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1.
Mosses, lichens and pine bark were compared as indicators of atmospheric heavy metal deposition in Finland. The samples were collected from the nationwide sampling network systematically covering the country as a whole. All three bioindicators showed a fairly similar result concerning heavy metal deposition. The major emission sources and the areas affected were reflected in the metal concentrations in the samples. However, there were differences between the accumulation of metals. The correlation between concentrations in mosses and lichens was generally higher than that between mosses and bark or lichens and bark. Concentrations in lichens were the highest and lichens reflected the regional differences in background areas as well as the local emission sources. The concentrations in the mosses were slightly lower than those in lichens and also the mosses pinpointed the emission sources and the extend of the areas polluted. Bark had the lowest concentrations and bark did not generally reveal regional differences as well as mosses and lichens. In spite of the differences, all three bioindicators proved to be suitable for monitoring atmospheric heavy metal deposition. 相似文献
2.
Winfried Schröder Marcel Holy Roland Pesch Harry Harmens Ilia Ilyin Eiliv Steinnes Renate Alber Yuliya Aleksiayenak Oleg Blum Mahmut Coşkun Maria Dam Ludwig De Temmerman Marina Frolova Marina Frontasyeva Laura Gonzalez Miqueo Krystyna Grodzińska Zvonka Jeran Szymon Korzekwa Miodrag Krmar Eero Kubin Kestutis Kvietkus Sébastien Leblond Siiri Liiv Sigurður Magnússon Blanka Maňkovská Juha Piispanen Åke Rühling Jesus Santamaria Zdravko Spiric Ivan Suchara Lotti Thöni Viktor Urumov Lilyana Yurukova Harald G. Zechmeister 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2010,10(8):1572-1584
Purpose
This study aimed at investigating correlations between heavy metal concentrations in mosses and modelled deposition values as well as other site-specific and regional characteristics to determine which factors primarily affect cadmium, lead and mercury concentrations in mosses. The resulting relationships could potentially be used to enhance the spatial resolution of heavy metal deposition maps across Europe.Materials and methods
Modelled heavy metal deposition data and data on the concentration of heavy metals in naturally growing mosses were integrated into a geographic information system and analysed by means of bivariate rank correlation analysis and multivariate decision trees. Modelled deposition data were validated annually with deposition measurements at up to 63 EMEP measurement stations within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP), and mosses were collected at up to 7,000 sites at 5-year intervals between 1990 and 2005.Results and discussion
Moderate to high correlations were found between cadmium and lead concentrations in mosses and modelled atmospheric deposition of these metals: Spearman rank correlation coefficients were between 0.62 and 0.67, and 0.67 and 0.73 for cadmium and lead, respectively (p?<?0.001). Multivariate decision tree analyses showed that cadmium and lead concentrations in mosses were primarily determined by the atmospheric deposition of these metals, followed by emissions of the metals. Low to very low correlations were observed between mercury concentrations in mosses and modelled atmospheric deposition of mercury. According to the multivariate analyses, spatial variations of the mercury concentration in mosses was primarily associated with the sampled moss species and not with the modelled deposition, but regional differences in the atmospheric chemistry of mercury and corresponding interactions with the moss may also be involved.Conclusions
At least for cadmium and lead, concentrations in mosses are a valuable tool in determining and mapping the spatial variation in atmospheric deposition across Europe at a high spatial resolution. For mercury, more studies are needed to elucidate interactions of different chemical species with the moss. 相似文献3.
上海市区公园土壤重金属含量及其污染评价 总被引：22，自引：0，他引：22
通过对上海市区44个公园土壤重金属含量的调查,发现市区公园表层土壤Pb、Zn、Cu和Cr的平均含量分别为55.1mg kg-1,198.5 mg kg-1、44.6 mg kg-1、77.0 mg kg-1。以上海土壤背景值为标准,用内梅罗指数法综合评价上海市区公园土壤重金属污染状况为:绝大部分公园为轻污染,9个为中度污染,7个达重度污染。通过对公园土壤重金属含量的空间分析发现:内环线附近公园土壤Pb、Zn和Cu的平均含量最高,Cr的平均含量以内外环线之间公园为最高。上海市区公园较严重的重金属污染可能来源于交通和工业污染,与公园建成时间无显著性相关。 相似文献
4.
