耕作措施对华北地区冬小麦田N2O排放的影响   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

黄光辉  张明园  陈阜  张海林 《农业工程学报》2011,27(2):167-173

为研究不同耕作措施对冬小麦田N2O排放的影响以及探明N2O排放季节性波动的原因,该研究选取河北栾城县中国科学院农业生态系统试验站不同耕作处理下冬小麦田为研究对象,利用静态箱法测定翻耕秸秆还田（CT）、旋耕秸秆还田（RT）和免耕秸秆还田（NT）下冬小麦田N2O的排放。结果表明,耕作初期72 h翻耕、旋耕及免耕处理N2O排放总量分别为3.83、10.27、10.55 mg/m2。秸秆还田条件下,不同耕作措施冬小麦田N2O季节排放总量为：CT＞RT＞NT。CT、NT处理下N2O排放通量与0～20 cm各层次土壤温度呈极显著正相关。CT、NT处理表层0～5 cm土壤N2O排放通量与土壤充气孔隙度显著性负相关。NT处理土壤具有较高的C/N比,可能有利于减少N2O的排放。因此,华北冬小麦田采用NT能有效减少N2O排放。  相似文献   

保护性耕作条件下小麦田N2O排放及影响因素研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

赵建波  迟淑筠  宁堂原  李增嘉  谷淑波  裘立群  吕美容  田慎重 《水土保持学报》2008,22(3)

采用静态箱—气相色谱法对保护性耕作和常规耕作小麦田的N_2O排放进行了原位测量,测量了土壤温度、水分、无机氮等相关影响因子。结果表明:(1)保护性耕作及常规耕作麦田N_2O的排放具有明显的季节性变化规律,各处理变化趋势较为一致。(2)N_2O的平均排放通量和季节排放量,除免耕秸秆还田外,保护性耕作与常规耕作差异显著。(3)在小麦生长季内,保护性耕作农田均表现为N_2O的排放源。(4)各处理N_2O季节排放量大小顺序为:耙耕秸秆还田(1.64 kg/hm~2)>旋耕秸秆还田(1.59 kg/hm~2)>常规耕作秸秆还田(1.48 kg/hm~2)>深松秸秆还田(1.42 kg/hm~2)>常规耕作无秸秆还田(1.34 kg/hm~2)>免耕秸秆还田(1.33 kg/hm~2),即,与常规耕作相比,保护性耕作(除免还)N_2O排放量增加。(5)温度是制约N_2O排放的关键因素,随着温度的升高N_2O表现出增加的趋势。(6)N_2O排放与水分、土壤无机氮含量无相关性。  相似文献   

科学耕作与留茬改良小麦-玉米两熟农田土壤物理性状及增产效果   总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2  

赵红香  迟淑筠  宁堂原  田慎重  王丙文  李增嘉 《农业工程学报》2013,29(9):113-122

为了探讨不同覆盖耕作方式对农田土壤物理性状及作物产量的影响,该试验研究了免耕、常规2种耕作方式和4种留茬高度的玉米秸秆还田处理,对麦-玉两熟农田土壤含水率、容重、孔隙度以及作物产量的影响。结果表明:在0～40cm土层内,秸秆还田的集雨和保水效果显著,免耕留茬0.5m还田处理的含水率比免耕无覆盖处理增加了15.95%。秸秆还田量对0～40cm内土壤贮水量的影响不同。耕作措施显著影响了土壤容重,小麦播种前常规留茬1m还田、常规全量还田处理容重低至1.0g/cm3左右。秸秆还田能增加土壤总孔隙度、降低毛管与非毛管孔隙度的比值。单一免耕处理降低了作物产量,而免耕覆盖能增产,其留茬1m还田处理比无还田处理增产22.44%,比常规留茬0.5m还田处理高3.64%。因此,免耕留茬1m还田处理在改善农田土壤物理性状和增加作物产量方面显著,该研究可为农田管理过程中耕作措施和秸秆还田量的选择提供参考依据。  相似文献   

