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1.
The impacts of using a modified farrowing pen (MOD) on the performance of sows and their litters and on ambient air quality over a hot and a cool season were evaluated. Primiparous Yorkshire × Landrace sows farrowed either during the months of February and March (thermoneutralily, TN) or June and July (heat-stress, HS). Temperatures within each season were controlled to 21 and 29 °C, respectively, for TN and HS. Animals from each group were assigned to a standard farrowing crate (STD; TN, n = 17; HS, n = 16) or a MOD pen (TN, n = 19; HS, n = 19). The MOD pen consisted of a STD crate with a 1.5 × 1.6-m comfort zone in the back, equipped with rubber floor mats, a feeder and a nipple waterer. Litter size was standardized to 10 or 11. No creep feed was provided and piglets were weighed weekly. Sows were weighed on days 2 and 22. Feed intake of sows was monitored daily, a milk sample was obtained on day 21 for compositional analyses and jugular blood samples were collected on days 2 and 21 to measure prolactin, IGF-I and urea. Sows consumed less feed (3.4 vs. 4.7 ± 0.1 kg/day, P < 0.001) in a hot than in a cool season and, at 29 °C, sows in MOD pens consumed more feed (3.9 vs. 3.0 ± 0.2 kg/day, P < 0.01) than sows in STD pens. Sow lactation weight loss was greater (− 26.4 vs. − 19.1 ± 1.9 kg, P < 0.05) for sows in STD than MOD pens in a hot season. The reduction in prolactin concentrations from days 2 to 22 of lactation tended to be greater (P = 0.08) in a hot season for sows in STD pens. Concentrations of urea and IGF-I increased as lactation advanced (P < 0.01) and IGF-I was lower for HS compared to TN sows on both days (P < 0.01), whereas urea was greater for HS sows on day 2 only (P < 0.01). Milk DM was less in a hot than in a cool season (P < 0.01). Average piglet weight gain was reduced in a hot compared to a cool season during the second week of lactation (P < 0.05) and this reduction was less in MOD than STD pens during the third week of lactation (P < 0.01). During a hot season, even though not significant, average weight gain of piglets from days 2 to 21 of lactation was reduced by 6.0% in MOD pens compared to 9.7% in STD pens.  相似文献   

2.
Suckling pigs were separated from their dam for 24 h on day 21 (1 × 24 h fasting, n = 10) or day 21 and 24 (2 × 24 h fasting, n = 10). Pigs in the control group (n = 10) were not fasted before weaning. All pigs were weaned on day 28 postpartum. Feed intake during the first 4 days post-weaning was higher (P < 0.05) for pigs exposed to 1 × 24 h fasting compared with controls. Water consumption was not affected by fasting prior to weaning. The difference in post-weaning feed uptake was not reflected in any clinical traits, intestinal morphology, or activity of digestive enzymes (maltase, dipeptidylpeptidase IV, aminopeptidases A and N; P > 0.15). In conclusion, a short period of fasting prior to weaning can increase post-weaning feed uptake, although this had no clinical impact under the present experimental conditions.  相似文献   

3.
Effect of floor cooling on performance of lactating sows during summer   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Forty Landrace × Large White lactating sows were used to evaluate the effects of cooling of the floor when maintained under high temperature conditions during summer on their productive and reproductive performance. The sows were allocated in a completely randomized design with two treatments with 20 replicates according to parity number and body weight, with each animal being considered an experimental unit. The treatments consisted of cooling of the floor under the sow with water circulation at about 17 °C and no cooling. The resulting temperatures of the floor were 27.6 and 35.8 °C for the cooled and the control treatments, respectively. The sows from both treatments were exposed to average maximum and minimum environmental temperatures of 26.9 and 20.8 °C, respectively. Sows maintained on a cooled floor had a higher feed intake (6.47 vs. 5.61 kg/day; P < 0.01). Despite this higher intake, sows maintained on a cooled floor had higher body weight and body protein losses during the lactation period (P < 0.01) in connection with a higher milk yield and subsequent growth of the litter (2280 vs. 1798 g/day; P < 0.01). There was an effect of treatment on rectal temperature, surface temperatures and respiratory rate (P < 0.01) with lower values in sows submitted to floor cooling. It is concluded that floor cooling under the lactating sow improves its productive and reproductive performance, as well as the performance of its litter.  相似文献   