Abstract. Total concentrations of heavy metals in soils were measured before and after the catastrophic floods of 1997, which devastated most districts within the commune of Racibórz in southern Poland. The assays covered lead, zinc, cadmium, chromium, nickel and copper. Analyses on soil samples taken in 2002, after the floods, were compared with those of 1992, taken as part of regular monitoring. There was an increase in the mean concentrations of heavy metals as a consequence of the flooding. Only a small part of this increase may be due to changes in the method of analysis between the two dates. The mean concentrations of heavy metals after flooding did not exceed the permissible levels for Polish soils. Permission was therefore granted to continue using much of the flooded land for farming. However, the investigations located a number of places where heavy metals were above permissible levels. Some of these were a consequence of the floods, but others were considered to be due to contamination from previous industry. Where high concentrations were found, land was excluded from agricultural use. 相似文献
5.
The value of several biological monitors of the distribution of airborne Cr and Ni dust was studied in the vicinity of ferrochrome and stainless steel works. The following indigenous biomonitors were compared: the forest mosses Pleurozium schreberi and Hylocomium splendens, the epiphytic lichen Hypogymnia physodes, bark of Scots pine (Pinus silvestris), needle litter, earthworms (Dendrobaena octaedra) and moths (mainly Xylena vetusta). Results were compared and related to the heavy metal deposition estimated by the vertical snow sampling method. The representative sampling size at different pollution levels was investigated. In Cr it varied from 1 to 300 mg m?2 a?1. Of the biomonitors studied, the mosses showed most effective accumulation of heavy metals, their results having a clear relationship to the deposition and good replicability. The lichen gave almost as good results as the mosses. Both mosses and lichens collected heavy metals more effectively at low to moderate pollution loads than near the pollution source. The accumulation of heavy metals in bark was lower than in the mosses or lichen. The heavy metal content of earthworms indicated the degree of pollution well, but the replicability of the method was poor. The accumulation of heavy metals in moths was low. 相似文献
6.
【目的】为了解大同市城区公园表层土壤中重金属污染特征、健康风险和污染来源。【方法】于2021年4月在大同市7个公园共采集54个0～10 cm表层土壤样品,测定铬（Cr）、锰（Mn）、钴（Co）、镍（Ni）、铜（Cu）、锌（Zn）、砷（As）、镉（Cd）、铅（Pb）含量,利用地累积污染指数法、潜在生态风险指数法和健康风险评价模型评价土壤重金属污染程度,并采用绝对主成分-多元线性回归模型解析重金属污染来源及其贡献率。【结果】大同市公园表层土壤中9种重金属含量均高于山西省A层土壤背景值。其中,所调查的公园土壤中As、Cd和Pb含量分别是土壤背景值的2.27、18.93和2.77倍。文瀛湖公园表层土壤重金属污染最严重,其次是御河公园,Cd是主要污染因子。Mn对成人和儿童造成的非致癌健康风险最大,其次是As和Cr;经呼吸吸入途径造成的非致癌健康风险高于经口摄入途径和皮肤接触途径。【结论】大同市各公园表层土壤中重金属对成人造成的非致癌健康风险指数均在可接受范围内,而对儿童造成的非致癌健康风险指数均远大于1.0,存在非致癌风险。Co对成人和儿童造成的致癌健康风险指数均大于1×10-4,存在致癌风险。... 相似文献
7.
Spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCP) and trace metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, V and Zn) were analysed from 75 lake surface sediments across the UK. Trace metals were additionally analysed from catchment mosses (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) from 43 of the sites but were absent from the remainder. Spatial distribution of SCP concentration and trace metal concentrations in sediments and mosses showed good agreement with each other and with known emission sources. Particles were allocated to their fuel-type and spatial trends in these data showed good agreement with potential sources. High areas of oil particle deposition were identified in the south-east of England, Merseyside, Galloway / Northern Ireland, the Firth of Forth and eastern Scotland. Oil SCP concentrations showed good agreement with Ni and V concentrations in mosses suggesting an atmospheric source for these metals from the combustion of this fuel. Characterised SCP trends also showed good agreement with predictions from models such as HARM and EMEP. Most high deposition areas of metals and particles were found to coincide with population centres suggesting a possible impact on human health. 相似文献
8.
