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1.
Agricultural production systems are complex involving variability in climate, soil, crop, tillage management and interactions between these components. The traditional experimental approach has played an important role in studying crop production systems, but isolation of these factors in experimental studies is difficult and time consuming. Computer simulation models are useful in exploring these interactions and provide a valuable tool to test and further our understanding of the behavior of soil–crop systems without repeating experimentation.Productivity erosion and runoff functions to evaluate conservation techniques (PERFECT) is one of the soil–crop models that integrate the dynamics of soil, tillage and crop processes at a daily resolution. This study had two major objectives. The first was to calibrate the use of the PERFECT soil–crop simulation model to simulate soil and crop responses to changes of traffic and tillage management. The second was to explore the interactions between traffic, tillage, soil and crop, and provide insight to the long-term effects of improved soil management and crop rotation options. This contribution covers only the first objective, and the second will be covered in a subsequent contribution.Data were obtained from field experiments on a vertisol in Southeast Queensland, Australia which had controlled traffic and tillage treatments for the previous 5 years. Input data for the simulation model included daily weather, runoff, plant available water capacity, and soil hydraulic properties, cropping systems, and traffic and tillage management. After model calibration, predicted and measured total runoffs for the 5-year period were similar. Values of root mean square error (RMSE) for daily runoff ranged from 5.7 to 9.2 mm, which were similar to those reported in literature. The model explained 75–95% of variations of daily, monthly and annual runoff, 70–84% of the variation in total available soil water, and 85% of the variation in yield. The results showed that the PERFECT daily soil–crop simulation model could be used to generate meaningful predictions of the interactions between crop, soil and water under different tillage and traffic systems.Ranking of management systems in order of decreasing merit for runoff, available soil water and crop yield was (1) controlled traffic zero tillage, (2) controlled traffic stubble mulch, (3) wheeled zero tillage, and (4) wheeled stubble mulch.  相似文献   

2.
For precision agriculture to provide both economic and environmental benefits over conventional farm practice, management strategies must be developed to accommodate the spatial variability in crop performance that occurs within fields. Experiments were established in crops of wheat (Triticum aestivum) over three seasons in two fields. The aim was to evaluate a set of variable rate nitrogen strategies and examining the spatial variation in crop response to applied N. The optimum N application rate in the field with three different soil series (predominantly calcareous silty clay loam over oolitic limestone) was uniform across the field. In contrast the other field with uniform soil type (slightly calcareous brown clay loam), provided a more variable response. Estimates of yield potential, produced from either historic yield data or shoot density maps derived from airborne digital photographic images, were used to divide experimental strips into management zones. These zones were then managed according to two N application strategies. The results from the historic yield approach, which is currently the most practical commercial system, based on 3 yr of yield data, were variable with no overall yield or economic advantages. It was concluded that that this approach may not provide a suitable basis for varying N rates. The shoot density approach, however, offered considerably greater potential as it takes account of variation in the current crop. Using this approach, it was found that there was insufficient variation in the shoot density in the field with diverse soil types. However, in the field with the uniform soil type, applying additional N to areas with a low shoot population and maintaining the standard N rate to areas with an average shoot population resulted in an average strategy benefit of up to 0·46 t ha−1 compared with standard farm practice. It is necessary to combine the ‘real-time’ data on relative crop structure, obtained by remote sensing with ground truth assessments and absolute benchmark values to successfully adjust N input levels to maximise yield.  相似文献   

3.
The aim of this study was to investigate how electromagnetic induction can be used to improve the characterization of N dynamics in a 1.2 ha pasture. The soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) was measured by electromagnetic induction using an EM38DD. At 116 locations, soil samples were taken according to a clustered sampling design, three times during one winter, and analyzed for the NO3––N content in the topsoil (0–60 cm). Management zones were delineated using a fuzzy k-means classification of the interpolated ECa measurements. Two ECa zones were found, reflecting mainly differences in soil texture. Since the mean NO3––N content was different for the two ECa zones (24 and 65 kg/ha in November 2002), the residuals were interpolated using stratified simple kriging. This allowed evaluating the NO3– dynamics during the winter in both zones; one ECa zone showed a higher risk for NO3– losses than the other calling for a site-specific N management. As a validation, NO3––N was interpolated using ordinary kriging without stratification. This resulted in similar zones confirming the usefulness of the ECa measurements to assess N-specific management zones, even within small fields.  相似文献   