4.
The relationship between passage rate of digesta (PRD) and apparent faecal dry matter digestibility (DMD) was investigated in five trials. In trial 1, 2, and 3, 36 weanling (16.9 ± 3.0 kg), 24 growing (51.3 ± 8.8 kg), and 23 finishing (104.8 ± 5.2 kg) barrows were housed in metabolic crates. The beginning and end of 5-day collection periods were marked by the addition of 0.5% indigo carmine to the feed for total faeces collection and PRD determination by observing the time required for the marker to appear. In trial 4 and 5, 21 gestating gilts (215.0 ± 15.0 kg), and 19 lactating sows were individually penned. Addition of 0.5% chromic oxide to the feed enabled indirect determination of DMD and PRD. The PRD, which ranged from 12 to 80 h, was positively correlated with DMD in weanling (R2 = 0.483, P < 0.001), growing (R2 = 0.425, P < 0.01), and finishing (R2 = 0.553, P < 0.001) pigs. Body weight and DMD were not significantly correlated in weanling (R2 = 0.001, P = 0.893), growing (R2 = 0.000, P = 0.995), or finishing (R2 = 0.092, P = 0.156) pigs. A positive correlation between PRD, which ranged from 27 to 102 h, and DMD occurred in gestating gilts (R2 = 0.231, P < 0.05), but not in lactating sows (R2 = 0.014, P = 0.633). The results indicate that longer retention times of digesta improve DMD in swine. Also the results indicate the importance of PRD as a potential independent variable in digestibility assessments.  相似文献   

5.
Heat stress has detrimental effects on lactating sows and their litters, including decreased feed intake and milk production in sows and decreased weight gain in their offspring. It also increases respiration rate, rectal temperature, and weaning to estrus interval in sows. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of chilled water (CW) on the performance of lactating sows and their litters exposed to high ambient temperatures for 21 days. Ninety multiparous sows (Yorkshire × Landrace; parity range: 2 to 5) and their litters (Yorkshire × Landrace × Duroc) were divided into 3 blocks (30 each). Sows and their litters within each block were randomly assigned to one of the three treatment groups (n = 10 each). Each group was provided with drinking water at 10, 15, or 22 °C (control) under farm conditions where ambient temperature above 25 °C was consistent during the experimental period. Sows on CW (both 10 and 15 °C) consumed more feed and water than did control (P < 0.01) and higher estimated milk production compared with control (P < 0.01), but had lower rectal temperature and respiration rate compared with control (P < 0.01). Mean weaning weight (P < 0.01) and average daily gain (P < 0.01) of litters in CW groups were higher than those in control group. There were no differences in the measured variables, with the exception of the respiration rates, between the two CW treatment groups. These results suggest that CW may improve the performance of sows and their litters exposed to high ambient temperatures and the 15 °C water, from an energy viewpoint, may be more effective.  相似文献   

6.
The influence of a dietary supplementation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) during the first and the second phase of lactation on dry matter (DM) intake, organic matter digestibility, milk yield and quality and haematological profile was evaluated in buffalo cows. Lactating buffaloes (n = 190), 118.7 days in milk (DIM), were randomly divided into Group C (control, n = 95) and Group T (fed diet supplemented with 98 billion CFU of S. cerevisiae, n = 95). Eight buffaloes for each group (Groups T1 and C1), 85.4 DIM, were used to study the in vivo digestibility and the haematological profile. No differences were found for DM intake (16.5 kg·day− 1) and haematological profile. The SC supplementation increased milk yield (7.9 ± 0.2 vs. 7.4 ± 0.2; P < 0.01) but did not affect milk fat and protein. SC supplementation increased OM digestibility, mainly, in the first phase of lactation (< 135 days), thus allowing a higher energy availability for milk yield and reduced fat mobilization.  相似文献   

