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1.
Kenneth D Newman 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice》2008,24(2):273-93, vi
Cesarean section is perhaps one of the more challenging surgical procedures performed on the farm; the veterinarian often has far less control over the patient, availability of assistance, and environmental contaminants. A number of variables may affect the successful outcome of this procedure for both the calf and cow; case selection is the most important and often overlooked variable. In addition, patient and surgeon preparation, surgical technique, calf viability at the time of surgery, and exteriorizing the uterus can affect outcome. Good surgical technique including gentle tissue handling, appropriate suture materials and patterns, adequate infolding of the uterine incision to prevent leakage, combined with antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medication when indicated can help minimize detrimental adhesions that may adversely affect the future reproductive efficiency of the cow. 相似文献
2.
OBJECTIVE: To report a technique for intra-partum ovariohysterectomy (OVH) in cows after severe uterine compromise after uterine torsion. STUDY DESIGN: Clinical case report. ANIMALS: Four cows with uterine torsion. METHODS: After a ventrolateral cesarean section, uterine closure, and uterine detorsion, the laparotomy incision was elongated (20 cm) caudally so that the uterus can be completely exteriorized. The uterus was separated from broad ligaments by transection between 2 rows of overlapping interrupted sutures placed in the broad ligaments to a point approximately 2 cm caudal to the external os of the cervix. The vagina was occluded with 2 clamps directly caudal to the external os of the cervix and closed with 5 single cruciate sutures that penetrated all layers, and then the vagina was transected between the suture line and external os to remove the uterus. The abdominal incision was closed in layers. Results- All cows survived the surgery; however, 1 died the next day from Escherichia coli sepsis and 1 was euthanatized at 8 days because of unresponsive E. coli mastitis. One cow, 28 days after surgery developed a 15 cm perivaginal abscess, which resolved after drainage. This cow and the fourth cow survived and lactated. CONCLUSIONS: Intra partum OVH is technically possible after cesarean section in cows with uterine compromise or necrosis after uterine torsion. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Ovariohysterectomy should be considered in cows with severe uterine torsion that have uterine tissue compromise to improve survival. 相似文献
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This article discusses different techniques that can be used in the diagnosis and treatment of obstetrical emergencies. Female reproductive emergencies commonly encountered by small animal practitioners include pyometra, dystocia, cesarean section, mastitis, eclampsia, uterine torsion, and uterine prolapse. A thorough knowledge of normal and abnormal reproductive behavior will aid the emergency veterinarian in successfully managing such cases. Timely diagnosis and treatment of these emergencies will often give a good outcome. 相似文献
5.
Brounts SH Hawkins JF Baird AN Glickman LT 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2004,224(2):275-279
OBJECTIVE: To determine the outcome and subsequent fertility of sheep and goats undergoing a cesarean section because of dystocia. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 85 sheep and 25 goats. PROCEDURE: Medical records were reviewed, and information was obtained on signalment, history, physical examination findings, anesthesia protocol, surgical technique, number of lambs or kids delivered, pre- and postoperative treatments, duration of hospitalization, and postoperative complications. Follow-up information was obtained through telephone conversations with owners. RESULTS: The proportion of sheep admitted to the veterinary teaching hospital during the study period that underwent a cesarean section (4.4%) was significantly higher than the proportion of goats that did (2.2%). Pygmy goats were overrepresented, compared with the hospital population. The most common reason for cesarean section was inadequate dilatation of the cervix. The most common surgical approach was via the left paralumbar fossa. Two hundred one lambs and kids were delivered, of which 116 were dead at delivery or died shortly afterward. Forty-two of the 65 dams with 1 or more dead fetuses had been in stage-2 labor for > 6 hours, and fetal death was significantly associated with a prolonged duration of dystocia. The most common complication following surgery was retained placenta (n = 49). Use of antimicrobials was associated with a lower rate of complications. All 16 dams that were rebred became pregnant and had no problems with dystocia. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that cesarean section is an effective method of resolving dystocia in sheep and goats and does not adversely affect subsequent fertility. 相似文献
6.