The mechanisms for translocation of heavy metals from soil to epigeal mosses were investigated. The first mechanism was demonstrated
for 137Cs and involved the uplifting of the pollutant-containing dust from the soil, followed by the local secondary deposition on
surfaces of epigeal mosses and epiphytic lichens. The second mechanism involved the diffusion of metal cations from the soil
through water wetting the moss into the gametophyte. The mechanism was demonstrated by measuring the electric conductance
of wetted gametophytes with single ends immersed in solutions of Cu and Na salts. In addition, the concentrations of Cu and
Cd were compared in moss samples exposed to the natural soil and to the soil contaminated with the metals. The exposition
to the contaminated soil resulted in the statistically significant increase of metal concentrations in the gametophytes. 相似文献
9.
The concentrations of selected metals—Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb—were determined in the samples of Hypogymnia physodes lichen and Pleurozium schreberi moss collected in Polish and Czech Euroregions Praded and Glacensis. More specifically, the samples were collected in Bory Stobrawskie, Bory Niemodlińskie, and Kotlina K?odzka (Poland) and in Jeseniki (Czech Republic). The concentration of metals in the samples was measured using the atomic absorption spectrometry (flame AAS technique and electrothermal atomization AAS technique). The results were used to calculate the comparison factor (CF) that quantifies the difference in concentration of a given bioavailable analyte × accumulated in lichens and mosses: CF?=?2 (c x,lichen ? c x,moss) (c x,lichen + c x,moss)?1. The values of CF greater than 0.62 indicate the most probable location of heavy metals deposited in the considered area. In this work, the method was used to show a significant contribution of urban emissions to the deposition of heavy metals in the area of Bory Stobrawskie and in the vicinity of K?odzko City. 相似文献
10.
Aquatic mosses have been used to study four accidental discharges of the heavy metals Cd, Zn and Hg or the chlorinated hydrocarbons pentachlorophenol (PCP) and lindane in highly contrasting river types. Hg, PCP and lindane moss concentrations reached 880, 4500 and 350 ng g?1, respectively. In the case of Cd and Zn, water samples and transferred bioindicators were taken simultaneously throughout an accidental discharge. The very high dissolved metal concentrations reached during this accident (9 mg L?1 Zn, 90 μg L?1 Cd) induced accumulation by the mosses of up to 28 mg g?1 for Zn and 225 μg g?1 for Cd. The increase in concentrations in the mosses was as rapid and substantial as in the water, the time lag due to accumulation kinetics being almost zero. On the other hand, the memory effect enabled mosses to retain marked evidence of Cd, Zn, Hg, PCP and lindane up to 13 days after the accident when difference from background levels can hardly be detected in the water. The four case studies, which killed fish, but not the mosses, show that the previously established scales of quality based on the analysis of aquatic mosses are well suited to estimating the potential damage to the aquatic ecosystem as a whole. 相似文献
11.
Krystyna Bojarczuk Barbara Kieliszewska-Rokicka 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2010,207(1-4):227-240
A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of high concentrations of available Cu and Pb in soil originated from the vicinity of a copper foundry in Poland (Cu, 2,585–3,725 mg kg?1 d.wt.; Pb, 1,459–1,812 mg kg?1 d.wt.) on the growth and chemical constituents of Betula pendula seedlings. Control plants grew in unpolluted forest soil. Dry matter accumulation in the plants during the growing season and root/leaf mineral content were determined. Colonization of birch roots by ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi also was evaluated, as was soil dehydrogenase activity for influence of the metals on soil microorganisms. The heavy metals negatively affected seedling growth, ECM colonization, and soil dehydrogenase activity. A reverse relationship was found between ECM abundance and heavy metal concentrations in birch leaves, indicating the potential of mycorrhizas to protect the aboveground part of young silver birch seedlings from elevated environmental levels of Cu and Pb. 相似文献
12.
上海城市中心区不同类型绿地土壤重金属污染特征 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
对上海城市中心城区公园绿地土壤和道路绿地土壤中Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd和Ni的污染特征进行了研究,发现除Cr和Ni外,土壤中重金属均出现富集现象,且公园绿地土壤中重金属含量普遍低于道路绿地土壤;土壤重金属污染潜在生态风险评价结果表明6种重金属中,Cd污染最严重,其潜在生态危害系数最高,总体上公园绿地土壤重金属污染潜在生态风险处于中等水平,而道路绿地土壤重金属污染则处于较高水平,且均受Cd污染控制;多元统计分析结果表明,中心城区绿地土壤中重金属主要源于交通排放和工业活动释放,道路绿地土壤重金属更易受交通排放污染的影响。 相似文献
13.