7.
The objective of this study was to determine whether intermittent suckling (IS) combined with an extended lactation can reduce postweaning growth check in pigs. Three weaning regimens [conventional weaning (CW), IS with 6-h separation intervals (IS6), and IS with 12-h separation intervals (IS12)] were compared. In CW (n = 17 litters), litters had continuous access to the sow until weaning (d 21, d 0 = farrowing). In IS6 and IS12, litters were separated from the sow for 12 h/d, beginning at d 14 and lasting until weaning (d 41 to 45). Litters were with the sow from 1400 to 2000 and from 0200 to 0800 (IS6, n = 14) or between 2000 and 0800 (IS12, n = 14). Litter size was standardized within 2 d after farrowing by crossfostering, resulting in an average litter size of 10.9 +/- 1.8 piglets. Piglets had ad libitum access to creep feed from d 7 onward. One week after the onset of IS (d 20), creep feed intake was increased in litters from both IS groups compared with CW litters (P < 0.05). Both IS groups consumed considerable amounts of creep feed before weaning (d 41 to 45). Total feed intake before weaning was greater (P = 0.004) in IS12 (3,808 +/- 469 g/piglet) than in IS6 (2,717 +/- 404 g/piglet). In comparison, CW litters consumed 18 +/- 9 g/piglet before weaning (d 21). Irrespective of weaning regimen, total feed intake of litters before weaning was highly correlated with post-weaning feed intake (P < 0.001). Furthermore, in all treatment groups, total preweaning feed intake was correlated with postweaning growth (P < 0.10). Irrespective of treatment, piglets suckling anterior teats grew faster than piglets suckling middle or posterior teats during the first 2 wk of lactation. Body weights at the end of the experiment (d 55) were similar among weaning regimens. Onset of IS induced a growth check in both IS groups (34% for IS12 and 22% for IS6). Only a mild growth check was observed after weaning of IS litters (14% for both IS groups). However, a serious growth check (98%) was observed after weaning of CW litters. Results of the current study indicate that IS stimulated feed intake during lactation, providing a more gradual transition to weaning. Because the IS6 regimen did not prevent the growth check after the onset of IS and is rather laborious, we suggest that IS12 might be preferable for a practical implementation of IS.  相似文献   

8.
Eighteen Iberian barrows of 100 kg initial BW were used in a comparative slaughter experiment to investigate the effects of feeding level (FL; 0.70 and 0.95 × ad libitum) on growth, protein- and fat-deposition rates and body composition. They were fed on a diet supplying the optimum level of digestible ideal protein:ME ratio (4.82 g/MJ) and slaughtered at 150 kg BW. The apparent digestibility of DM, OM, total N and GE, and the ME:GE and ME:DE ratios were not affected by FL. The average daily gain increased with the increase in FL (691 and 918 g/day respectively). Neither the gain:feed (g/g DM) nor the gain:ME intake (g/MJ) ratios were significantly affected however. An energy cost of 59.9 kJ ME/g gain was calculated. The rate of whole-body protein deposition was not significantly altered by FL. On average it reached 80 g/day. The pigs fed at the lowest level exhibited lower fat deposition (P < 0.01) and total energy retention (P < 0.01) than those in the group subjected to only a slight feed restriction. The overall efficiency of utilization of ME for energy gain (ER:ME intake) remained at 0.363 on average, irrespective of the FL imposed. Relative proportions of energy retained as protein and fat were not statistically altered by changes in FL. Mean values for ERP:ER and ERF:ER were 0.100 and 0.903 respectively. No differences between treatments were observed in fat, ash, water or energy content of the whole-body (g/kg) at 150 kg empty BW, the mean values (n = 12) being 512 ± 8.5, 27.6 ± 0.63 and 353 ± 6.7 g/kg for fat, ash and water respectively and 22.90 ± 0.31 MJ/kg for energy. Nevertheless, the proportion of protein tended to decline with the increase in FL (111 vs 104; P = 0.069). At 150 kg the Iberian pigs contained more fat and energy and less ash and water than at 100 kg. Whilst the percentage of lean tissue decreased significantly (P < 0.05) and protein content in the carcass showed a strong tendency to decline in the pigs fed close to ad libitum (104 vs 96; P = 0.056), the proportions of fat, ash, water and energy remained constant at 564 ± 9.0, 22.2 ± 0.91, 312 ± 6.6 g/kg, and 24.82 ± 0.32 MJ/kg, respectively. It was concluded that a degree of feed restriction may result in a discernible improvement in carcass quality.  相似文献   

9.
Increasing the dietary amount of fermentable carbohydrates (FC) may counteract the negative effects of protein fermentation in newly weaned piglets. To study this hypothesis, 272 newly weaned piglets were allotted to 4 dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with low and high FC (7.5 and 13.5%) and crude protein (CP, 15 and 22%) content as respective factors. Intestinal histology, enzyme activity, microbiota and fermentation products were determined in 8 pigs per treatment 7 days post-weaning.

