首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
黄河流域粗泥沙集中来源区径流及输沙特征分析   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
本研究以黄土高原粗泥沙集中来源区面积最大且连续的区域(即北起皇甫川流域南至佳芦河流域地区)为研究对象,以1960~1999年为研究时段,分析了该区内水沙变化特征。结果表明:降水变化的作用和人类活动的影响已交叉融合在一起,使得该区降雨量、径流量、输沙量呈现减少的趋势。在同一时段内,皇甫川流域的降雨损失量最大,而秃尾河流域的降雨损失量最小。40年间皇甫川和佳芦河流域的洪峰和沙峰出现的月份基本上吻合,而孤山川、窟野河和秃尾河流域的输沙量最大的月份同时或滞后于径流量最大的月份。孤山川流域的水沙异源,长时段序列又进一步掩盖了其水沙关系,使得该流域的水沙关系较差,其余4条流域的水沙关系较好,且呈正相关增长趋势。  相似文献   

2.
新疆叶尔羌河源流区气候暖湿化与径流的响应研究   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  
应用卡群水文站和塔什库尔干气象站1961-2006年的观测资料,分析了叶尔羌河流域源区气温和降水的变化特征以及径流对气候变化的响应。结果表明:近46 a来叶尔羌河源区气温总体呈上升趋势,而降水量呈增加的趋势;对气温与降水序列进行统计检验,得出该地区气温增加的趋势显著,降水增加的趋势不显著,气温的增加趋势大于降水。气温是叶尔羌河源区径流量变化的主要影响因素,夏季平均气温与年径流量的相关系数最大,为0.81。与新疆地区其他河流不同的是,7-8月降水量与年径流量呈负相关的关系,相关系数为-0.57;在降水量不变的情况下,径流量随气温升高而增加;在气温不变的情况下,径流量随降水量的增加而减少。  相似文献   

3.
利用双累积曲线法、相关分析法分别对年和季降水径流关系进行了分析,探讨了径流与不同时段降水的响应关系,并通过多元线性回归法定量分析了径流对降水变化的响应程度。结果表明:(1)秃尾河流域年径流呈显著减少,年降水呈先减少后增加的趋势。(2)秃尾河流域四季径流均显著减少,夏季径流变化与年径流变化趋势一致;降水量则春季增加,夏季减少,而秋季和冬季降水先减少后增加,年降水变化主要受夏季和秋季降水变化的影响。(3)秃尾河流域夏季径流对同期降水的相关程度最强,冬季最弱;年径流与最大一个月降水的相关程度最高,其次为夏季。(4)相比于基准期,水土保持效应时期(1978—1998年),径流对降水变化的响应比重为27.4%,人类活动等其他因素的比重为72.6%,其中取用水比重为13.9%;资源开发期(1999—2000年),年径流对降水的响应比重为21.4%,人类活动等其他因素比重78.6%,其中取用水活动比重为17.4%。自人类大规模活动以来,人类活动始终是径流减少的主要影响因素,其中取用水比重有所增加;降水因素对径流减少的作用减小。  相似文献   

4.
近60年来玛纳斯河流域气候时空变化趋势分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
本研究以中亚典型冰川融化区玛纳斯河流域为例,研究玛纳斯河流域近60 a气候变化趋势,分析玛纳斯河流域上中下游气温及降水空间变化格局,运用墨西哥帽小波函数法对玛纳斯河流域气温及降水的周期规律进行分析。结果表明,近60 a来,玛纳斯河流域经历了一个增温趋湿的过程,气温、降水量的增加幅度分别为0.44℃/10a、11.6 mm/10a;在空间分布上,玛纳斯河流域气温增温幅度由上游到下游逐渐升高。年降水则呈现由上游到下游逐渐降低的相反趋势;玛纳斯河流域年平均气温有着明显的9 a周期震荡,并且年平均气温在未来一段时间将表现为增加趋势;全年降水存在明显的6 a周期震荡,同时年降水在未来的一段时间表现为丰水期。研究结果对研究干旱区区域尺度气候变化规律有一定借鉴意义。  相似文献   

5.
为能够较好的认识气候变化对冬雨型河流河川径流量的影响,更好的指导冬雨型河流水资源的合理开发利用,基于收集的水文气象资料,在分析研究区水文特性及气候变化规律的基础上,通过构建的三水源新安江水文模型及设定的不同气候情景,探讨了冬雨型河流河川径流量对气候变化的响应。结果表明:瓦赫什河降水主要发生于冬春季,夏季降水量偏少,降水对径流影响不大,气温的高低直接决定着瓦赫什河的河川径流量;山区与平原区降水均呈弱的增加趋势,气温均呈升高趋势,相对而言,平原区气温升高趋势比山区更明显;通过所构建水文模型及设定不同的气候情景可以看出,对于冬雨型河流在区域研究区气温的变化比降水量变化对河川径流量影响更加敏感,气温升高河川径流量增多明显;逐月平均径流以4月、5月和10月对气候的变化最为明显,其中以4月和10月增多最显著,以5月径流减少最明显。  相似文献   