贵州喀斯特山区锑冶炼厂对农业土壤污染特征的影响及风险评价 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5
以贵州省晴隆县大厂镇喀斯特山区废弃锑冶炼厂周围的农田土壤为研究对象,研究了距离冶炼厂烟囱不同距离12个表层土壤样点和5个典型土壤剖面中重金属含量。结果表明表层土壤主要污染元素为Sb、Zn、Pb、Hg、As和Cu,分别是贵州省土壤背景值的58.58、11.96、7.99、7.45、6.70和1.60倍;土壤剖面中8种主要重金属元素垂直变化规律各异,不同层次重金属含量（(Pb除外）)均表现为：距离冶炼厂烟囱越近含量越高,平均含量由高到低依次为：Mn>As>Sb>Cu>Cr>Pb>Hg>Cd,均明显高于全国土壤背景值的平均水平。其中,As、Cr、Mn和Hg平均含量差异较大,与对照相比,主要污染元素为Sb、Hg和As,Hg和As分别为国家土壤环境质量Ⅱ级标准的4.7倍、4.4倍;其次是Cd和Cu,分别为国家Ⅱ级标准的3.0倍、2.7倍。相关分析和聚类分析表明,土壤主要受重金属Cr、Cd、Cu、Sb和As复合污染。采用单因子污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数法对该地区农田土壤进行了环境风险评价,各层次Cr、Cd、Cu和As含量均超标,污染严重,综合污染指数在1.21 ~ 14.83之间,以重度污染为主;耕作层污染程度由高到低顺序为：大厂村（(冶炼厂）)>中心街村>碧康组>田坝组,均属于重度污染,表层污染土壤（(0 ~ 20 cm）)种植农作物存在一定的风险。 相似文献
14.
Total contents of Pb, Zn and Cu were examined in twenty-five soilprofiles of forested Dystric Cambisols developed from granite andgneiss in the area of the Sudetes Mountains (SW Poland). Sequential extraction of heavy metals was also carried out to study relations between metal content and soil compounds. Profile distribution differed among the metals examined: Pb concentrations decreased gradually from surface with depth, whereas those of Zn increased with depth of soil profile, obtaining their maximum in the bedrock horizon. Cu was found to accumulate in topsoil and decrease with depth, but showed secondary increase of the concentration in bedrock. Organic matter was found to be a crucial factor of Pb binding and distribution, while iron oxides played the most important rolein Zn binding. Both organic matter and oxides were important factors of Cu distribution. The results of sequential extractionshow that all studied elements are mobile under strong acidicconditions in investigated Cambisols. Thus, total contents of Zn and Cu in bedrock cannot be used as geochemical background or as reference levels for assessing the contamination of soilsurface with these metals. 相似文献
15.
In a series of laboratory experiments employing radiotracer methodology, the uptake of Cd,Cr, and Zn by Sphagnum papillosum Lindle moss from solutions of deionized water and bogwater was investigated. Bioaccumulation of the metals was a passive process, since living anddead moss accumulated metal equally. No significant differences were found in metal uptake ratesfrom single metal solutions and mixed metal solutions, suggesting insignificant competitionbetween the metals occurred at the low concentration range used (10-10 to 10-7 M). Metaluptake conformed with Freundlich adsorption isotherms. Concentration factors of metals inSphagnum papillosum in bog water (103 for Cd and Zn, 102 for Cr) were lower than in deionizedwater (104 for Cd and Zn, 103 for Cr), possibly due to metal complexation by dissolved organicmatter, competition by other major cations present in the bog water (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) orcomplexation by chlorides in the bog water. While earlier studies have demonstrated the potentialof using sphagnum mosses for monitoring environmental metal contamination, these experimentsare the first to assess metal uptake in moss using low, environmentally realistic metalconcentrations. The results confirm that mosses would be very effective bioindicators ofenvironmental metal concentrations because the concentration of metal in the moss rapidly anddirectly reflects the metal concentrations in the ambient water. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(8):1121-1135
The aim of this work was to determine gallium contents in different soils of Poland using a sensitive spectrophotometric method based on the complex of Ga(III) with chrome azurol S and benzyldodecyldimethylammonium bromide and inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry technique. The total content of gallium in the soils clearly depends on the soil location and properties and ranged from 41.7 to 437 μg g–1. The contents of gallium determined in 10% nitric acid and 1 M of magnesium chloride extract ranges respectively from 38.0 to 81.9% and 20–40% of the total content of this element. A strong correlation has been found between gallium and zinc, cadmium, lead, and copper. The high Pearson correlation coefficient values and the proportional relationship between the concentrations of Ga and these metals may make it possible to treat gallium as an indicator of soil contamination with heavy metals. 相似文献
17.
Spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCPs) from the sediments of 48 Irish lakes were enumerated and characterised according to fuel type. The concentration of metals was determined in the surface sediments and in selected mosses from the catchments of these lakes. Generally the metal concentrations in both the surface sediments and mosses were consistent with background levels found in the remote parts of Europe. Where higher metal concentrations occurred these could often be accounted for by local geochemical sources. SCP levels in the sediments of the selected lakes along the east coast were of sufficient magnitude to suggest a transboundary influence notwithstanding local sources. SCP characterisation also suggests the influence of emissions in Northern Ireland on deposition, particularly in the north-west of Ireland. There was reasonable correlation between the concentration of oil particles in the surface sediments and vanadium, but not with nickel, in mosses. SCP concentrations were not correlated with measured physical characteristics of the lakes. The level of deposition indicated is not likely to have a significant impact on human health over and above the damaging effects of urban dwelling but the adverse impact of this deposition on acid-sensitive surface waters in Ireland has been recorded. 相似文献
18.
Concentrations of trace metals in mosses Hylocomium splendens (Hs) and Pleurozium schreberi (Ps) are compared along with wet deposition at 8 sites in Sweden. Cd, Mn, Zn and Cr concentrations were similar in both mosses, while Cu, Fe, Pb, Ni and V levels were 14 to 24% higher in Hs than in Ps. The comparison to wet deposition estimates indicates that concentrations in mosses are also influenced by other factors than the adsorption of precipitation. No correlation was observed between the wet deposition of Mn, Cr and Ni and moss concentrations. 相似文献
19.
Guilan Duan Hongmei Zhang Yunxia Liu Yan Jia Ying Hu 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(5):637-646
Pig-biogas residue is widely used as organic fertilizer for rice (Oryza sativa L.) in China. To evaluate the risk of heavy metal contamination in paddy soil and rice grains caused by long-term pig-biogas residue fertilization, this study was conducted in paddy fields which had been fertilized continuously with pig-biogas residue for 8 years. We found that pig-biogas residues contained high concentrations of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). As a result, the concentrations of these four metals in paddy soils and rice grains sampled from biogas residue fertilized fields were significantly higher than those from control fields. In addition, in biogas residue fertilized fields, the concentrations of these four metals rapidly increased in the tillage layer compared with those in deep soil layers, and biological availability was significantly higher than in control fields. Moreover, we found that the accumulation of these four metals in paddy soils and rice grains increased in the second year compared with the first year. To reduce heavy metal accumulation in rice grains, we screened for rice genotype among 20 local rice genotypes. We found obvious genotypic differences in grains’ accumulation of heavy metals, and identified some rice genotypes which had low accumulation of multiple heavy metals. These low-accumulating genotypes predicate the possibility to reduce heavy metal accumulation in rice grains grown in pig-biogas residue fertilized fields. 相似文献
20.
The concentrations of fly-ash particles were studied in the surface sediments of 42 lakes in Estonia. Concentrations of both spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCPs) and inorganic ash spheres (IASs) were determined and the particles chemically characterised to different fuel types. This was accompanied by trace metal analyses from lake surface sediments and catchment mosses in order to determine the distribution of atmospheric pollutants. The obtained spatial distribution data for fly-ash particles varied to a great extent, partly due to differences in sedimentation rates but mainly due to higher deposition in industrial areas. The distribution patterns of the different particle types in lake sediments, as well as the trace metals in mosses, show that the deposition of airborne particulates is of local origin around pollution sources and that the share of long-range transported atmospheric impurities is high along the main cyclonic routes in Estonia. 相似文献