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循环流化床锅炉焚烧生物质燃料的研究进展 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
生物质废弃物产量的与日俱增及环保要求的不断提高使循环流化床燃烧技术逐渐在生物质废弃物的处理和利用方面扮演越来越重要的角色。该文综述了采用循环流化床锅炉用生物质废弃物(林业废弃物、农业废弃物)作为燃料进行焚烧处理的国内外现状，详细介绍了废弃木材、秸秆、稻壳、果核、橄榄饼、甘蔗渣和向日葵茎干这些生物质废弃物在循环流化床锅炉里燃烧的研究和应用现状，指出了目前存在的问题及努力的方向。 相似文献
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农村生物质废弃物沼气化利用回收模式优化 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
农村生物质废弃物的科学回收是其沼气化利用的基础。在能源不断匮乏的背景下,提出建立公司化运作的农村沼气产业,研究如何科学高效地回收我国农村地区存量丰富的生物质废弃物。设计4种回收模式,对每种回收模式从回收率、回收价格、最优利润等角度展开研究,得出生产商和销售商联合回收模式是兼顾各方利益的最优回收模式,指出国家加大扶持力度是农村生物质废弃物回收利用产业健康持续发展的关键。该研究对建立科学的农村能源体系,满足农村能源需求,缓解我国能源短缺压力具有重要参考价值。 相似文献
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生物炭强化有机废弃物厌氧发酵技术研究 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
厌氧发酵是中国有机废弃物处理的重要技术途径,但利用厌氧发酵技术在高负荷条件下处理有机废弃物过程中,因有机酸、氨氮等抑制性物质作用,易导致厌氧发酵运行不稳定,处理效率不高等问题。生物炭是生物质材料在无氧或缺氧条件下经高温热解形成的多孔径碳质材料,具有比表面积高,孔隙结构复杂,表面活性基团丰富和导电性强等特性,并被广泛用于厌氧发酵技术研究。近年来国内外研究表明,生物炭能有效强化厌氧发酵,提高厌氧发酵过程中有机废弃物的处理效率。然而,对于生物炭强化厌氧发酵技术途径,目前仍未见系统的梳理和报道。该文对生物炭材料的化学组成、孔隙结构、表面官能团关键因素及生物炭强化厌氧发酵技术的重要途径进行了系统分析和归纳,从生物炭材料的理化性质出发,阐述了生物炭对于厌氧发酵技术的强化效果及强化途径,强化途径主要包括:提升系统缓冲能力、微生物载体作用和强化电子传递等,在此基础上提出了今后生物炭强化有机废弃物厌氧发酵技术的重点研究内容和方向,为开发厌氧发酵强化技术提供指导。 相似文献
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江苏省生物质能资源调查与评估方案设计 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
生物质能既是近期急需的补充能源,又是未来能源系统的基础。利用好生物质能既可以减少化石能源的使用,同时又有利于环境保护。该文以江苏省为例,制订了生物质能资源调查与评估方案和技术路线,提出了生物质资源调查采用面上资源普查、家庭能源消费抽样调查和主要生物质资源专项调查相结合的方法,制订了资源调查和农户抽样调查的具体方案,提出了生物质能源资源评价、供需平衡分析、资源预测、生物质资源利用现状分析的重点和方法,为省级生物质能资源调查与评估方案的制订提供了方法。 相似文献
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竹废弃物的资源化利用研究进展 总被引：2，自引：3，他引：2
竹是中国重要森林资源,利用过程中约有60%~70%的废弃物产生,造成资源的极大浪费。竹废弃物中约含65%的纤维素类物质、23%的木质素以及其他营养成分或功能性成分,可直接利用、传统加工利用和工业化利用,主要产物有材料、生物质燃料、竹炭、竹醋液、药品或保健品、食用菌、肥料、饲料等。今后需加强原料的搜集与预处理、纤维素与木质素等主要成分的充分利用、功能性成分的产品研发、专用设备研发、加工工艺和技术改进、提高产品附加值、精深加工产品研发等方面工作,以利于竹废弃物资源化利用的产业化,真正实现竹资源的"零"剩余,全面提升竹的价值和功能。 相似文献
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近年来,生物炭作为土壤改良剂、肥料缓释载体及碳封存剂备受重视。生物炭在土壤中能够保持数百年至数千年,实现碳的封存固定,生物炭还可以改善土壤理化性质及微生物的活性,培肥土壤肥力,延缓肥料养分释放,降低肥料及土壤养分的损失,减轻土壤污染。生物质的热裂解及气化均可产生生物炭,但是慢速热裂解和热水炭化工艺的生物炭产率最大,同时还可获得生物油及混合气,生物油及混合气可升级加工为氢气、生物柴油或化学品,这有助于减轻对化石能源或原料的依赖。生物炭的生产及农用是碳减排的过程,废弃生物质生产生物炭及其农用的效益是多赢的。国外在废弃生物质热裂解生产生物炭及农用方面做了许多研究工作。中国在生物质热裂解获得生物能源方面做了较多工作,但对生物炭的生产及农用重视不够。今后,中国应以废弃生物质生产生物炭,并将生物炭农用作为生物能源、环境及农业可持续发展的战略。 相似文献
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为减少无土栽培对草炭等不可再生资源的依赖,促进农业废弃物资源化利用,本研究探讨以生物质炭替代传统栽培基质进行凤仙花栽培,通过盆栽试验研究了生物质炭及草炭不同比例混配作为生长基质对凤仙花生长的影响。试验设置了生物质炭与草炭不同的混配比例,分别是单一草炭基质(B0P5),生物质炭与草炭体积比为1∶4(B1P4)、2∶3(B2P3)、3∶2(B3P2)、4∶1(B4P1)和单一生物质炭基质(B5P0)共6个处理,分析了不同配比基质的化学性质,并对各处理凤仙花生长情况及观赏指标进行了统计分析。结果表明,随着生物质炭添加量的增加基质pH逐步升高,添加生物质炭的基质(B1P4、B2P3、B3P2、B4P1、B5P0)pH分别为7.01、6.90、7.34、7.83和9.05,较单一草炭基质提高了18.76%～55.77%,且差异均达显著水平;B1P4处理和B2P3处理的基质有效磷含量分别为292.10、266.53 mg·kg-1,较单一草炭基质提高28.57%、17.32%,差异达显著水平。适量添加生物质炭可有效调节基质pH、并提高基质有效磷含量,并促进凤仙花生长,其中B1P4处理株高在苗期、生长期、开花期和成熟期分别较单一草炭基质提高42.39%、81.83%、23.66%、24.72%。B2P3处理开花数最多,整个花期分别较单一草炭基质处理增加21.05%～133.33%,且差异显著。研究表明,草炭混配适量生物质炭可有效促进凤仙花生长,增加凤仙花观赏价值。 相似文献
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【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
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Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
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《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
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Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
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M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
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Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
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《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
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《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
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Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献