In the 4 wk experimental period, interactions between dietary CP and FC content were found for feed intake (P = 0.022), daily gain (P = 0.001), and gain:feed (P = 0.033). The high-FC content reduced daily gain by 50 g/d in the low-CP diet, whereas the FC content did not affect growth performance in the high-CP diet. Over the 4 wk experimental period, daily gain (350 g/d) and feed intake (519 g/d) were highest for piglets on the low-CP low-FC diet. The high-FC content resulted in an increase in number of lactobacilli (P = 0.047) and a decrease of total coliforms (P = 0.06) in the small intestine. It increased the lactic acid content (P = 0.08) and reduced the ammonia content (P = 0.04) in the small intestine and increased the VFA content in the colon (P = 0.009). The reduction in CP content reduced ammonia concentration in the small intestine (P = 0.003). We concluded that dietary FC influenced microbial population and fermentation products in the gut. However, this was not reflected in an increased growth performance.  相似文献   


10.
The objective of this study was to compare the effects of ad libitum and restricted computer-controlled milk replacer (MR) feeding strategies on performance of group-reared dairy calves during preweaning (from 0.5 to 2.0 months of age), weaning (2.0 to 2.5) and postweaning (2.5 to 6.0) periods. Two feeding trials comprised a total of 34 Finnish Ayrshire and 6 Holstein–Friesian bull calves. The calves were randomly (balanced for breed) allotted to pens (5 calves/pen) which were thereafter randomly allotted to two experimental treatments: 1) ad libitum MR feeding (F) with ad libitum access to MR and 2) restricted MR feeding (R) where the calves were given 6.0 L of MR daily. All the calves had free access to water, commercial starter and grass silage before weaning. The weaned calves had free access to water and silage and were given 3 kg/day (air-dry basis) of a concentrate mixture. Due to increased metabolizable energy intake (16.4 vs. 12.7 MJ/day; P < 0.05), the daily gain of the F calves was higher (690 vs. 543 g/day; P < 0.05) than that of the R calves during the preweaning period. Due to the more rapid increase in concentrate intake of the R calves during the weaning period the R calves grew better than the F calves (482 vs. 1038 g/day; P < 0.01) and the differences in live weight evened out during the weaning period. During the postweaning period there were no treatment differences in feed intake or gain. The average gain during the whole study was not affected by either of the treatments. Ad libitum feeding increased the variation in the MR intake and gain compared to restricted feeding.  相似文献   

11.
This study investigated the effects of weaning age, diet, and classification of piglets as ‘eaters’ or ‘non eaters’ of creep feed in lactation, on production and diarrhoea after weaning. Four antimicrobial-free diets were offered in lactation and for 14 days after weaning: (i) wheat–soy based diet with animal and vegetable (‘mixed’) protein sources (COMM), (ii) heat-processed rice (HPR) with barley hulls and potato starch and mixed protein sources (RBHPS), (iii) HPR with sugar-beet pulp and mixed protein sources (RSBP), and (iv) HPR with mixed protein sources (R). Piglets were individually examined for diarrhoea daily for 14 days after weaning, and antibiotic treatments were individually recorded. Faecal swabs were taken on day 10 after weaning and scored for β-haemolytic Escherichia coli. There were significant main effects of weaning age and diet (both P < 0.001) on daily gain between weaning and 14 days after weaning. Pigs weaned later grew 50 g/day more than pigs weaned earlier, and pigs fed the COMM diet grew slower than pigs fed the rice-based diets. The number of antibiotic treatments was influenced by diet (P < 0.001), with most treatments (2.1) given to pigs fed the diet RBHPS. Faecal score was influenced by a weaning age and diet interaction (P < 0.01). There was no correlation (P > 0.05) between the number of antibiotics treatments and the E. coli score.  相似文献   