D A Stark 《Modern veterinary practice》1984,65(5):386-388
A mature Holstein cow became inappetent , dehydrated and weak, with a marked drop in milk production, 17 days after a dead calf was removed by cesarean section. Laparotomy revealed adhesions among the cecum, jejunum, colon, bladder and uterus. Transection of the adhesions resulted in recovery; however, the cow was sent to slaughter a month later because of apparent recurrence of the abdominal adhesions. 相似文献
7.
Milk production in Hereford cows was studied utilizing 2,487 lactation records on 926 cows. Data were collected over 17 yr (1968 to 1984) from two related herds. Estimates of daily milk yield were obtained at bimonthly intervals by the calf suckling technique. The sum of three monthly measures (TMY), a predicted sum of seven monthly observations (PMY) and 205-d weight of the calf were studied. Year, age of cow, age of dam at cow's birth and calf birth weight affected (P less than .05) all traits. Birth weight affected all measures of milk, with heavier calves obtaining more milk. Age of cow effects were significantly curvilinear, with PMY and TMY increasing for cows from 2 to 5 yr of age, but not differing for cows 6 yr and older. Age of cow effects on 205-d weight were similar to those for milk. As age of cow increased from 2 to 4 yr, 205-d calf weight increased. A leveling off in 205-d weight was observed for calves of cows 5 yr and older. Effects of age of dam of cow also were significant for all milk traits studied. As age of dam increased, PMY and TMY decreased. Highest milk yields were for cows born to and reared by 2-yr-old dams, intermediate milk yields for those by 3- and 4-yr-old dams and lowest yields by daughters of mature dams. Cows born to and reared by older dams produced less milk and weaned lighter calves. There were no interactions between age of cow and age of dam. This suggests a lasting detrimental effect of older cows on lactation yield of daughters. Thus, it appears that age of dam should be considered in evaluation of cow performance. 相似文献
8.
Keaton Schmidt Cindy Feng Tingxuan Wu Tanya Duke-Novakovski 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2021,62(9):961
Neonatal mortality rate (NMR) may be affected by maternal physical condition, anesthesia, and uterine incision or en-bloc neonate removal. The association of selected factors with number of dogs with dead puppies at hospital discharge was evaluated using 78 records. Data obtained at admittance for emergency cesarean section included: age, small or large body size, rectal temperature, packed cell volume, serum total protein, blood urea nitrogen, glucose, puppy in pelvic canal, and heart rate. Administration of opioids, propofol, alfaxalone, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, and anesthesia/surgical times and surgical technique were evaluated using Fisher’s exact tests. There were 238 live puppies and 38 dogs had 58 dead puppies; the NMR was 19.6%. Mortality was associated with puppy in the pelvic canal (P = 0.003) and duration of anesthesia > 80 minutes (P = 0.029). Age > 8 years (P = 0.054) and induction time to start of surgery > 30 minutes (P = 0.17) may be associated with mortality. Expedient cesarean section with obstructive dystocia and an induction time to start of surgery < 30 minutes are important for puppy survival. 相似文献
9.