少免耕模式对冬小麦花后旗叶衰老和产量的影响   总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5  

江晓东  迟淑筠  李增嘉  宁堂原  王芸  邵国庆 《农业工程学报》2008,24(4):55-58

小麦开花后旗叶的生理活性对产量存在显著影响.为了研究少免耕耕作体系对冬小麦旗叶衰老状况的影响,采用4种土壤耕作模式(常规耕作秸秆还田、旋耕秸秆还田、耙耕秸秆还田、免耕秸秆覆盖)在山东龙口进行了3年田间试验,研究了耕作模式对小麦产量及花后不同时期旗叶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)和可溶性蛋白含量的影响.结果表明:与常规耕作秸秆还田模式相比,旋耕秸秆还田和耙耕秸秆还田模式旗叶衰老过程中活性氧清除系统的自动调节能力较强,SOD、POD活性变化幅度较常规耕作模式平稳;免耕覆盖模式小麦旗叶在蜡熟期MDA含量显著低于其他模式,而可溶性蛋白含量显著高于其他模式,表现出明显的贪青晚熟的特点.旋耕秸秆还田和耙耕秸秆还田模式产量与常规耕作秸秆还田差异不显著,免耕秸秆覆盖模式产量显著低于其他耕作模式.研究表明短期(1～3年)少耕耕作模式可以在该地区应用,而免耕覆盖则不适宜.  相似文献   

不同耕作措施下豆麦双序列轮作农田温室气体的排放特征及其增温潜势   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

王娟  蔡立群  张仁陟 《土壤通报》2013,(1):57-63

基于甘肃农业大学在定西市李家堡镇开展的保护性耕作长期定位试验,采用CO2分析仪、静态箱-气相色谱法对2011年度不同耕作措施下豆麦双序列轮作农田土壤CO2和N2O的排放通量进行全年连续观测。结果表明:测定期内不同耕作措施下豆麦双序列轮作农田土壤均表现为CO2源和N2O源;免耕不覆盖有利于降低两个序列土壤的CO2排放通量,免耕秸秆覆盖、免耕不覆盖和传统耕作+秸秆还田三种保护性耕作处理不同程度的减少了两个序列土壤的N2O排放通量;两个序列下CO2的相对增温潜势最大,W→P→W序列传统耕作+秸秆还田处理对温室效应贡献最多,相反免耕不覆盖处理能相对减少温室气体排放量,从而降低温室效应;P→W→P序列传统耕作不覆盖处理对温室效应的贡献最大,传统耕作+秸秆还田处理对温室效应贡献最小,对温室气体有减排效应。  相似文献   

少免耕对灌溉农田冬小麦/夏玉米作物水、肥利用的影响   总被引：68，自引：9，他引：68  

江晓东  李增嘉  侯连涛  王芸  王雪  颜红 《农业工程学报》2005,21(7):20-24

土壤耕作可影响土壤硝态氮的淋失、土壤的贮水量和作物的水分利用效率。为了研究少免耕在冬小麦套作夏玉米一年两熟灌溉农田对作物产量、水分利用效率和土壤硝态氮含量的影响，采用了5种土壤耕作体系(常规耕作无秸秆还田、常规耕作秸秆还田、旋耕秸秆还田、缺口圆盘耙耕秸秆还田、免耕秸秆覆盖)在山东龙口进行了田间试验。利用烘干法测定了土壤含水率，利用连续流动分析仪测定了土壤硝态氮的含量。结果表明：相对于常规耕作，少耕特别是旋耕还田方式能够增加土壤贮水量、提高作物水分利用效率和全年作物产量，提高土壤0～60 cm层次硝态氮含量、减少硝态氮的淋失。以旋耕还田为主的耕作体系可以在该地区应用，而免耕覆盖则不适宜。  相似文献   

