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1.
本试验旨在揭示硫胺素对体外培养奶牛瘤胃微生物发酵的影响。以2头安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛为试验动物,设置精粗比为40∶60的底物,硫胺素的添加量设为0、20、40、60和80 mg/kg 4个水平,采用人工瘤胃体外发酵方法研究硫胺素对瘤胃发酵、微生物变化的影响。试验结果表明,低精料日粮条件下添加硫胺素对培养液pH影响不显著,但有提高pH的趋势;低精料日粮条件下NH3-N浓度随着硫胺素添加水平的增加而上升;低精料日粮条件下硫胺素提高了细菌蛋白的产量而降低了原虫蛋白的产量。  相似文献   

2.
本试验旨在研究硫胺素对亚急性瘤胃酸中毒(SARA)状态下山羊瘤胃发酵特性的影响。选用6只1～2岁装有永久性瘤胃瘘管、身体健康的徐淮山羊为试验动物,分为试验组和对照组,每组3只,采用逐渐提高饲粮精粗比的方式诱导发生SARA。试验动物处于SARA状态后,试验组饲粮中添加240 mg/kg硫胺素。结果表明:饲粮中添加硫胺素提高了瘤胃液pH;饲粮中添加硫胺素显著或极显著降低了乳酸(4～8 h)和乙酸的浓度(0～12 h)以及乙酸/丙酸(0～12 h)(P<0.05或P<0.01),显著或极显著提高了丙酸(0～12 h)与丁酸的浓度(0、6、9 h)(P<0.05或P<0.01);饲粮中添加硫胺素显著或极显著降低了各时间点组胺浓度(P<0.05或P<0.01),但未使除6 h外的内毒素浓度发生显著变化(P>0.05),显著或极显著提高了各时间点瘤胃液硫胺素浓度(P<0.05或P<0.01),显著或极显著降低了硫胺素酶的活性(0、6、9 h)(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结果提示,饲粮中添加240 mg/kg硫胺素能够改善SARA状态下瘤胃内环境,缓解山羊SARA。  相似文献   

3.
不同NFC/NDF饲粮和硫胺素对奶牛瘤胃代谢的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
本试验旨在研究不同非纤维性碳水化合物和中性洗涤纤维比(NFC/NDF)饲粮和硫胺素对荷斯坦奶牛瘤胃代谢的影响。选用3头健康状况良好且安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛,采用3×3完全拉丁方试验设计。试验分3期进行,每期23 d,每期中预试期20 d,正试期3 d;3个试验组分别饲喂NFC/NDF为1.41(精粗比5∶5)、NFC/NDF为2.01(精粗比7∶3)、NFC/NDF为2.01(精粗比7∶3)+180 mg/kg硫胺素的试验饲粮。结果表明:提高饲粮NFC/NDF,瘤胃液pH显著降低(P<0.05),氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度显著或极显著上升(P<0.05或P<0.01),乳酸浓度显著或极显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),乙酸比例(P<0.05)、乙酸/丙酸(P<0.05或P<0.01)显著或极显著降低,丙酸、丁酸比例显著或极显著上升(P<0.05或P<0.01)。高NFC/NDF饲粮添加硫胺素后,瘤胃液pH有升高趋势,差异不显著(P>0.05),NH3-N浓度显著降低(P<0.05),乳酸浓度显著或极显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),乙酸比例和乙酸/丙酸显著或极显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),丙酸比例显著或极显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。由此可见,饲粮NFC/NDF的增加能够诱导瘘管奶牛产生亚急性瘤胃酸中毒,添加180 mg/kg硫胺素能够缓解这一现象。  相似文献   