A 2-year-old Red Holstein cow was presented with uterine torsion at 235 days of pregnancy. The fetus extracted by cesarean section had weak vital signs and marked abdominal distention. An edematous pouch that contained tubular structures with peristaltic activity was associated with the umbilical cord. Because of poor prognosis, both dam and fetus were euthanized. At necropsy, the fetus had severe distention of the forestomachs, abomasum, and proximal small intestine; absence of distal small intestine, cecum, and proximal colon; atresia of the 2 blind ends of the intestine; and atrophy of distal colon and rectum. The tubular structures associated with the umbilical cord were identified as the segments of intestine that were absent in the fetus. Intestinal atresia combined with ectopia may be caused by local ischemia during temporary herniation and rotation of the fetal gut into the extraembryonic coelom. The close connection between ectopic intestine and amniotic sheath of the umbilical cord in this case may have facilitated vascularization and allowed development and viability of the ectopic intestine. 相似文献
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Brown Swiss-Hereford (BS-H) reciprocal cross embryos were transferred to BS and H recipient cows and Red Poll-Angus (RP-A) reciprocal cross embryos were transferred to RP and A recipient cows to estimate the relative contributions of ovum cytoplasm and uterine influences to prenatal maternal effects. Calves resulting from embryo transfers (ET) were weaned early (3 to 5 d). Reciprocal cross mating also were made by natural service (NS) between BS and H and between RP and A breeds; part of the offspring were weaned at 3 to 5 d, and the remainder nursed their dams to an age of 150 to 180 d. This was done to estimate breed differences in prenatal and postnatal effects combined and to separate the effects of prenatal maternal influences from postnatal maternal influences of these breeds. Females produced in both ET and NS parts of the experiment were retained to produce three calf crops to an age of about 4.5 yr. The following traits were analyzed: percentage of conception rate; percentage of calf survival; percentage of calves produced per cow exposed; birth and weaning weights of calves produced; and periodic weights, heights, and condition scores of females to an age of 4.5 yr. Neither breed of donor (cytoplasmic influence) nor breed of recipient (uterine influence) had consistently important effects on the traits evaluated. In NS matings, differences between reciprocal crosses were small for most of the traits evaluated. Method of rearing (nursed vs weaned at 3 to 5 d) had no effect on reproductive and maternal traits for RP-A reciprocal cross females, but females that nursed generally were heavier, were taller, and had higher condition scores at most ages than early-weaned females. For the BS-H reciprocal cross, early-weaned females were favored over females reared by their dams in percentage of calves produced per cow exposed, but the method of rearing did not affect other reproductive or maternal traits. BS-H reciprocal cross females that nursed their dams were heavier at 550 d and were heavier and had higher condition scores at an age of 34 mo than early-weaned females. 相似文献
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Transmission of bovine brucellosis from dam to offspring under natural circumstances was demonstrated in a 2 1/2-year study of an infected cow and her calf. The cow delivered a full-term heifer calf after her first gestation. The calf remained with its dam until 7 months of age, then was placed in isolation until bred. During her first gestation, the second-generation heifer became seropositive for Brucella abortus. She later gave birth to a calf with B abortus infection, as determined by isolation of B abortus biotype 1 from stomach contents, heart blood, lung, and spleen of the calf. The same organism was isolated from the placenta and milk of the dam. 相似文献
12.
The knowledge of the interaction between mother and offspring might contribute to enhance the welfare of the offspring and to improve the reproductive efficiency of the cow. However, there is still little information available about such interaction in some cattle breeds. A series of observational studies were set up, addressing the mother–offspring relationships of Nelore, Guzerat and Gyr cattle breeds. Firstly, the behaviour of cows and calves around the time of parturition was described, and then, the underlying factors that affect the calves' survival and development were studied. Special attention was given to the failure or delay in the first suckling. The results together are indicative of genetic variability for some studied variables, indicating the possibility of selection for calf vigour (using latency to stand up and latency to suckle as its indicators) and maternal ability (using percentage of time in contact with the calves), in spite of the estimates of heritability were low and presented high standard deviation for all variables. The individual variability in their suckling behaviour and the efficiency in first suckling cannot be explained by a single isolated underlying factor. By now, there are some results available, although there are many questions without answers. The field is still open for the development of future research. 相似文献
13.
A P Davidson 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》2001,31(2):305-313
The use of uterine and fetal monitoring improves the outcome of canine obstetrics. Much of the guesswork of managing whelping can be eliminated. At normal term, absolute indications for cesarean section are detected with monitoring, before multiple fetal deaths or any serious maternal compromise occurs. Bitches with previous history of cesarean section may be able to whelp vaginally successfully, having medical intervention based on monitoring. The anxiety level of owners during whelping is diminished, and the level of participation of the veterinarian improves. 相似文献
14.