4.
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5.
An analysis of the potential of precision farming in Northern Europe   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Abstract. Precision farming is the process of adjusting husbandry practices within a field according to measured spatial variability. In this review, we explore the prospects for precision farming using the principles that underly conventional soil management and agronomy. The cost-effectiveness of precision farming is determined by the cost of defining zones within fields, the stability of zones through time, the difference in treatment between zones in terms of cost, and the responsiveness of the crop in terms of yield and quality to changes in treatment. Cost-effective precision farming is most likely where prior knowledge indicates large heterogeneity and where treatment zones can be predicted, for example from soil type or field history. Soil related factors are likely to provide the main basis for precision farming because they tend to be stable through time and influence crop performance. In particular, soil mapping may usefully indicate the moisture available for crop growth, organic matter maps may be utilized for precision application of fertilizers and soil acting herbicides, and variation in soil pH can be mapped and used as a basis for variable lime application. However, comprehensive nutrient mapping is less likely to be economic with existing techniques of chemical analysis. The value of yield mapping lies in identifying zones which are sufficiently stable to be of use in determining future practices. Maps of grain quality and nutrient content would significantly augment the value of yield maps in guiding marketing decisions and future agronomy. Interactions between soil differences and seasonal weather are large, so yield maps show considerable differences from season to season. Interpretation of such maps needs to follow a careful, informed, analytical process. Extensive and thorough field experimentation by crop scientists over many years has shown that yield variation arises as a result of a large and complex range of factors. It is highly improbable that simple explanations will be appropriate for much in-field yield variation. However, the capacity to sense yield variability within fields as opposed to between fields, where there are many confounding differences, provides an opportunity for the industry to improve its understanding of soil-based effects on crop performance. This should support its decision taking, whether through precision farming or through field-by-field agronomy. The main obstacle to the adoption of precision farming is the lack of appropriate sensors. Optimal sensor configurations that will measure the specific needs identified by end-users need to be developed. The conclusions reached in this paper probably apply to farming throughout northern Europe.  相似文献   

6.
Soil water conservation is critical to long-term crop production in dryland cropping areas in Northeast Australia. Many field studies have shown the benefits of controlled traffic and zero tillage in terms of runoff and soil erosion reduction, soil moisture retention and crop yield improvement. However, there is lack of understanding of the long-term effect of the combination of controlled traffic and zero tillage practices, as compared with other tillage and traffic management practices.In this study, a modeling approach was used to estimate the long-term effect of tillage, traffic, crop rotation and type, and soil management practices in a heavy clay soil. The PERFECT soil–crop simulation model was calibrated with data from a 5-year field experiment in Northeast Australia in terms of runoff, available soil water and crop yield; the procedure and outcomes of this calibration were given in a previous contribution. Three cropping systems with different tillage and traffic treatments were simulated with the model over a 44-year-period using archived weather data.Results showed higher runoff, and lower soil moisture and crop production with conventional tillage and accompanying field traffic than with controlled traffic and zero tillage. The effect of traffic is greater than the effect of tillage over the long-term. The best traffic, tillage and crop management system was controlled traffic zero tillage in a high crop intensity rotation, and the worst was conventional traffic and stubble mulch with continuous wheat. Increased water infiltration and reduced runoff under controlled traffic resulted in more available soil water and higher crop yield under opportunity cropping systems.  相似文献   