12.
Fetal protein restriction is potentially associated with organ dysfunctions after birth (e.g. impaired gut growth, glucose tolerance and pancreatic β-cell function). Just after birth, gut growth and maturation is stimulated by enteral food intake, and inhibited by total parenteral nutrition (TPN), in part mediated via differential release of insulino- and intestino-tropic hormones like the Glucagon-Like Peptides 1 and 2 (GLP-1, GLP-2). We hypothesized that short-term co-infusion of GLP-1 and GLP-2 would stimulate pancreatic and intestinal growth in newborn TPN-fed pigs subjected to prenatal protein restriction. Two sows were fed a protein-restricted diet (PR: 8% crude protein during last 50% of gestation) while a third sow was fed a control diet (C: 15% crude protein). PR pigs were killed either at birth (n = 7) or after 3 days TPN with (n = 6) or without (n = 4) intravenous infusion of a mixture of synthetic human GLP-17–37 and GLP-21–33 (each 50 μg/kg/d). At birth, PR piglets did not show reduced body weight, relative to controls (1.45 vs. 1.50 kg), but significantly reduced weight of the small intestine (18.0 ± 0.6 vs. 21.9 ± 0.5 g/kg, P < 0.001) and a marginally reduced pancreas weight (0.85 ± 0.02 vs. 0.93 ± 0.04 g/kg, P = 0.10). Co-infusion GLP-1 and GLP-2 into PR pigs resulted in increased basal glucose levels (5.3 vs. 4.0 mM), and glucose-stimulated insulin release, but did not have any significant effect on body weight, or weight of internal organs (heart, lungs, spleen, kidneys, adrenals, stomach, colon, liver, intestine, pancreas). We conclude that short-term (3 days) infusion of native GLP-1 and GLP-2 does not stimulate gut growth or glucose tolerance in TPN-fed piglets born from protein-restricted mothers. Moderate maternal protein restriction does however cause significant reduction in intestinal growth in newborn piglets which may decrease the neonatal digestive capacity.  相似文献   

13.
In the weaning period, transition from sow's milk to the post-weaning diet causes the withdrawal of important nutrients as milk nucleotides, which are known to be determinant for the development of the gastrointestinal tract and immune function. The objective of these investigations was to study the effect of including these nucleotides in solid diets for piglets. Nucleotide composition of sow's milk was analyzed using 5 sows at 21 days of lactation. The average free nucleotide concentration was 102.8 ± 9.16 μmol/100 mL. Two experiments were performed to assess the effect of a product based on this composition (Nucleoforce Piglets®) on digestive adaptation and incidence of diarrhoea of nursery piglets. In Exp. 1, three groups of 6 piglets were weaned at 21 days of age and fed with a diet supplemented with 0 (control), 1000 or 2000 ppm of nucleotides, and a fourth group of 6 piglets was maintained in lactation. Seven days after weaning, piglets were euthanized and samples of jejunal mucosa were processed for histological measurements. Villus height decreased from 448 μm in un-weaned pigs to 275 μm in the control group 7 days after weaning. Although there were no differences in feed intake among groups, the reduction in villous height was less pronounced (P < 0.001) in nucleotide supplemented groups showing a villous height of 351 and 378 μm with the doses of 1000 or 2000 ppm respectively. In Exp. 2, 384 early weaned pigs were fed during 14 days with a diet supplemented with 0 (control), 750 and 1000 ppm of nucleotides. ADG and ADFI were not modified by the treatment, but nucleotide supplementation reduced the number of pigs treated with antibiotic as a result of diarrhoea (15.63% vs 3.13% and 1.56%; for control, 750 and 1000 ppm; P < 0.001). These results suggest that dietary supplementation with nucleotides from yeast might help to prevent post-weaning diarrhoea in piglets.  相似文献   

