂木材的导管、轴向薄壁组织、木射线、木纤维比量分别为10%、20%、10%、60%。西江桂和清化桂木材的微观构造极为相似;但木材纤维特征中纤维长度、腔径、长宽比、纤维宽度、轴向薄壁组织比量、木纤维比量差异均显著或极显著,其他特征没有显著差异。 相似文献
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交趾黄檀属于红木树种,木材材质优异,市场价值高,在市场上常有其他木材冒充交趾黄檀,损害了消费者的利益。为了识别交趾黄檀及其相似树种,通过木材解剖和显微摄影技术,对交趾黄檀及其相似树种木材宏观构造和木材显微构造进行综合分析和比较。结果表明:交趾黄檀的木材底色比其他相似树种深,木材新切面呈紫红色或暗红褐,久置后为深红色或暗红色;交趾黄檀木材常具黑色条纹,且黑色条纹比其他树种粗;交趾黄檀木材具有酸辛味,而其他树种木材气味微弱或无。交趾黄檀轴向薄壁组织为带状和翼状,与射线局部交叉为网格状;交趾黄檀单列木射线较多,多列木射线宽2~3个细胞,高6~14个细胞,与其他树种有明显差异。交趾黄檀及其相似树种木材可通过木材颜色、纹理、气味等宏观特征以及轴向薄壁组织、木射线等显微构造特征来进行识别。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
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本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):131-138
The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):472-479
Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken. 相似文献
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Srisuda Thippayarugs Banyong Toomsan Patma Vityakon Viriya Limpinuntana Aran Patanothai Georg Cadisch 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(2):137-148
In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic
or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts
(stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea
(Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content
as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest
N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized
to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea,
largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for
N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant
components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N
released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures
were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality
components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in
the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols.
Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest
age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its
components are mixed. 相似文献
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A. Rigueiro-Rodríguez M. R. Mosquera-Losada E. Gatica-Trabanini 《Agroforestry Systems》2000,48(3):245-256
The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste
disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization,
(2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha−1 target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two
pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha−1. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea
(Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m2, with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect
on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage
sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but
affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral
systems.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献