7.
Soil properties can vary spatially due to differences in topography, parent material, and land management practices. For site-specific management within the field, information on spatial variation of soil properties is essential. This case study was conducted to quantify the spatial variability of available plant nutrients and organic matter under arable cropping in New Zealand. Within a 10.4-ha paddock that had a long-term history of arable cropping, 91 samples (0–7.5 cm) were collected in a grid pattern for determination of mineral nitrogen (Min N), anaerobically mineralizable N (AMN), Olsen P, total carbon (TC), and total N (TN). The data were evaluated using geostatistical and classical statistical methods. Although the paddock had a flat topography and had been managed uniformly for many years, nutrient concentrations exhibited substantial variability. All measured variables except mineral N showed moderate positional dependence. Autocorrelation distances were 400 m for Olsen P, 293 m for AMN, and 347 m for TC. Soil C showed a strong, positive correlation with the amount of clay plus fine silt (<5 µm fraction) and a negative correlation with sand content. These results suggest that textural variation was a major factor influencing within-field variability in soil organic matter. Using the spatial data, zones with different plant nutrient requirements were identified (four for N; two for P). An application strategy that accounts for fertility differences between zones may improve fertilizer use efficiency and contribute to better environmental outcomes; P inputs could be reduced by 50% by avoiding application to the high Olsen P zone.  相似文献   

8.
Abstract

Field studies were made to determine the yield and quality of wheat at different landscape positions managed with uniform vs. variable rates of nitrogen (N). A moderately‐eroded wheat farm near Thana (Swat) was divided into four parallel transects which were further divided into two strips each. On one strip, fertilizer was applied at a uniform rate of 120 kg N ha‐1, and along the other strip, three different rates of N (80, 110, and 125 kg N ha‐1) were applied to match the crop productivity patterns. A basal dose of 90 kg P2O5 and 60 kg K2O ha‐1 was applied to the whole field. Soil profiles were described for the three different zones, i.e., low, medium, and high productivity zones. Soil in Zone I was Pirsabak, moderately deep variant, and in Zones II and III, Badwan soil series. Although uniformly fertilized strip (120 kg N ha‐1) received 40 and 10 kg N ha1 more than Zone I and Zone II (variable management strategy), there were no significant differences in yield. The differences in three fertilizer management zones were due to differences in moisture content at sowing, infiltration rate, lime content, steepness, and soil depth. Test weight of wheat grains was not significantly affected. Protein content of wheat was significantly higher in variably fertilized strips than in uniformly treated strips. Based on these results, it is suggested that farms with spatially‐variable soils should be fertilized according to the crop productivity and soil fertility patterns.  相似文献   

9.
Soil porosity and organic matter content influence the hydrology, thermal status and productivity of agricultural soils. Shape, size and continuity of soil pores are determined by tillage practices. Thus appropriate tillage and mulch management can conserve residual soil moisture during the post rainy season. This can play a key role in enhancing productivity under the rainfed ecosystem of subhumid region in eastern India. A field study was carried out on a fine loamy soil from 1993–1994 to 1995–1996. Two tillage treatments were conventional ploughing (150 mm depth) and shallow ploughing (90 mm) depth. Each tillage practice was tested with three mulch management viz., no mulch, soil dust mulch and rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw mulch. Soil organic carbon, bulk density, moisture retentivity, soil temperature with productivity and water use pattern of barley (Hordium vulgare L.) were measured.Reduction in ploughing depth resulted in nominal increase in profile (0.0–1.2 m) moisture status, yield, and soil thermal status at 14:00 and water use efficiency (WUE). However, it decreased the magnitude of soil temperature in the morning (07:00). Straw mulch conserved 19–21 mm of moisture in the profile (1.2 m) over the unmulched condition. Both soil dust and rice straw mulching elevated soil thermal status at 07:00 as compared to unmulched condition, but this trend was reversed at 14:00. Straw mulching significantly increased grain yield and WUE over soil dust mulch and unmulched condition. Impact of straw mulch was more pronounced under shallow ploughing depth. Shallow tillage with rice straw mulching is recommended to the farmers to obtain higher level of yield and water use efficiency.  相似文献   