14.
The objective of this study was to study the effect of fibrolytic enzyme (FE) inclusion on nutrient digestibility and growth performance of Awassi lamb fed on a high concentrate diet. Thirty weaned Awassi lambs (initial body weight = 20.4 ± 3.0 kg) were fed a high concentrate diet (with or without the addition of FE (15 lambs/treatment)) for 60 d in a completely randomized design. The diet contained 17, 7, 58.5, 15, and 2.5% wheat straw, wheat bran, barley grain, soybean meal and minerals, respectively. Lambs were fed ad libitum twice daily at 08:00 and 15:00 h. Dry matter, OM, CP, and NDF intakes were all similar (P > 0.05) for lambs fed diet with or without the FE and averaged 1078, 941, 171, and 432 g/d, respectively. Metabolizable energy intake was also not affected (P > 0.05) by the enzyme supplementation and averaged 2.87 Mcal/d. Dry matter, OM, CP, and NDF digestibilities were all unaffected (P > 0.05) by the enzyme inclusion and averaged 64.8, 67, 65.7 and 60.4%. Final body weight, average daily gain, and feed to gain ratio were all unaffected (P > 0.05) by the FE inclusion and averaged 34.9 kg, 222 g/d, and 5.4, respectively. In summary, FE treatment of high concentrate diet for lambs had no effect on nutrient intake or any of the growth performance parameters. Therefore, supplementing such diets with FE for fatting Awassi lambs is not recommended.  相似文献   

15.
The objective of this study is to characterize the influence of immune stress induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on protein utilization and turnover for early-weaned pigs. A total of 15, crossbred weanling pigs (initial body weight 10.15 ± 0.39 kg) were assigned to one of three treatments. Pigs were injected with LPS and fed ad libitum (LPS-challenge), or injected with endotoxin-free physiological salt solution (PSS) and fed ad libitum (control), or injected with PSS and fed the same amount of feed as LPS-challenged pigs (pair-feed). All pigs received a 4-d nitrogen balance trial. On d 1 and 3 of the trial, LPS-challenged pigs were injected intramuscularly with 200 μg/kg BW of LPS dissolved in 1 ml PSS. Pigs in other treatments were injected with 1 ml PSS. 15N-Glycine (5 mg/kg BW) was gastrically infused after the second injection. Feces and urine were collected daily to determine the N output throughout the duration of the trial. Lymphocyte blastogenesis (LB) and serum immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM) were also detected to illustrate the LPS-induced immune responses. Results indicated that the injection of LPS significantly (P < 0.01) elevated the LB and resulted in lower average daily gain (ADG), feed intake (ADFI) and efficiency of feed utilization than control pigs. Pair-fed pigs had higher performance than LPS-challenged pig but poorer than control pigs. Injection of LPS also resulted in significantly (P < 0.01) lower nitrogen intake and efficiency of utilization than controls, and more fecal N excretion than Pair-fed pigs (3.19 ± 0.85 vs. 2.19 ± 0.67 g/d, P < 0.05). The whole-body nitrogen flux (4.34 ± 0.19 vs. 11.35 ± 0.12 g N/kg BW0.75/d) and N accretion (5.57 ± 0.59 vs. 10.17 ± 1.12 g Pr/kg BW0.75/d) were acutely (P < 0.01) reduced as the feed intake decreased, but there was no significant difference between LPS-challenged and pair-fed pigs. Injection of LPS markedly (P < 0.05) increased the protein degradation (16.76 ± 1.09 vs. 14.53 ± 1.24 g N/kg BW0.75/d). It is concluded that LPS-induced immune challenge depresses growth performance and feed utilization efficiency by enhancing protein degradation rate and decreasing protein utilization for body protein retention.  相似文献   