Sheila M McGuirk Michael Collins 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice》2004,20(3):593-603
Provision of an adequate immunoglobulin mass to dairy calves is an essential component for survival, health, and future productivity. To prevent FPT of immunity due to suckling of the dam, newborn dairy calves should be removed from the calving area within 30 minutes of birth. First and later lactation cows are suitable colostrum donors, provided they are healthy, well-vaccinated, have had optimal transition management, and an appropriate dry-period length. Early colostrum collection yields an adequate immunoglobulin mass provided that 3 to 4 L of colostrum is fed to the newborn calf. Regular testing for the adequacy of the dairy's colostrum feeding program is an excellent way to prevent calf health problems and identify potential need for CSs or replacement products. 相似文献
15.
The results of 77 caesarean sections in cattle carried out in a seven-person practice over a period of 16 months are described and evaluated. The standardisation of the surgical technique, the speed of decision making in dealing with dystocia, and the education of the farmers contributed to the 84 per cent calf survival rate, and post surgical complications were few. There was only one fatality in a dam. 相似文献
16.
Elzo MA Rae DO Lanhart SE Hembry FG Wasdin JG Driver JD 《Tropical animal health and production》2009,41(6):851-858
The objective of this research was to assess the association between 4 cow reproductive and weight traits, and 2 preweaning
calf traits and ELISA scores for paratuberculosis (0 = negative, 1 = suspect, 2 = weak-positive, and 3 = positive) in a multibreed
herd of cows ranging from 100% Angus (A) to 100% Brahman (B). Cow data were 624 gestation lengths (GL), 358 records of time open (TO), 605 calving intervals (CI), and 1240 weight changes from November to weaning in September (WC) from 502 purebred and crossbred cows. Calf data consisted of 956 birth weights (BWT), and 923 weaning weights adjusted to 205 d of age (WW205) from 956 purebred and crossbred calves. Traits were analyzed individually using multibreed mixed models that assumed homogeneity
of variances across breed groups. Covariances among random effects were assumed to be zero. Fixed effects were year, age of
cow, sex of calf, year × age of cow interaction (except WC), age of cow × sex of calf interaction (only for WC), and covariates
for B fraction of sire and cow, heterosis of cow and calf, and ELISA score. Random effects were sire (except for TO and CI),
dam, and residual. Regression estimates of cow and calf traits on ELISA scores indicated that lower cow fertility (longer
TO), lower ability of cows to maintain weight (negative WC), lower calf BWT, and lower calf WW205 were associated with higher
cow ELISA scores. Further research on the effects of subclinical paratuberculosis in beef cattle at regional and national
levels seems advisable considering the large potential economic cost of this disease. 相似文献
17.
The effect of an intravenous injection of 0.3 mg clenbuterol on myometrial activity, fetal heart rate and fetal outcome was studied in three groups of animals: six heifers in active labour at term, in which fetal oversize was diagnosed just before the drug was injected and whose calves were delivered by caesarean section within 50 minutes; four cows at the start of the expulsive stage of parturition which had been induced with flumethasone on day 270 of gestation; and in four parturient cows which had had electrodes implanted on the myometrium at least one week before calving was induced with flumethasone on day 270. Electrocardiograph electrodes were placed on the calf and an intrauterine pressure catheter was inserted between the calf and the uterine wall upon rupture of the amniotic membrane. Clenbuterol induced a significant decrease of myometrial activity for at least 20 minutes. Recovery was most rapid in the heifers in which an obstetrical examination had taken place during active labour. There was no significant effect on basal fetal heart rate but decreases in heart rate were absent as long as uterine contractions were inhibited. The fetal outcome, judged either before or at birth by blood pH, base-excess and PCO2 and by a clinical examination, was not adversely affected. 相似文献
18.
