共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 93 毫秒
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Abbatt JP Benz S Cziczo DJ Kanji Z Lohmann U Möhler O 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,313(5794):1770-1773
Laboratory measurements support a cirrus cloud formation pathway involving heterogeneous ice nucleation by solid ammonium sulfate aerosols. Ice formation occurs at low ice-saturation ratios consistent with the formation of continental cirrus and an interhemispheric asymmetry observed for cloud onset. In a climate model, this mechanism provides a widespread source of ice nuclei and leads to fewer but larger ice crystals as compared with a homogeneous freezing scenario. This reduces both the cloud albedo and the longwave heating by cirrus. With the global ammonia budget dominated by agricultural practices, this pathway might further couple anthropogenic activity to the climate system. 相似文献
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为了治理冻土区埋地油气管道管沟融陷工程病害,通过对管道病害现场调查,结合现场地质勘探、含水量试验测试及管周土体温度监测,分析了融陷病害的发生机理,并结合管沟融陷形成因素,提出了相应的防治措施。结果表明:冻土区埋地油气管道管沟融陷病害的发生与地层土质、土体含冰量、冻土类型、管道热扰动及施工方式等因素有关;冻土区埋地油气管道的敷设应选择合理的施工季节,综合分析冻土环境因素,确定合理的管道埋设深度,设置管道隔热保温措施,加强管道运行状态监测和科学管理,从而保证管道安全运行。研究成果可为冻土区埋地油气管道的设计、施工及安全运营提供借鉴。 相似文献
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冷冻浓缩过程冰晶生长的相场法模拟 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以水为原料,利用相场模型从微观上对冰晶生长机制进行模拟,结果表明:随着过冷时间的延长,冰晶的分枝逐渐发达;随着过冷度的增高,冰晶的分枝也逐渐发达.表明控制过冷时间和过冷度是冷冻浓缩过程中降低冰晶夹带率的重要措施. 相似文献
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Gilmour AE 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1979,203(4379):438-439
Two temperature profiles recorded by a sensitive bathythermograph at the Ross Ice Shelf Project site (82 degrees 22.5'S, 168 degrees 37.5'W) are presented. From the shape of the profiles it is concluded that an inflow of water at intermediate depths provides a source of heat to drive a regime in which ice is melted from the interface at a depth of 360 meters. Melting maintains the temperature of a thick layer under the ice at about -2.14 degrees C, close to the ambient freezing temperature. A very well mixed layer about 35 meters thick was found at the seabed. 相似文献
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Climate models predict extensive and severe degradation of permafrost in response to global warming, with a potential for release of large volumes of stored carbon. However, the accuracy of these models is difficult to evaluate because little is known of the history of permafrost and its response to past warm intervals of climate. We report the presence of relict ground ice in subarctic Canada that is greater than 700,000 years old, with the implication that ground ice in this area has survived past interglaciations that were warmer and of longer duration than the present interglaciation. 相似文献
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Price PB 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1995,267(5205):1802-1804
The depth dependence of bubble concentration at pressures above the transition to the air hydrate phase and the optical scattering length due to bubbles in deep ice at the South Pole are modeled with diffusion-growth data from the laboratory, taking into account the dependence of age and temperature on depth in the ice. The model fits the available data on bubbles in cores from Vostok and Byrd and on scattering length in deep ice at the South Pole. It explains why bubbles and air hydrate crystals coexist in deep ice over a range of depths as great as 800 meters and predicts that at depths below approximately 1400 meters the AMANDA neutrino observatory at the South Pole will operate unimpaired by light scattering from bubbles. 相似文献
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对近10年黑龙江省部分地区道路结冰进行了研究,并和6种不同的温度进行了相关性对比分析,利用二分法初步找出了预报道路结冰的温度指标。结果表明,春季第1个无道路结冰日和道路结冰终日大多是南早北晚的趋势,春季结冰天数增多,秋季则减少。在与温度的对比中,春季第1个无道路结冰日期的趋势分布与平均气温相吻合,春季道路结冰终日和秋季道路结冰初日则与最高地温有关。春季道路结冰的天数受最低气温影响明显,秋季则不同,受平均气温的影响更大。对预报最有利的温度为最低气温,其中0～2℃的温度范围是结冰的多发期。 相似文献
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基于1989—2018年美国冰雪中心海冰密集度数据，分析近30年南极布兰斯菲尔德海峡及附近海域海冰分布规律及变化趋势。结果表明，布兰斯菲尔德海峡内部海冰属于1年冰，海冰密集度于2月达到最低，8月达到最高，历史上强厄尔尼诺年份与该区域海冰密集度较低的年份存在明显对应关系。对30年冰情线性拟合得到年际变化趋势，海峡内结冰月份普遍延迟，年结冰月数以减少为主。3个代表站点的海冰密集度分析结果显示，海峡内A站点海冰变化与海峡口外北部海域B站点的相关性较强，与海峡口外南部靠近威德尔海区域C站点的相关性弱。循环神经网络模型可用于预测和分析海冰密集度的时序变化，尤其是适合海冰密集度相对较低的时序分析。 相似文献
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The melting of pure ice single crystals can be inhibited by the presence of an antifreeze glycopeptide isolated from an Antarctic fish. This inhibition effect exhibits crystallographic dependence and can result in superheating of the crystal by heat conduction across the ice-solution interface. The antifreeze molecules inhibit melting in a manner more or less symmetrical to their well-known effect of inhibiting freezing. The melting effect is best expressed at concave ice interfaces, whereas the freezing effect is best expressed at convex ones. Both are restricted to orientations near (1010) with the particular antifreeze that was used. 相似文献