不同土壤耕作模式对冬小麦籽粒品质的影响   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4  

江晓东  迟淑筠  李增嘉  吕美容  王芸  史桂萍  迟岩慧  郑延海 《农业工程学报》2007,23(7):54-57

冬小麦籽粒的品质受土壤环境影响。为了研究不同土壤耕作模式对冬小麦籽粒品质的影响，采用了5种土壤耕作模式(常规耕作秸秆不还田、常规耕作秸秆还田、旋耕秸秆还田、缺口圆盘耙耕秸秆还田、免耕秸秆覆盖)在山东龙口进行了3年田间试验，测定了冬小麦籽粒蛋白质品质、面团流变学特性和淀粉糊化特性。结果表明：少耕模式特别是旋还模式有利于改善籽粒蛋白质质量、改善面粉的加工品质，免覆模式对改变面条蒸煮品质有利。土壤耕作可改变土壤环境，但耕作方式对冬小麦品质的长期影响仍有待于进一步研究。  相似文献   

不同农业措施下冬小麦田N2O排放通量的特征   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

万运帆  李玉娥  高清竹  刘运通  秦晓波 《中国农业气象》2008,29(2):130-133

利用静态自动箱连续观测系统对冬小麦农田翻耕（对照）、秸秆覆盖、免耕、秸秆深施和有机肥5种农业措施条件下N2O排放通量进行了监测。结果表明,各处理中N2O高排放通量均在12：00—17：00,低排放通量在0：00—3：00;冬小麦孕穗期N2O排放通量与气温和土壤5cm处温度显著相关;拔节期的水肥同期会导致15～20d的N2O排放高峰。不同农业措施N2O排放量大小顺序是有机肥〉免耕〉秸秆覆盖、秸秆深施和对照,差异极显著,而秸秆覆盖、秸秆深施和对照三种措施之间N2O排放量差异不明显。研究结果对估算不同农业措施下冬小麦田N。O的排放量有一定的参考价值。  相似文献   

不同耕作措施下小麦–玉米轮作农田温室气体 交换及其综合增温潜势   总被引：13，自引：7，他引：6  

闫翠萍  张玉铭  胡春胜  董文旭  王玉英  李晓欣  秦树平 《中国生态农业学报》2016,24(6):704-715

研究不同耕作措施下小麦-玉米轮作农田N_2O、CO_2和CH4等温室气体的综合增温潜势,有助于科学评价农业管理措施在减少温室气体排放和减缓全球变暖方面的作用,为制定温室气体减排措施提供依据。基于2001年开始的位于华北太行山前平原中国科学院栾城农业生态系统试验站的不同耕作与秸秆还田方式定位试验,应用静态箱/气相色谱法于2008年10月冬小麦播种时开始,连续两个作物轮作年动态监测了秸秆整秸覆盖免耕播种(M1)、秸秆粉碎覆盖免耕(M2)、秸秆粉碎还田旋耕(X)、秸秆粉碎还田深翻耕(F)和无秸秆还田深翻耕(CK,代表传统耕作方式)5种情况下冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田土壤N_2O、CO_2和CH4排放通量,并估算其排放总量。试验期间同步记录每项农事活动机械燃油量、灌溉耗电量、施肥量,依据燃油、耗电和单位肥料量的碳排放系数统一转换为等碳当量,测定作物产量、地上部生物量,估算农田碳截存量,根据每个分支项对温室效应的作用估算了5个处理的综合增温潜势。结果表明,华北小麦-玉米轮作农田土壤是N2O和CO2的排放源,是CH4的吸收汇,每年M1、M2、X、F和CK农田土壤N2O排放总量依次为2.06 kg(N_2O-N)·hm~(-2)、2.28 kg(N_2O-N)·hm~(-2)、2.54 kg(N_2O-N)·hm~(-2)、3.87 kg(N2O-N)·hm~(-2)和2.29 kg(N2O-N)·hm~(-2),CO_2排放总量依次为6904 kg(CO_2-C)·hm~(-2)、7 351 kg(CO2-C)·hm~(-2)、8 873 kg(CO_2-C)·hm~(-2)、9 065 kg(CO2-C)·hm~(-2)和7 425 kg(CO2-C)·hm~(-2),CH4吸收量依次为2.50 kg(CH4-C)·hm~(-2)、1.77 kg(CH4-C)·hm~(-2)、1.33 kg(CH4-C)·hm~(-2)、1.38 kg(CH4-C)·hm~(-2)和1.57kg(CH4-C)·hm~(-2)。M1和M2处理农田生态系统综合增温潜势(GWP)均为负值,表明免耕情况下农田生态系统为大气的碳汇,去除农事活动引起的直接或间接排放的等当量碳,每年农田生态系统净截留碳947~1 070 kg(C)·hm~(-2);其他处理农田生态系统的GWP值均为正值,表明温室气体是由系统向大气排放,CK、F和X每年向大气分别排放等当量碳3 364 kg(C)·hm~(-2)、989 kg(C)·hm~(-2)和343 kg(C)·hm~(-2)。故华北小麦-玉米轮作体系中,秸秆粉碎还田旋耕是最优化的耕作措施,其温室效应相对较低,而又能保证较高的经济产量。  相似文献   