10.
The impact of age (5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 years) on chemical characteristics of mineral soil under an age sequence of alder-cardamom agroforestry stands was studied in the Eastern Himalayas. The seasonal variation in soil organic carbon (OC), soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), forms of phosphorus (total P, organic P, inorganic P, available P, fractionated forms of P), mineral nitrogen, potential N mineralization and nitrification was measured in the chronosequence across three replicate sites each having six representative stand ages. We hypothesized that nutrient stocks would be lower in younger agroforestry stands, would eventually increase with stand age due to the influence of alder but then decline as the stands mature further. The expected pattern of increasing soil nutrient stocks with stand age did occur with a peak at 15–20 years; nutrient stocks then substantially declined in 30- to 40-year-old stands. A significant seasonality, which coincided with cardamom flowering and fruiting, was observed in soil nutrient contents and N transformation rates. The 15–20-year-old stands had the highest nutrient pools and potential N transformation rates, whereas the youngest and oldest stands had the lowest nutrient pools. Soil acidity increased with stand age. Soil pH was negatively related to stand age and SOM in the linear regression. Nutrient dynamics varied with age depending on the successional stage, which limited soil nutrient availability for plant uptake after the 20-year point. The performance of both alder and cardamom was reduced after this age likely due to limited soil nutrient availability and nutrient dynamics as a result of recurrent biomass removal – part of the traditional management practice. This study concludes that the ecological and economic sustainability of this particular agroforestry system is possible by adopting a 20-year re-plantation cycle for alder and cardamom, and a phase-wise agroforestry rotation.  相似文献   

11.
采用传统统计学和地统计相结合的方法，在GIS支持下研究了浙江省上虞市海涂围垦区一块面积为10．5hm^2的棉田在3个不同耕作时期上盐分的时空变异性，在此基础上进行了该棉田的精确分区管理研究。结果表明，海涂围垦区盐碱地土壤表层盐分具有较高的变异性，盐分变异的空问结构在时间上保持了相对稳定。盐分分布的空问趋势图显示该棉田东部地区的盐分含量较高，而北部和西部地区盐分含量相对较低。时间稳定性图显示了盐分在时间上的稳定和不稳定区域。将空间趋势图和时间稳定性图叠加所产生的管理分区图，显示了4个潜在的管理子区。最后棉花产量数据被用来验证所划分的管理子区的适用性。研究表明，根据划分的管理分区，可以对海涂围垦区土壤盐分进行精确的田问管理。  相似文献   

12.
For precision agriculture to provide both economic and environmental benefits over conventional farm practice, management strategies must be developed to accommodate the spatial variability in crop performance that occurs within fields. Experiments were established in crops of winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) over three seasons. The aim of which was to evaluate a set of variable rate nitrogen strategies and examining the spatial variation in crop response to applied N. The optimum N application rate varied from 90 to in excess of 160 kg [N] ha−1 in different parts of the field, which supports the case for applying spatially variable rates of N. This, however, is highly dependent on seasonal variations, e.g. the quantity and distribution of rainfall and the effect that this has on soil moisture deficits and crop growth. Estimates of yield potential, produced from either historic yield data or shoot density maps derived from airborne digital photographic images, were used to divide experimental strips into management zones. These zones were then managed according to two N application strategies. The results from the historic yield approach, based on 3 yr of yield data, were inconsistent, and it was concluded that that this approach, which is currently the most practical commercial system, does not provide a suitable basis for varying N rates. The shoot density approach, however, offered considerably greater potential as it takes account of variation in the current crop. Using this approach, it was found that applying additional N to areas with a low shoot population and reducing N to areas with a high shoot population resulted in an average strategy benefit of up to 0·36 t ha−1 compared with standard farm practice.  相似文献   

13.
[目的]研究多穗柯在重庆市生长环境的土壤养分和有机质含量的差异,为该区野生甜茶的资源管理提供参考。[方法]采集多穗柯生长区土壤样品,对土壤样品化学性质进行测定。[结果](1)经过不同地区土壤剖面有机质含量比较,重庆市奉节龙池乡华吉村多穗柯生长区土壤表层有机质在各个地区含量最多,为3.95g/kg,并对多穗柯茶生长区土壤化学性质具有很大的影响。(2)各个地区多穗柯生长区土壤剖面化学性质存在显著性差异,尤其是土壤全N含量在土壤表层和深层存在及其显著性差异。(3)土壤全N含量在重庆梁平龙胜乡龙胜村样地表层出现最大值,达到了0.94g/kg;土壤速效钾含量也是在重庆市梁平龙胜乡龙胜村样地表层出现最大值,达到了115mg/kg;土壤速效磷含量在重庆北碚东阳镇艾路村样地出现最大值,为4.7g/kg。[结论]依据多穗柯甜茶生长区土壤肥力状况差异,结合样地实际情况分析表明,重庆市梁平龙胜乡龙胜村地区的土壤肥力水平在各个调查样地是最优的。  相似文献   