4.
本试验旨在利用长期人工瘤胃系统——Rusitec系统研究不同精粗比饲粮中添加壳聚糖对体外瘤胃发酵甲烷产量和发酵特性的影响。采用2×2两因子试验设计,2个因子分别为饲粮精粗比[30∶70(低精料饲粮)和70∶30(高精料饲粮)]和是否添加壳聚糖(0和1 500 mg/罐),共构成4组,每组4个重复。结果表明:与低精料饲粮相比,高精料饲粮显著降低了甲烷产量,中性洗涤纤维和粗蛋白质的降解率,发酵液乙酸和丁酸含量、乙酸/丙酸、氨氮浓度(P<0.05),显著提高了总产气量和丙酸含量(P<0.05);添加壳聚糖显著降低了甲烷产量和总产气量、粗蛋白质的降解率、发酵液乙酸和丁酸含量、乙酸/丙酸、氨氮浓度(P<0.05),显著提高了丙酸含量(P<0.05);在甲烷产量和总产气量,粗蛋白质的降解率,0、6 h发酵液氨氮浓度,0、12 h发酵液乙酸/丙酸上,2个因子存在互作(P<0.05),高精料饲粮中添加壳聚糖对甲烷产量和总产气量、粗蛋白质降解率、发酵液氨氮浓度的降低幅度大于低精料饲粮,对总挥发性脂肪酸浓度和乙酸/丙酸的降低幅度小于低精料饲粮。以上结果表明,改变饲粮的精粗比和添加壳聚糖均能够改变瘤胃发酵模式,且二者之间存在互作,壳聚糖在精粗比为70∶30的饲粮中添加效果优于精粗比为30∶70的饲粮。  相似文献   

5.
本试验旨在研究不同精粗比饲粮中添加凝结芽孢杆菌（BC）对绵羊羔羊生长性能、瘤胃发酵和免疫功能的影响。试验采用2×2双因子完全随机设计,2个因素分别为精粗比[40∶60（低精料）、70∶30（高精料）]和BC[不添加和添加1.0×1010CFU/kg BC]。选取48只体重相近的4月龄杜泊×小尾寒羊F1代公羔,随机分为4个组,分别饲喂低精料饲粮（LD组）、添加BC的低精料饲粮（LD+BC组）、高精料饲粮（HD组）、添加BC的高精料饲粮（HD+BC组）,每组12只。预试期10 d,正试期60 d。结果显示：1)24只饲喂高精料饲粮的羔羊瘤胃内pH,氨态氮、乙酸、异丁酸浓度以及乙丙比值显著低于24只饲喂低精料饲粮的羔羊（P<0.05）,丙酸、戊酸和总挥发性脂肪酸浓度显著高于24只饲喂低精料饲粮的羔羊（P<0.05）;24只饲喂添加BC饲粮的羔羊瘤胃内丙酸浓度显著高于24只饲喂未添加BC饲粮的羔羊（P<0.05）。饲粮精粗比和BC之间在瘤胃发酵参数上不存在显著的交互作用（P>0.05）。2)24只饲喂高精料饲粮的羔羊瘤胃内淀粉酶和蛋白酶活性显著高于24只饲喂低精料饲粮的...  相似文献   

6.
本试验旨在研究不同精粗比条件下饲粮添加凝结芽孢杆菌(BC)对绵羊羔羊生长性能和消化代谢的影响。试验采用2×2因子完全随机设计,2个因素分别为精粗比[40∶60(低精料)、70∶30(高精料)]和BC[不添加和添加1.0×1010CFU/kg BC]。选取48只4月龄的杜泊×小尾寒羊F1代公羔,按体重随机分为4个组,分别饲喂低精料饲粮(LD组)、添加BC低精料饲粮(LD+BC组)、高精料饲粮(HD组)、添加BC高精料饲粮(HD+BC组),每组12只。生长性能试验共计70 d,其中预试期10 d,正试期60 d;消化代谢试验共计7 d,其中适应期4 d,取样期3 d。结果显示：1)24只饲喂高精料饲粮羔羊的末重(FBW)和平均日增重(ADG)显著或极显著高于24只饲喂低精料饲粮羔羊(P<0.05或P<0.01),并且料重比(F/G)极显著低于24只饲喂低精料饲粮羔羊(P<0.01);24只饲喂添加BC饲粮羔羊的ADG显著高于24只饲喂不添加BC饲粮羔羊(P<0.05)。2)24只饲喂高精料饲粮羔羊对干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的表观消化率极...  相似文献   