不同农作措施对棕壤玉米田N_2O排放及碳足迹的影响     

《中国农业气象》2016,(3)

于2014年5-9月在辽河平原棕壤地区春玉米地设置不施氮肥(对照,CK)、常规施肥(F)、吡啶尿素包衣(FP)、常规施肥加生物黑炭(FC)以及常规施肥加秸秆半量还田(FS)5个试验处理,每处理3次重复,在玉米整个生育期观测N_2O的排放情况,对比分析5种农作措施对农田土壤N_2O排放及玉米生产过程中碳足迹的影响效果。结果表明:(1)施肥对N_2O排放有明显影响,其排放通量主要受施肥时间和施肥量的影响,施肥后排放通量较高,其中基肥和追肥阶段排放的N_2O分别占全生育期N_2O累积排放量的24.3%~27.3%和32.0%~38.2%;(2)各施肥处理中N_2O的排放量均高于CK处理,但与F处理(常规施肥)相比较,FP、FC和FS处理N_2O累积排放量分别降低了30.2%、22.7%和9.4%,其中FP的减排效果最好;(3)各施肥处理碳足迹均显著大于CK。除CK外,FP和FC处理的碳足迹较低,分别较F处理降低了19.5%和14.8%;FP处理的碳强度最低、碳效率最高,与其它农作措施相比,是高产低排效果最优的措施;(4)施用氮肥的直接N_2O排放占玉米生产全周期中碳排放的最大份额,其占比为74.9%~89.0%,其次是化肥生产过程的碳排放,其占比为13.4%~17.8%。因此,适当减少氮肥用量,提高氮肥利用率是降低玉米生产过程碳足迹的关键,本研究中,吡啶尿素包衣处理(FP)是棕壤区春玉米生产过程碳足迹管理的最优措施。  相似文献   

不同还田方式下北方旱作小麦秸秆腐解规律研究     

王娜  李萍  宗毓铮  张东升  郝兴宇 《核农学报》2020,34(7):1613-1619

为揭示不同还田方式下北方旱作小麦秸秆腐解规律,以小麦秸秆为试验材料,采用尼龙网袋法,于2014-2015年度在山西临汾保护性耕作长期定位试验区进行试验,设置秸秆还田旋耕(SRT)、秸秆覆盖免耕(SNT)2个处理,分析不同耕作方式下小麦秸秆的纤维素、半纤维素、木质素、有机碳、全氮含量以及秸秆腐解率、有机碳矿化率、全氮释放率的变化。结果显示,经过375 d的田间腐解,SRT秸秆腐解率为50%,SNT秸秆腐解率为31%。SRT秸秆的纤维素、半纤维素、木质素的平均腐解率分别为65%、45%、53%,SNT分别为56%、30%、39%;SRT秸秆有机碳的矿化率为57%,SNT为40%;SRT秸秆全氮素释放率为15%,SNT为36%。研究表明,SRT可加快秸秆腐解与组成成分的分解,SNT有利于秸秆氮素的释放,可减少农田氮投入。SNT秸秆有机碳矿化率低可减少农田碳循环速率,提高麦田固碳能力。本研究结果对我国北方旱作小麦秸秆还田管理具有一定的借鉴参考价值。  相似文献   