I A Gardner J P Reynolds C A Risco D W Hird 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1990,197(8):1021-1024
A 12-month study was undertaken in a 9-veterinarian dairy practice to determine patterns of uterine prolapse and factors associated with posttreatment survival. Of 220,000 cows in herds visited by veterinarians from the practice, 200 (0.09%) developed prolapses mostly (155/169 with data) in the first 24 hours after calving. Most cows (130/200) had prolapses during fall and winter months, and assistance was required in 47 of 200 calvings that resulted in prolapses. Treatment of affected cows (n = 196) consisted of cleansing and replacement of the uterus, insertion of perivulvar retention sutures, local and systemic administration of antibiotics, and parenteral administration of dexamethasone and oxytocin. Calcium was administered to cows with milk fever (n = 117) and to multiparous cows without milk fever attended by veterinarian 9 (n = 8). Crude recovery rate after 2 weeks was 72.4%, but recovery was significantly better if the calf was born alive (P = 0.001), the cow was primiparous (P = 0.03), the cow did not have stage-3 milk fever (P = 0.003), or if the cow was attended by veterinarian 9 (P = 0.01). Time to treatment was not significantly associated with recovery, but affected cows were treated mostly (127/156) within 2 hours of occurrence of the prolapse. By multivariable analysis, presence of a liveborn calf, parity, and lack of stage-3 milk fever, but not attending veterinarian, were significant (P less than 0.05) prognostic indicators of 2-week survival. 相似文献
19.
Congenital Neospora caninum infection in dairy cattle and associated calfhood mortality. 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5 
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下载免费PDF全文 A prospective cohort study was undertaken on two central California dairies, A and B, to estimate prevalence of congenital infection with Neospora caninum, to characterize temporal variation in prevalence, to determine if occurrence of congenital infection was associated with specific dam and calf attributes, and to estimate the effect of congenital infection on calfhood mortality. Of the 405 calves enrolled over a period of 2 1/2 y on dairy A and dairy B, 30.6% (85/278) and 53.5% (68/127), respectively, were seropositive precolostrally to N. caninum, as determined by an ELISA test. Adult cow seroprevalence at calving was 36.0% (82/228) for dairy A, and 57.9% (33/57) for dairy B. No evidence was found for a significant increasing or decreasing trend in adult and precolostral seroprevalence through the study period (P > or = 0.26). For both herds combined, 81% of seropositive cows (93/115) and 5% of seronegative cows (8/170) had congenitally infected calves. Seroprevalence did not increase with cow age on either dairy (P > or = 0.47). The probability of a calf being congenitally infected was not associated with dam age, dam lactation number, dam history of abortion, calf gender, or length of gestation (P > or = 0.11). High dam ELISA values at calving were significantly associated (P < or = 0.001) with an increased probability of congenital infection in her calf. Results of survival analyses of female calves available for follow-up indicated a consistently greater survivorship to 90 d in congenitally infected calves than in noninfected calves on both dairies, which was significant for dairy A (P = 0.07, n = 186) but not for dairy B (P = 0.69, n = 72), thus indicating that congenital infection does not necessarily have a detrimental effect on calf health. The findings of a similar magnitude in congenital infection rate and adult cow prevalence, the lack of increasing seroprevalence with cow age, the lack of an effect of dam age on precolostral seropositivity, and the constant seroprevalences during the study period, suggest that, in the two dairies studied, congenital transmission constituted a substantial amount of infection and was likely the major mode of transmission of N. caninum. 相似文献
20.
Many beef herds with less than ideal reproductive efficiency have an 85-90% pregnancy rate, a breeding season longer than 90 days, and less than 60% of the calf crop born in the first 21 days of the calving season. The previous years' fertility levels should be used as a guideline for estimating calf losses and assessing improvement after implementation of reproductive programs. Acute infectious causes of reproductive inefficiency tend to be expressed as abortion or delayed conception. Management-related reproductive problems are common and involve inadequacies in nutrition, replacement heifer development, bull fertility and cow culling. 相似文献