7.
本研究旨在揭示不同精粗比饲粮条件下奶牛瘤胃细菌菌群结构的变化。选择24头健康、体重相近、胎次相同、产后3周左右的中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为2组(每组12头),分别饲喂高精粗比饲粮(60∶40,HC组)和低精粗比饲粮(40∶60,LC组),试验期为45 d。运用16S rDNA高通量测序技术对奶牛瘤胃细菌菌群结构变化进行分析。结果表明:1)HC组奶牛瘤胃液丙酸比例极显著高于LC组(P<0.01),乙酸/丙酸极显著低于LC组(P<0.01)。2)HC组奶牛瘤胃细菌操作分类单元数量极显著低于LC组(P<0.01)。3)LC组的Ace指数、Chao1指数显著高于HC组(P<0.05),Shannon指数、Simpson指数极显著高于HC组(P<0.01)。4)LC组奶牛瘤胃中拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门、纤维杆菌门、疣微菌门、SR1、软壁菌门、TM7、黏胶球形菌门、迷踪菌门丰度极显著高于HC组(P<0.01),HC组奶牛瘤胃中变形菌门、螺旋菌门丰度极显著高于LC组(P<0.01)。5)LC组奶牛瘤胃中纤维杆菌属、瘤胃球菌属、琥珀酸菌属、甲烷短杆菌属、BF311丰度极显著高于HC组(P<0.01),丁酸弧菌属丰度显著高于HC组(P<0.05);HC组奶牛瘤胃中密螺旋菌属、粪球菌属、Shuttleworthia丰度极显著高于LC组(P<0.01),vadinCA11丰度显著高于LC组(P<0.05)。由此可见,饲粮精粗比显著影响了奶牛瘤胃中细菌总数和多样性。高精粗比饲粮条件下,瘤胃中纤维降解菌的生长受到抑制,促进了瘤胃中产酸菌的增殖,从而改变了瘤胃发酵模式。  相似文献   

8.
本试验通过体外培养法,研究在不同精粗比饲粮中添加维生素B12对体外瘤胃发酵和微生物酶活力的影响。试验采用3×3双因子试验设计,即3个底物精粗比(玉米∶羊草=35∶65、50∶50和65∶35)和3个维生素B12添加量(0、40和90 ng/mL)。体外试验用瘤胃液取自3只安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的湖羊。体外培养24 h后测定体外瘤胃发酵参数和微生物酶活力。结果显示:1)随着底物精粗比和维生素B12添加量的提高,体外培养24 h的产气量、潜在产气量和有机物消化率极显著地增加(P<0.01),且维生素B12添加量与上述指标存在线性剂量效应(P<0.01)。2)当底物精粗比为50∶50和65∶35时,添加维生素B12显著提高了发酵液中氨态氮、微生物蛋白、总挥发性脂肪酸、乙酸和丙酸浓度(P<0.05),但对丁酸浓度和乙酸/丙酸无显著影响(P>0.05)。3)当底物精粗比为35∶65和50∶50时,添加40 ng/mL维生素B12使发酵液中羧甲基纤维素酶、木聚糖酶活力显著提高(P<0.05);当精粗比为65∶35时,添加90 ng/mL维生素B12使发酵液中羧甲基纤维素酶、木聚糖酶活力显著提高(P<0.05)。结果提示,底物精粗比和维生素B12添加量影响体外瘤胃发酵。添加维生素B12可增加瘤胃微生物酶的活力,从而提高有机物消化率以及微生物蛋白和总挥发性脂肪酸的产量。当底物精粗比(玉米∶羊草)较高(50∶50和65∶35)时,维生素B12的添加效果更明显,并且具有剂量依赖效应。  相似文献   

9.
为了探讨不同精料浓度对奶牛机体氧化应激和瘤胃内环境稳定性的影响,选用5头临床健康体重为(502±20)kg的荷斯坦奶牛,饲喂9种不同精料水平日粮(精粗比分别为30:70、35:65、40:60、45:55、50:50、55:45、60:40、70 : 30、100:0)对奶牛瘤胃内pH、抗氧化指标以及血清中抗氧化指标变化的影响.连续进行9期饲喂试验,前8期每期30 d,全精料组试验期为3 d.结果表明,全精料日粮条件下奶牛瘤胃内pH显著低于其他精料浓度组(P<0.05),精料浓度为55%日粮条件下,瘤胃内SOD的活力极显著高于其他精料浓度日粮(P<0.05),MDA及OH含量显著低于其他精料浓度日粮(P<0.05),GSH-Px活力极显著低于其他精料浓度日粮(P<0.05),T-AOC的活力显著高于精粗比为30:70、35 : 65、40:60、45:55、50:50、100:0的日粮组,和其他组差异不显著(P>0.05);精料浓度为55%日粮条件下,血清内SOD、T-AOC的活力显著高于其他精料浓度组(P<0.01),GSH-Px活力显著低于其他精料浓度组(P<0.01),MDA含量与精粗比为50:50、60:40的日粮组差异不显著(P>0.05),而显著低于其他日粮组(P<0.05),OH含量与精粗比为60:40的日粮组差异不显著(P>0.05),而显著低于其他日粮组(P<0.05).说明不同精料浓度的日粮对瘤胃内环境稳定性和机体氧化应激有明显的影响.  相似文献   