14.
Abstract. In general, agricultural management has focused on differences between fields or on the gross differences within them. Recent developments in agricultural technology, yield mapping, Global Positioning Systems and variable rate applications, have made it possible to consider managing the considerable variation in soil and other properties within fields. This system is known as precision agriculture. More precise management of fields depends on a better understanding of the factors that affect crop input decisions. This paper examines the spatial variation in crop yield, soil nutrient status and soil pH within two agricultural fields using geostatistics. The observed properties vary considerably within each field. The relation between yield and the measured soil properties appears to be weak in general. However, the range of spatial correlation for yield, shown by the variogram, is similar to that of the soil chemical properties. In addition the latter changed little over two years. This suggests that information on the scale of variation of soil chemical properties can be derived from yield maps, which can also be used as a guide to a suitable sampling interval for soil properties.  相似文献   

15.
Soil fertility status of continuously cultivated, chemical-fertilized banana fields of the south Indian states, Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamilnadu, in relation to seasons and varieties is assessed. The major goals were to identify soil types in terms of soil fertility characteristics and specific banana varieties of the region. The focus was to assess specific soil parameters favoring specific varieties, if any, towards global applications. Altogether 286 soil samples collected at random from 143 fields of 13 cultivated varieties, representing 47 different soil series in two seasons, are analyzed and compared. Soil pH and nutrient parameters of different banana variety cultivated fields remained significantly different. Total phosphorus and potassium content of these soils remained normal, but soil nitrogen content was low. The investigation remains a good model for the inventory of specific soil types, soil nutritional characteristics, and ecological amplitude of specific crop of high varietal diversity over a broad area.  相似文献   

16.
Sewage sludge application to semiarid grassland may represent a beneficial means of utilizing this waste product for restoration of degraded sites. Consequently, dried municipal sewage sludge was applied at three rates (22.5, 45, and 90 Mg ha–1) to a degraded semiarid grassland soil in order to determine the effects of sludge amendments on forage productivity, soil heavy metal content, and metal uptake by blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis).Soil and plant properties in control and amended plots were measured after 1, 2, and 5 growing seasons.Soil nutrients increased linearly with increased sludge application in the first two growing seasons. Consequently, forage quality and total production of blue grama improved significantly over the unamended control as the tissue levels of N, P, K, and crude protein increased. Cadmium and Pb in the sludge-treated plots did not increase significantly over the control after 1 and 2 growing seasons. Levels of DTPA-extractable soil micronutrients (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn) increased linearly with increased sludge application rate to soil concentrations recommended for adequate plant growth. Soil N, P, and K concentrations remained higher in the sludge-amended soils after 5 growing seasons, while Cu and Cd increased to slightly above desireable limits as the soil pH decreased to 7.4 and 7.0 in the 45 and 90 Mg ha–1 treatments, respectively. However, with the exception of Mn which remained within desirable limits, metal concentrations (including Cu and Cd) in blue grama tissue were not significantly different from the control treatment after five growing seasons. Based on soil and plant tissue metal concentrations, it appears that sludge applied at rates between 22.5 and 45 Mg ha–1 will maintain the most favorable nutrient levels coupled with significant improvements in forage production in this semiarid grassland environment.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

Variable‐rate technology provides crop producers with the opportunity to vary the crop and soil management practices. The objective of this study was to assess the temporal and spatial stability of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), zinc (Zn), pH, and soil organic matter (OM) for precision nutrient management. This study was conducted over three growing seasons on a continuous maize (Zea Mays L.) production field in northeastern Colorado, USA. Soil samples were collected using a soil sample grid size of 76.2 m×76.2 m. The field was classified into areas of low, medium, and high productivity potential management zones. Spatial statistical analysis was performed. Measured soil parameters varied significantly over space and time (p<0.01). Management zones were effective in identifying homogenous subregions within the field across time (p<0.01). The data suggest that management zones account for spatial and temporal variability for the various soil parameters evaluated in this study.  相似文献   