16.
A study was carried out to investigate whether adding a starter culture or a formic acid containing-product to fermented liquid feed of suboptimal microbial quality could improve the characteristics of the mixture and the gastrointestinal ecology and growth performance of piglets. Four experimental diets were prepared: Feed and water were mixed in the ratio 1:2.5 (w/w) in four closed tanks. Diet 1) Three times daily, 50% of the mixture stored in the tank was removed and then replaced with an equal amount of fresh feed and water, (FLF), positive control; Diet 2) Three times daily, 95% of the mixture stored in the tank was removed and then replaced with an equal amount of fresh feed and water. Escherichia coli K12 (1 × 106/g) was added every morning (COLI); Diet 3) as the COLI treatment and added Lactobacillus plantarum VTT E-78076 (1 × 106/g) every morning (+PLANTARUM); and Diet 4) as the COLI treatment and added 0.26 g AIV/KemiSile 2 plus/100 g mixture three times daily (+ACID). One hundred and sixty weaners were used. On day 14, one littermate from each pen was killed and the gastrointestinal tract removed. The remaining piglets were used to measure the effect of the experimental diets on growth performance during the first six weeks post-weaning. The +ACID diet had lower numbers of lactic acid bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae, higher numbers of yeasts, and lower concentration of lactic acid and acetic acid than the COLI and +PLANTARUM diets. Feeding the +PLANTARUM and the +ACID diets increased daily weight gain during the six weeks post-weaning (P ≤ 0.02) compared to feeding the COLI diet. The +ACID group showed the highest numerical daily feed intake in all periods. The gain/feed during the six weeks post-weaning tended to be lowest in the COLI group (P < 0.10). The counts of lactic acid bacteria able to grow at 20 °C were lowest in the stomach (P ≤ 0.003) and distal small intestine (P ≤ 0.06) of the +ACID group. The counts of yeasts able to grow at 37 °C in the stomach were highest in the +ACID (P ≤ 0.01) and FLF groups (P ≤ 0.09). The number of yeasts able to grow at 20 °C in the stomach and distal small intestine was highest in the FLF fed piglets, followed by the +ACID group. This study showed that addition of L. plantarum VTT E-78076 or AIV/KemiSile 2 plus to fermented liquid feed of suboptimal microbial quality improved growth performance without affecting the gastrointestinal ecology of piglets substantially.  相似文献   

17.
Outdoor reared pigs are reported to be larger at weaning than indoor reared pigs and respond better to the weaning process. This may be due to enhanced gut development associated with increased size. Eighty sows were allocated to either indoor or outdoor farrowing on the basis of size, parity and past performance. Resulting litters were weaned at either 4 or 6 weeks of age. On days 26 and 40 of age, 40 (10/treatment) and 20 piglets (10/treatment still unweaned) were killed to measure intestinal morphology. Data were analysed as a 2 × 2 factorial using the GLM procedures of Minitab 12.2. Pigs reared outdoors were larger than those reared indoors at both weaning ages, pigs weaned at 6 weeks were heavier than those weaned at 4 weeks, 8.4 versus 7.4 kg at 4 weeks and 12.9 versus 10.5 kg at 6 weeks respectively (± 0.25, P ≤ 0.001). There were no differences in small intestine size relative to body weight due to rearing environment and no differences in gut morphology. When corrected for body weight, 6 week pigs had heavier small intestines than 4 week pigs, 0.39 (± 0.010) versus 0.34 (± 0.007) g/cm length, respectively (P ≤ 0.001). Six week unweaned pigs had similar villus heights to 4 week unweaned pigs but wider villi (P < 0.05) and deeper crypts, for example, at the 25% site crypt depths were 236 and 193 μm (± 7.7/5.5) respectively (P < 0.001). Hence increased piglet size due to outdoor rearing did not advance gut maturation whereas increased piglet size due to age did influence maturation of gut structure.  相似文献   