10.
旨在研究不同精粗比饲粮对西藏牦牛瘤胃内环境的影响.选取3周岁、平均体重(154.8±13.6)kg、健康无病的牦牛20头随机分为低精料组和高精料组,每组10头,公母各半,分别饲喂低精料(精粗比40∶60)和高精料(精粗比60 ∶ 40)饲粮,预试期10d,正试期90d(8、9和10月).结果:饲粮精料水平的提高显著降低...  相似文献   

11.
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12.
The prevalence of Salmonella in fresh pork cuttings in Denmark in the years 2002 and 2006 was investigated at retail and compared with the retail supply pattern. A total of 1025 and 3473 samples were taken in 2002 from butcher's shops and supermarkets, respectively. The corresponding numbers in 2006 were 259 from butchers' shops and 628 from supermarkets. In 2002, 1.2% of all samples were positive for Salmonella; butchers' shops and supermarkets had 1.8% and 1.0% positive samples, respectively. The overall prevalence in 2006 was 4.2%, with prevalence of 8.1% and 2.6% for butchers' shops and supermarkets, respectively. Hence, increases around 3- to 5-fold were found. There was neither observed any parallel increase in Salmonella positive carcasses in Danish slaughterhouses during the study period, nor were any changes in supply routes towards slaughterhouses with higher prevalence observed, which could explain the apparent increase. We hypothesize that hygiene levels and ability to avoid cross-contamination and prevent growth of the organism, in the meat processing chain after slaughter were the most likely responsible factors. Results from this study indicate that the hygiene performance, particularly at retail, has a significant impact on the occurrence of Salmonella. This implies that there is no direct link between slaughterhouse Salmonella surveillance data and the level of Salmonella contamination at retail. To improve risk assessment of Salmonella in fresh pork meat, this study underlines the need for comprehensive retail data.  相似文献   

13.
Helminth and protozoan parasites in dogs and cats in Belgium   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
This study investigates the level of helminthic and protozoal infestation over the last 10 years in strays, well-cared-for dogs and cats. Determination of the prevalence of infections was based either on faecal examination or on worm counts at necropsy. Of 2324 faecal flotations (NaCl sp.gr. 1.20) of stray dogs, 34.2% had eggs or proglottids of one or more worm species consisting of Toxocara canis (17.4%), Toxascaris leonina (10.1%), Uncinaria stenocephala (11.4%), Trichuris vulpis (7.0%) and cestodes (2.1%). Isospora oocysts were observed in 5.2% of the dogs. The data on the distribution of the various worm species in the positive dogs indicate that T. canis eggs were by far the most common (50.9%). Necropsy data from 212 infected dogs indicate that 38.9% were infected with T. canis and 33.7% with T. leonina. The overall prevalence of worm infestation of 246 well-cared-for kennel dogs, based on worm egg counts by the McMaster technique, was 36.1%. Of 30 feline faecal samples examined by flotation, 83.3% were positive for parasites, including Toxocara cati (60%), Ancylostoma tubaeformae (36.6%), Taenia (Hydatigera) taeniaeformis (20%) and coccidia (30%). Toxocara cati was the most frequently found worm species at the necropsy of 25 cats (52%). Toxoplasma was not observed.  相似文献   

14.
Sanguinarine (SA) is a benzo[c] phenanthridine alkaloid which has a variety of pharmacological properties. However, very little was known about the pharmacokinetics of SA and its metabolite dihydrosanguinarine (DHSA) in pigs. The purpose of this work was to study the intestinal metabolism of SA in vitro and in vivo. Reductive metabolite DHSA was detected during incubation of SA with intestinal mucosa microsomes, cytosol, and gut flora. After oral (p.o.) administration of SA, the result showed SA might be reduced to DHSA in pig intestine. After i.m. administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their peak concentrations (Cmax, 30.16 ± 5.85, 5.61 ± 0.73 ng/ml, respectively) at 0.25 hr. Both compounds were completely eliminated from the plasma after 24 hr. After single oral administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their Cmax (3.41 ± 0.36, 2.41 ± 0.24 ng/ml, respectively) at 2.75 ± 0.27 hr. The half-life (T1/2) values were 2.33 ± 0.11 hr and 2.20 ± 0.12 hr for SA and DHSA, respectively. After multiple oral administration, the average steady-state concentrations (Css) of SA and DHSA were 3.03 ± 0.39 and 1.42 ± 0.20 ng/ml. The accumulation indexes for SA and DHSA were 1.21 and 1.11. The work reported here provides important information on the metabolism sites and pharmacokinetic character of SA. It explains the reasons for low toxicity of SA, which is useful for the evaluation of its performance.  相似文献   