Nitrous oxide emissions in a winter wheat – summer maize double cropping system under different tillage and fertilizer management          下载免费PDF全文

M. Huang  T. Liang  L. Wang 《Soil Use and Management》2015,31(1):98-105

An accurate estimation of nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission from 110 million ha of upland in China is essential for the adoption of effective mitigation strategies. In this study, the effects of different tillage practices combined with nitrogen (N) fertilizer applications on N₂O emission in soils were considered for a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) – summer maize (Zea mays L.) double cropping system. Treatments included conventional tillage plus urea in split application (CTF1), conventional tillage with urea in a single application (CTF2), no‐tillage with straw retained plus reduced urea in a split application (NTSF1) and no‐tillage with manure plus reduced urea in a split application (NTMF1). The amounts of N input in each treatment were 285 and 225 kg N/ha for wheat and maize, respectively. Both NTSF1 and NTMF1 were found to reduce chemical N fertilizer rates by 33.3% (wheat) and 20% (maize), respectively, compared to CTF1 and CTF2. N₂O emissions varied between 3.2 (NTSF1) and 9.9 (CTF2) kg N₂O‐N/ha during the wheat season and between 7.6 (NTFS1) and 14.0 (NTMF1) kg N₂O‐N/ha during the maize season. The yield‐based emission factors ranged from 21.9 (NTSF1) to 60.9 (CTF2) g N₂O‐N/kg N for wheat and 92.5 (NTSF1) to 157.4 (NTMF1) g N₂O‐N/kg N for maize. No significant effect of the treatments on crop yield was found. In addition to reducing production costs involved in land preparation, NTSF1 was shown to decrease chemical fertilizer input and mitigate N₂O emissions while sustaining crop yield.  相似文献   

Nitrous oxide emissions after incorporation of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) residues under two different tillage treatments     

Katharina Kesenheimer  Hemant Raj Pandeya  Torsten Müller  Franz Buegger  Reiner Ruser 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2019,182(1):48-59

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of crop residues from winter oilseed rape on N₂O emissions from a loamy soil and to determine the effect of different tillage practices on N₂O fluxes. We therefore conducted a field experiment in which crop residues of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L., OSR) were replaced with ¹⁵N labelled OSR residues. Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions and ¹⁵N abundance in the N₂O were determined for a period of 11 months after harvest of OSR and in the succeeding crop winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivated on a Haplic Luvisol in South Germany. Measurements were carried out with the closed chamber method in a treatment with conventional tillage (CT) and in a treatment with reduced soil tillage (RT). In both tillage treatments we also determined N₂O fluxes in control plots where we completely removed the crop residues. High N₂O fluxes occurred in a short period just after OSR residue replacement in fall and after N‐fertilization to winter wheat in the following spring. Although N₂O emissions differed for distinct treatments and sub‐periods, cumulative N₂O emissions over the whole investigation period (299 days) ranged between 1.7 kg and 2.4 kg N₂O‐N ha^?1 with no significant treatment effects. More than half of the cumulative emissions occurred during the first eight weeks after OSR replacement, highlighting the importance of this post‐harvest period for annual N₂O budgets of OSR. The contribution of residue N to the N₂O emission was low and explained by the high C/N‐ratio fostering immobilization of mineral N. In total only 0.03% of the N₂O‐N emitted in the conventional tillage treatment and 0.06% in the reduced tillage treatment stemmed directly from the crop residues. The ¹⁵N recovery in the treatments with crop residues was 62.8% (CT) and 75.1% (RT) with more than 97% of the recovered ¹⁵N in the top soil. Despite our measurements did not cover an entire year, the low contribution of the OSR residues to the direct N₂O emissions shows, that the current IPCC tier 1 approach, which assumes an EF of 1%, strongly overestimated direct emissions from OSR crop residues. Furthermore, we could not observe any relationship between tillage and crop residues on N₂O emission, only during the winter period were N₂O emissions from reduced tillage significantly higher compared to conventional tillage. Annual N₂O emission from RT and CT did not differ.  相似文献   