18.
Denitrification rates were studied using the C2H2 inhibition technique in a 2-year field experiment within plots of nodulated and non-nodulated faba beans, ryegrass, and cabbage. Denitrification rates ranged from 14.40 to 0.02 ng N2O–N g–1 soil dry weight h–1. Mean denitrification increased fourfold in plots of N2–fixing Vicia faba compared to non-nodulated V. faba mutant F48, Lolium perenne, and Brassica oleracea. The results with and without C2H2 treatment indicate that in the field the major part of this enhanced denitrification led to the endproduct N2 rather than to the ozone-degrading N2O. Higher denitrification rates of plots with N2–fixing plants in September seemed to be caused by an increase in soil NO inf3 sup- of about 20 kg ha–1 found between July and August. Soil NO inf3 sup- and soil moisture explained 67% of the variation in denitrification rates of the different soil samples over the growing seasons in the 2 years. Soil moisture explained 44% of the variation for soil planted with N2–fixing plants and 62% for soil planted with non-fixing plants. Positive exponential relationships were obtained between denitrification rates and soil nitrate (r=0.71) and soil moisture (r=0.82).  相似文献   

19.
Five field experiments were conducted to study the effects of continuous plastic film mulching on rice yield, water use efficiency and soil properties on different soils with great environmental variabilities in Zhejiang Province, China, under non-flooding condition. The experiment started in 2001 at five sites and ended in 2003 with one rice crop annually. Three treatments included plastic film mulching with no flooding (PM), no plastic film mulching and no flooding (UM), and traditional flooding management (TF). Soil samples were collected after the third year of the experimentation and were analyzed for soil properties. PM increased soil temperature, accelerated decomposition of organic carbon and root growth, there was a slight but statistically insignificant trend of decline in soil bulk density. PM produced the similar rice grain yield as TF at two sites, significantly higher grain yield (5.8% and 20.0% higher) at other two sites, but significantly lower (34.3% lower) yield at one site where no irrigation water was applied and rainfall was the sole water source for rice growth. PM increased water use efficiency by 69.6–106.0% and irrigation water use efficiency by 273.7–519.6%. Compared to TF, PM decreased soil organic matter content by 8.3–24.5%, soil total N by 5.2–22.0%, and available K by 9.6–50.4% at all sites. PM treatment also reduced soil available N by 8.5–26.5% at four sites. Soil total P content in PM treatments reduced by 13.5–27.8% at three sites, and increased by 6.6–8.2% at other two sites. However, PM increased soil available P by 20.9–64.7% at all sites. Systematic cluster analysis indicated the PM treatment distinctively clustered from the other treatment. These results suggested PM could gain higher yield under appropriate water condition and PM may change soil nutrient cycle.  相似文献   

20.
基于多源数据的县域冬小麦氮肥调控管理分区   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
为便于对县域尺度冬小麦进行精确氮肥调控,该文以安阳县冬小麦种植区为研究对象,在3S技术的支持下,利用定性和定量相结合的分析方法,分别对影响冬小麦氮肥调控的重要因子,如地形、土壤类型、土壤养分和光谱信息等多源数据,进行聚类和综合叠加分析,以确定最终的县域氮肥调控管理分区。基于土壤养分和产量的管理分区划分结果评价表明,各级分区土壤养分和产量的变异系数均有所减低,其中三级分区的21个子区为最终分区结果,其管理分区之间的土壤理化性质差异显著,有机质、碱解氮和产量变异系数均值分别降低70%、53%、66%。基于光谱数据的管理分区划分结果评价表明,不同分区内归一化植被指数(NDVI)的集中程度明显提高。分区结果可以作为冬小麦氮肥调控的决策单元,为精确农业管理提供有效途径。  相似文献   

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