6.
玛纳斯河流域绿洲区气候变化特征分析与预测   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
利用1964～2007年玛纳斯河流域绿洲区5个气象台站逐月气温、降水数据,建立玛河流域绿洲区年均气温、降水序列,利用一元线性回归、Mann-Kendall等方法分析研究区44年来气温、降水的变化特征.并利用均生函数预测模型对研究区未来5年气温、降水变化进行预测.结果表明:1)玛河流域绿洲区近44a来气温呈显著上升趋势,...  相似文献   

7.
叶尔羌河流域气温、降水及径流变化特征分析   总被引：14，自引：8，他引：14  
应用叶尔羌河流域的9个水文、气象站的观测资料,分析了叶尔羌河流域的气温、降水、径流的变化特征.结果显示:年代际时间尺度上叶尔羌河全流域以及帕米尔高原区、低山丘陵区、平原区在20世纪90年代以来呈明显的增暖、变湿趋势;44 a来年平均气温均呈显著的线性增加趋势,帕米尔高原区秋季温度上升最显著,平原区冬季升温最显著;帕米尔高原区与平原地区均以夏季降水的线性增湿最为显著;近50 a来,叶尔羌河流域中,仅提兹那甫河年径流量呈显著线性增加趋势,叶尔羌河年径流量虽然也呈线性增加趋势,但不显著;叶尔羌河与提兹那甫河年径流量自70年代以来呈反位相变化.  相似文献   

8.
应用径流量历时曲线、累积距平曲线、MK曲线、降雨量-径流量双累积曲线等方法对榆神府矿区典型河流秃尾河及窟野河年径流量变化特征进行分析。结果表明:秃尾河、窟野河径流量年内分配不均,丰水期集中在每年的3-4月份和7-8月份。1961-2013年间3-4月径流量占全年的比例变化不大,7-8月径流量占全年的比例逐步减小,减小幅度为7%、18%;年径流量表现出显著的下降趋势,降雨量呈不显著下降趋势;秃尾河及窟野河径流量在1979年和1992年具有显著突变点,原因是受人类活动影响开始显著,且影响程度随时间呈上升趋势;虽然窟野河径流量受人类活动影响开始的时间晚于秃尾河,但其受人类活动影响的程度明显高于秃尾河(分别为56%和30%)。结合海流兔河(无煤炭开采)径流量变化特征及煤炭资源开发状况,间接证明了高强度煤炭资源开采是河川径流量减少的关键因素。  相似文献   

9.
利用1961-2009年石羊河流域西营河径流量和气象资料,分析了近49年来径流量变化趋势、年内分配特征及与气象因素的内在关系.结果表明:近49年来西营河径流量总体呈减少趋势,冬、夏季减幅大于秋、春季;90年代四季径流量衰减明显,特别是年、春、夏季径流出现明显突变;年径流量补给主要以汛期雨水补给为主,雨水补给比例在逐渐增加,冬季积雪融水对径流量的补给比例在减少;流域内降水量呈较小的增加趋势,但是夏季降水增幅不明显.气温呈明显升高趋势,特别是冬季气温趋势系数最大,受其影响蒸发量均呈增大趋势;径流量与6-9月降水量呈显著正相关,但与7、8月气温、蒸发呈显著负相关.分析了未来气温、降水变化在不同情形下对径流量的可能影响,表明气温对径流量的负效应占据着主导作用,汛期气温的升高且伴随着蒸发的增大使年总径流量减少,气候变暖总体不利于流域径流量的增加.  相似文献   

10.
叶尔羌河流域气候变化特征及趋势分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
利用叶尔羌河流域五个气象台站长时序逐日气温和降水量数据,运用Mann-Kendall趋势检验和突变检验方法,分析近50多年来叶尔羌河流域气候要素变化特征,利用R/S分析法预测该区域未来气候变化趋势。结果表明:1)叶尔羌河流域属极端干旱区,近50年来降水量呈增加趋势,塔什库尔干、泽普和巴楚降水增加显著,有明显突变点;2)流域气温上升速率范围为0.239-0.375℃/10a,气温的上升均为突变升温,突变时间为20世纪90年代中期,塔什库尔干高海拔山区自2010年后气温增长较平原区迅速;3)通过R/S分析表明,叶尔羌河流域未来气候变化仍然与过去50年来的变化趋势一致,以暖湿趋势为主。  相似文献   

11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.  相似文献   

12.
Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.  相似文献   

13.
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.  相似文献   

14.
We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.  相似文献   

15.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.  相似文献   

16.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.  相似文献   

17.
Solacol®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.  相似文献   

18.
《干旱区科学》2014,(6):782-782
正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad  相似文献   

19.
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.  相似文献   

20.
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号