基于DNDC模型的东北地区春玉米农田固碳减排措施研究   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5  

杨黎  王立刚李虎邱建军  刘慧颖 《植物营养与肥料学报》2014,20(1):75-86

春玉米是我国东北地区主要粮食作物,但由于连年耕作和氮肥的高投入,春玉米农田也可能成为重要的温室气体排放源。因此,通过优化田间管理措施在保证作物产量的同时实现固碳减排,对于春玉米种植系统的可持续发展具有重要意义。过程模型（Denitrification Decomposition, DNDC）是评估固碳减排措施的有效工具,本研究在对DNDC模型进行验证的基础上,应用模型研究不同施氮和秸秆还田措施对东北地区春玉米农田固碳和氧化亚氮（N2O）排放的长期综合影响。模型验证结果表明,DNDC模拟的不同处理下土壤呼吸季节总量、 N2O排放季节总量和春玉米产量与田间观测结果较一致;同时模型也能较好地模拟不同处理下土壤呼吸和N2O排放季节变化动态。这表明DNDC模型能较理想地模拟不同施氮和秸秆还田措施对春玉米农田土壤呼吸、 N2O排放和作物产量的影响。利用模型综合分析不同管理情景对产量和土壤固碳减排的长期影响,结果表明: 1）与当地农民习惯施肥相比,优化施氮措施不会明显影响作物产量,能减少N2O排放,且对土壤固碳影响很小,因而能降低温室气体净排放,但净排放降低幅度有限（8%~13%）; 2）在优化施氮措施的同时秸秆还田能在保障供试农田春玉米产量的同时大幅度减少春玉米种植系统温室气体净排放,甚至可能将供试农田由温室气体排放源转变为温室气体吸收汇。本研究结果可为优化管理措施实现春玉米种植系统固碳减排提供科学依据。  相似文献   

Tillage effects on N₂O emissions as influenced by a winter cover crop     

Søren O. Petersen  James K. Mutegi  Elly M. Hansen  Lars J. Munkholm 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2011,43(7):1509-1517

Conservation tillage practices are widely used to protect against soil erosion and soil C losses, whereas winter cover crops are used mainly to protect against N losses during autumn and winter. For the greenhouse gas balance of a cropping system the effect of reduced tillage and cover crops on N₂O emissions may be more important than the effect on soil C. This study monitored emissions of N₂O between September 2008 and May 2009 in three tillage treatments, i.e., conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT) and direct drilling (DD), all with (+CC) or without (−CC) fodder radish as a winter cover crop. Cover crop growth, soil mineral N dynamics, and other soil characteristics were recorded. Furthermore, soil concentrations of N₂O were determined eight times during the monitoring period using permanently installed needles. There was little evidence for effects of the cover crop on soil mineral N. Following spring tillage and slurry application soil mineral N was dominated by the input from slurry. Nitrous oxide emissions during autumn, winter and early spring remained low, although higher emissions from +CC treatments were indicated after freezing events. Following spring tillage and slurry application by direct injection N₂O emissions were stimulated in all tillage treatments, reaching 250-400 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹ except in the CT + CC treatment, where emissions peaked at 900 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹. Accumulated emissions ranged from 1.6 to 3.9 kg N₂O ha⁻¹. A strong positive interaction between cover crop and tillage was observed. Soil concentration profiles of N₂O showed a significant accumulation of N₂O in CT relative to RT and DD treatments after spring tillage and slurry application, and a positive interaction between slurry and cover crop residues. A comparison in early May of N₂O emissions with flux estimates based on soil concentration profiles indicated that much of the N₂O emitted was produced near the soil surface.  相似文献   