18.
An experiment was conducted to study effects of intermittent suckling on creep feed intake and weight gain of litters. Loss of weight and backfat during lactation, as well as reproductive performance, were also measured. Batches of multiparous sows (Parity 1 to 12, 4.1 on average) were either suckled intermittently (IS, eight batches; n = 50) or continuously (control, eight batches; n = 62). Litters were weaned at 27 +/- 2 d of age, on average. Litter size (11.1 +/- 0.2 piglets, on average) was standardized within a batch within 3 d of birth. All litters had free access to creep feed and water from 1 wk of age onward. In the IS group, litters were separated from the sow for a period of 12 h/d (0930 to 2130), starting 11 d before weaning. Rectal ultrasonography was applied at d 3 after weaning to check the ovaries for follicle development or presence of corpora lutea. Creep feed intake by the litters during lactation was higher in IS litters than in control litters (686 +/- 57 vs. 314 +/- 42 g/piglet, P < 0.01). The distribution of creep feed intake shifted from a skewed one, with a majority of litters consuming less than 250 g/piglet in control litters, to a normal distribution, with an average creep feed intake of 500 to 750 g/piglet in IS litters. During the 7 d after weaning, creep feed intake in IS litters was also higher (281 +/- 15 vs. 204 +/- 9 g-piglet(-1) x d(-1), P < 0.01). The ADG of piglets during lactation was negatively affected by IS, resulting in lower weight at weaning (7,229 +/- 140 vs. 7,893 +/- 145 g/piglet, P < 0.05). During the 7 d after weaning, however, ADG was higher in IS litters (255 +/- 10 vs. 177 +/- 8 g-piglet-1 x d(-1), P < 0.01), and 7 d after weaning, the weights of the litters were similar (9,011 +/- 167 vs. 9,132 +/- 164 g/ piglet, P = 0.81). The IS litters that consumed little or no feed during lactation had an ADG after lactation that was higher than in control litters, with comparable creep feed intake during lactation: 204 vs. 136 g/d. Body weight loss by the sows during lactation was lower in IS sows (-10 +/- 2 vs. -16 +/- 1 kg, P < 0.05). A higher percentage of IS sows ovulated during lactation (22 vs. 3%, P < 0.01), and weaning-to-ovulation interval (excluding sows with lactational ovulation) was shorter in IS sows (4.7 +/- 0.2 vs. 5.3 +/- 0.2 d, P < 0.05). We conclude that IS increased creep feed intake during lactation, and that IS increased ADG after weaning, despite lower weaning weights. Ovulation during lactation was induced in 22% of the IS sows.  相似文献   

19.
Sixteen bull calves were born in the Spanish Central Pyrenees in spring. They were either early (EW, 90 days of age) or normal weaned (NW, 180 days of age). At day 90, EW calves were placed on an intensive diet while NW calves were turned out with their dams to high mountain pastures. After summer, at day 180, NW calves were weaned and placed with EW calves on a common finishing diet until slaughter at the fixed age of 1 year. From birth to early weaning date, no performance differences appeared. However, EW calves gained faster (1.549 kg/day) than their unweaned counterparts (0.783 kg/day) from early to normal weaning date (P < 0.001). During the finishing period, NW calves showed compensatory growth, with a 44% higher ADG than EW calves (P < 0.001), with a similar feed intake and a better feed conversion ratio. Early weaned calves had a longer fattening phase than NW calves (264 vs. 158 days, respectively; P < 0.001) and thus total feed intake and feed costs were greater. When slaughtered at 1 year of age, EW and NW calves attained similar weight (489 vs. 510 kg, respectively; P > 0.05), but dressing percentage was higher for EW calves (56.9%) than for NW calves (55.2%) (P < 0.01), which led EW calves to have heavier carcasses, without differences in fat score or conformation. The different growth paths, the result of weaning management, did not affect meat tenderness, chemical composition and fatty acid profile, but affected meat lightness, with higher values for compensating calves (NW) than calves in continuous growth (EW). In conclusion, advancing weaning age modified calf performance without affecting substantially carcass characteristics, except for an improvement in dressing percentage, or meat quality.  相似文献   

20.
At weaning, low feed intake level is a major factor responsible for gut disorders. However, less is known on adaptation of the antibacterial activity of pancreatic juice in response to variations in feed intake level. Moreover bovine colostrum has been demonstrated to decrease coliform counts in duodenal digesta and to improve health status of weaned piglets. Aims of the present study were to evaluate effects of feed intake level and of a bovine colostrum-supplemented diet on the pancreatic secretion of antibacterial activity in piglets at weaning. At 33 days of age, twenty-eight piglets fitted with two permanent catheters (for pancreatic juice collection and reintroduction) were weaned and allocated to one of the following three dietary treatments for 5 days: low feed allocation with a starter diet (L), gradually increased feed allocation with a starter diet (Ctrl), or gradually increased feed allocation with a starter diet supplemented with bovine colostrum (Col). In Ctrl piglets, the post-weaning secretion of antibacterial activity did not significantly differed from pre-weaning values. The pancreatic secretion of antibacterial activity in L piglets was higher than that in Ctrl piglets at day 5 (+ 300%; P < 0.05). Moreover in Col piglets the secretion of the antibacterial activity tended to increase by 55% (P = 0.08) compared to Ctrl piglets. Variations in the pancreatic secretion of antibacterial activity could constitute an adaptive phenomenon to maintain bacterial homeostasis in the upper small intestine during the early post-weaning period.  相似文献   

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