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Smoluchowski R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1968,159(3821):1348-1350
Water in the form of ice can exist on Mars as permafrost that is either in equilibrium with the water content of the atmosphere or gradually evaporating through a protective layer of soil. The latter situation is evaluated quantitatively, and the required thicknesses of the protective layers are estimated. The presence of subsurface ice may explain the higher radar reflectivity of the dark areas than of the bright areas. Observation of its seasonal variations is suggested. 相似文献
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Mature meanders in lunar sinuous rills strongly suggests that the rills are features of surface erosion by water. Such erosion could occur under a pressurizing ice cover in the absence of a lunar atmosphere. Water, outgassed from the lunar interior and trapped beneath a layer of permafrost, could be released by a meteoritic impact and overflow the crater to form an ice-covered river. A sinuous rill could be eroded in about 100 years. 相似文献
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Silica precipitation in fractures and the evolution of permeability in hydrothermal upflow zones 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Analytical models are used to compare the rates at which an isolated fracture and vertical, parallel fracture sets in hydrothermal upflow zones can be closed by silica precipitation and thermoelastic stress. Thermoelastic sealing is an order of magnitude faster than sealing by silica precipitation. In vertical fracture sets, both the amount of silica precipitation resulting from cooling and the total thermal expansion of the country rock may be insufficient to seal cracks at depth. These crack systems may ultimately close because the pressure dependence of silica solubility maintains precipitation during upflow even after the temperature gradient vanishes. 相似文献
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天然气管道低温输送时容易发生冰堵,影响正常的输气生产。以站场设备的冰堵防治为目的,通过冰冻实验,使用接触角测试仪、扫描电镜进行测试并结合理论分析,探索了通过表面改性方法调节站场运行设备表面的化学性质,进而防治冰堵的可行性。研究表明:适当的表面处理和硅烷改性,可以在钢表面形成一层疏水或超疏水纳米膜,增加水在其表面的接触角,使水难以在钢表面停留,同时冰冻实验也证明表面改性可以延长结冰时间;经疏水和超疏水改性后,由于接触角增大,引起水结晶成冰的形核功大幅增加,并且接触角越大,形核功越大,越难结晶成冰。实验和理论研究结果证明,钢表面疏水改性,可以解决站场设备的冰堵问题,具有应用潜力。 相似文献
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Monolayers of aliphatic long-chain alcohols induced nucleation of ice at temperatures approaching 0 degrees C, in contrast with water-soluble alcohols, which are effective antifreeze agents. The corresponding fatty acids, or alcohols with bulky hydrophobic groups, induce freezing at temperatures as much as 12 degrees C lower. The freezing point induced by the amphiphilic alcohols was sensitive not only to surface area per molecule but, for the aliphatic series (C(n)H(2n + 1)OH), to chain length and parity. The freezing point for chains with n odd reached an asymptotic temperature of 0 degrees C for an upper value of n = 31; for n even the freezing point reached a plateau of -8 degrees C for n in the upper range of 22 to 30. The higher freezing point induced by the aliphatic alcohols is due to formation of ordered clusters in the uncompressed state as detected by grazing incidence synchrotron x-ray diffraction measurements. The diffraction data indicate a close lattice match with the ab layer of hexagonal ice. 相似文献
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An autumn bloom of sea-ice algae was observed from February to June of 1992 within the upper 0.4 meter of multiyear ice in the Western Weddell Sea, Antarctica. The bloom was reliant on the freezing of porous areas within the ice that initiated a vertical exchange of nutrient-depleted brine with nutrient-rich seawater. This replenishment of nutrients to the algal community allowed the net production of 1760 milligrams of carbon and 200 milligrams of nitrogen per square meter of ice. The location of this autumn bloom is unlike that of spring blooms previously observed in both polar regions. 相似文献
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New techniques that have been used to obtain a continuous ice core through the whole 416-meter thickness of the Ross Ice Shelf at Camp J-9 have demonstrated that the bottom 6 meters of the ice shelf consists of sea ice. The rate of basal freezing that is forming this ice is estimated by different methods to be 2 centimeters of ice per year. The sea ice is composed of large vertical crystals, which form the waffle-like lower boundary of the shelf. A distinct alignment of the crystals throughout the sea ice layer suggests the presence of persistent long-term currents beneath the ice shelf. 相似文献
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寒区某管道穿越多年冻土区域,途经连续冻土、不连续冻土、岛状冻土和冻土沼泽,地质条件复杂,同时管道投产后输油温度远高于设计运行温度,实际敷设情况也与设计有很大不同,极易出现融沉问题。利用多层介质稳定导热方法建立迭代公式求解管道投产运行至今冻土层中的地基融化圈厚度,通过对气温升高、地表融化作用和冻土地温的修正,求出无保温层和有保温层两种情况下管道地基融化圈的融化深度。在此基础上,结合多年冻土地基融化下沉变形和压缩沉降变形分析,计算了管道的融沉变形量,并与管道允许的最大差异性融沉变形量进行对比,明确其融沉风险。根据冻土区的地质特征和实际工程经验,给出了3种管道融沉防治措施。（表7,图2,参7） 相似文献