轮耕秸秆还田促进冬小麦干物质积累提高水氮利用效率   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

关小康  王静丽  刘影  杨明达  王和洲  王怀苹  王同朝 《水土保持学报》2018,32(3):280-288

通过田间定位试验,探究了不同耕作措施及秸秆还田对2015-2017年2个生长季冬小麦物质积累、氮素积累及水氮利用效率的影响。采用2因素裂区试验设计,主区为秸秆还田(S)和秸秆不还田(NS);副区分别为深耕(DT)、轮耕(RT)和免耕(NT)处理。结果表明:S处理较NS处理显著增加冬小麦旗叶SPAD和光合速率,提高成熟期植株生物量,但产量增加不显著。RT处理于2015-2016年和2016-2017年较DT处理分别显著增产4.88%和9.05%,2016-2017年较NT处理显著增产3.64%。秸秆还田和耕作方式交互作用显著影响冬小麦产量,S+RT处理2015-2016年和2016-2017年较NS+DT处理分别显著提高8.68%和16.98%。S处理显著增加植株氮素积累量和水分利用效率;RT处理显著提高冬小麦水分利用效率,增加冬小麦氮素积累量、籽粒氮素积累量、氮素转运及其利用效率。2015-2016年和2016-2017年RT处理水分利用效率较NT处理分别提高8.45%和8.92%,2015-2016年较DT处理提高5.24%;2016-2017年RT处理氮肥偏生产力较NT和DT处理分别显著提高3.68%和9.16%;氮素籽粒生产效率较NT和DT处理分别显著提高10.60%和4.78%。S+RT处理花后SPAD下降幅度最小,花期和成熟期均具有较高的光合速率,产量、水分利用效率和氮肥偏生产力与NS+DT和S+DT相比分别平均提高了12.58%,8.53%,7.95%和4.11%,19.79%,11.44%。因此,秸秆还田配合轮耕措施是黄淮海南部较为适宜的节水省肥型冬小麦耕作栽培措施。  相似文献   

Wheat straw management affects CH₄ and N₂O emissions from rice fields   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Jing Ma  Erdeng Ma  Hua Xu  Kazuyuki Yagi 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2009,41(5):1022-1028

A 3-year field experiment was conducted in Jiangsu Province, China from 2004 to 2006 to investigate CH₄ and N₂O emissions from paddy fields as affected by various wheat straw management practices prior to rice cultivation. Five methods of returning wheat straw, no straw, evenly incorporating, burying straw, ditch mulching and strip mulching, were adopted in the experiment. Evenly incorporating is the most common management practice in the region. Results showed that compared with no straw, evenly incorporating increased CH₄ emission significantly by a factor of 3.9-10.5, while decreasing N₂O emission by 1-78%. Methane emission from burying straw was comparable with that from evenly incorporating, while N₂O emission from burying straw was 94-314% of that from evenly incorporating. Compared with evenly incorporating, CH₄ emission was decreased by 23-32% in ditch mulching and by 32% in strip mulching, while N₂O emission was increased by a factor of 1.4-3.7 in ditch mulching and by a factor of 5.1 in strip mulching. During the rice-growing season, the emitted N₂O was negligible compared to that of emitted CH₄. No significant difference in grain yield was observed between ditch mulching, burying straw, evenly incorporating and no straw. Compared with no straw, the grain yield was increased by 27% in strip mulching. Based on these results, the best management practice for returning wheat straw to the soil is strip mulching wheat straw partially or completely onto the field surface, as the method reduced CH₄ emission from rice fields with no decrease in rice yield.  相似文献   

Tillage and crop residue management significantly affects N-trace gas emissions during the non-rice season of a subtropical rice-wheat rotation     

Zhisheng Yao  Baohua Xie  Rui Wang  Jianguo Zhu 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2009,41(10):2131-2140

Field operations of tillage and residue incorporation could have potentially important influences on N-trace gas fluxes, though poorly quantified. Here we studied the effects of straw incorporation in the preceding rice season and no-tillage prior to wheat sowing on nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions during the non-rice period of a typical rice-wheat rotation in the Yangtze River Delta. Compared to conventional management practice (no straw incorporation along with rotary harrowing tillage to 10 cm before wheat sowing), straw incorporation alone decreased cumulative N₂O emissions over the entire non-rice period by 32% (1.53 vs. 2.24 kg N ha^-1, P < 0.05) but did not affect NO emissions (0.88 vs. 0.87 kg N ha⁻¹). In contrast, no-tillage alone increased N₂O emissions by 75% (P < 0.05) while reducing NO emissions by 48% (P < 0.01). Combination of no-tillage and straw incorporation led to no change in N₂O emissions but a reduction in NO emissions compared to the conventional management regime. The direct N₂O emission factors (EF_ds) of applied nitrogen fertilizers during the non-rice season ranged from 0.29% to 1.35% with a coefficient of variation (CV) as large as 68% among the investigated management regimes. The EF_ds for NO ranged from 0.13% to 0.32% with a CV of 50%. Adoption of these new EF_ds will allow us to account for management effects on N-trace gas emissions when calculating emission inventories. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that the uncertainty remains high, since the effects of soil properties such as texture or pH on management practices are not yet well defined.  相似文献   

基于DNDC模型的华北典型农田氮素损失分析及综合调控途径   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

李虎  王立刚  邱建军 《中国生态农业学报》2012,20(4):414-421

氮素损失对农业生产造成的影响已成为当前研究的热点,模型是对氮素损失影响评价及定量化研究的有效手段。利用华北典型农田冬小麦-夏玉米轮作种植模式的作物产量、氮素淋失量等田间观测数据对DNDC模型进行了验证,并采用验证后的DNDC模型对该种植模式的氮素损失进行了定量评价,提出了综合考虑作物产量、氮素淋失量、N2O排放量以及NH3挥发损失的综合调控途径。结果表明,DNDC模型较好地模拟了冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统作物的产量、氮素淋失的动态变化规律,以及土壤中NO3--N和NH4+-N的残留量,说明DNDC已具备模拟农田生态系统中土壤氮素生物地球化学过程的能力。模型模拟结果表明,在传统农业管理措施下,氮素通过淋失、N2O排放以及NH3挥发损失的量分别达到49.4 kg(N).hm-2.a-1、17.71kg(N).hm-2.a-1和144.8 kg(N).hm-2.a-1。综合考虑氮素损失途径,提出了适合当地农业生产条件的最优化管理措施,即减小当前常规施氮量到340 kg(N).hm-2.a-1,提高玉米秸秆还田率到100%,并保持灌溉量不变。相比常规管理措施,最优化管理措施氮素淋失量为14.1 kg(N).hm-2.a-1,降低71.5%,N2O排放量为14.91kg(N).hm-2.a-1,降低15.8%,NH3挥发损失量为117.2 kg(N).hm-2.a-1,降低19.1%,而对作物产量基本不造成明显影响。该评价结果可直接用于农业生产实践。  相似文献   

The effect of reduced tillage on nitrous oxide emissions of silt loam soils     

Karoline D’Haene  Annemie Van den Bossche  Jeroen Vandenbruwane  Stefaan De Neve  Donald Gabriels  Georges Hofman 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2008,45(2):213-217

The effect of reduced tillage (RT) on nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions of soils from fields with root crops under a temperate climate was studied. Three silt loam fields under RT agriculture were compared with their respective conventional tillage (CT) field with comparable crop rotation and manure application. Undisturbed soil samples taken in September 2005 and February 2006 were incubated under laboratory conditions for 10 days. The N₂O emission of soils taken in September 2005 varied from 50 to 1,095 μg N kg⁻¹ dry soil. The N₂O emissions of soils from the RT fields taken in September 2005 were statistically (P < 0.05) higher or comparable than the N₂O emissions from their respective CT soil. The N₂O emission of soils taken in February 2006 varied from 0 to 233 μg N kg⁻¹ dry soil. The N₂O emissions of soils from the RT fields taken in February 2006 tended to be higher than the N₂O emissions from their respective CT soil. A positive and significant Pearson correlation of the N₂O–N emissions with nitrate nitrogen (NO₃ ⁻–N) content in the soil was found (P < 0.01). Leaving the straw on the field, a typical feature of RT, decreased NO₃ ⁻–N content of the soil and reduced N₂O emissions from RT soils.  相似文献