15.
Chlortetracycline hydrochloride was administered intra-arterially (11 mg/kg) and as an oral drench (33 mg/kg) to ten 21.0-31.5-kg pigs. Five of the pigs were fasted 18 h prior to dosing and five of the pigs were fed ad libitum prior to dosing. The mean volume of distribution determined by area-under-the-curve calculations for the fasted pigs (0.967 +/- 0.210 l/kg) was significantly less (P less than 0.05) than the mean volume of distribution for the fed pigs (1.39 +/- 0.31 l/kg). Mean total body clearance of the drug was also significantly less (P less than 0.05) in the fasted pigs (0.165 +/- 0.055 l/kg/h) as compared to the fed pigs (0.307 +/- 0.053 l/kg/h). The elimination constants (beta) were not found to be statistically different (P less than 0.05): 0.1811 +/- 0.0057 for the fasted pigs; 0.2260 +/- 0.0461 for the fed pigs. The bioavailability for both groups was similar; 19.12 +/- 8.3% for the fasted pigs and 17.88 +/- 5.3% for the fed pigs. In a second experiment three groups of six pigs which weighed 34.5-44.1 kg were fed a corn-soy diet ad libitum. The rations were fortified with chlortetracycline at 100, 400 or 1000 mg chlortetracycline hydrochloride/kg feed. Chlortetracycline concentrations were determined in plasma samples collected over a 6-day period. Plasma chlortetracycline concentrations reach a plateau within 24 h after initial access to the trial diets and were highly correlated with the dose of the drug consumed (r2 = 0.97).  相似文献   

16.
2005年如果没有年底的禽流感疫情,对于我国蛋鸡、肉鸡生产来说应该是一个非常完美的丰收年,是哪些因素导致了2005年蛋鸡市场如此好的行情?2006年我国家禽市场又将走向何方?……作者对以上热点问题进行了深入分析研究,供读者参考。  相似文献   

17.
Concentrations of penicillin-G in serum were determined after single intravenous doses of potassium penicillin-G (10 mg/kg body wt) to ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation. Penicillin-G in serum was analysed by a microbiological method and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by model-independent methods. Serum concentrations were lower in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. The differences were statistically significant at most sampling times in ewes but only during the first hour in cows.
Weight corrected values of clearance and volume of distribution were significantly higher in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. Mean residence time and elimination-half life were shorter in lactating than in pregnant ewes, however for the latter parameter the difference was not statistically significant. Neither of these parameters changed in cows.
It is concluded that in both ewes and cows pharmacokinetic parameters of penicillin-G are altered from late pregnancy to early lactation but that these changes have little practical impact and do not call for a revised dosage regime of the studied drug.  相似文献   

18.
The study deals with the situation regarding housing of dogs and cats in Swiss shelters and kennels. In shelters, dogs were mainly held inside a cubicle with a small outside yard. In kennels, housing of dogs took place mainly in inside rooms. Usually two or three dogs were kept together. Cats were held in rooms, with or without outside yards, mainly in groups; no establishment preferred exclusively the housing in cubicles. Shelters received on average 183 dogs and 262 cats each year. Among them, about a third were lost animals while the remaining ones were relinquished. The study highlights some possibilities for improvements and the great diversity of the establishments regarding their size, infrastructure, housing conditions and aims.  相似文献   

19.
Rectal swabs were collected from 437 household and 491 stray dogs in northern Taiwan from May 2003 to June 2005 to investigate the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibilities of salmonellae and campylobacters. The results revealed that 2.1% of household dogs and 6.3% of stray dogs were positive for salmonellae, with Salmonella Duesseldorf being the most dominant serotype in both. Additionally, 2.7% of the household dogs and 23.8% of the stray dogs were positive for campylobacters. Campylobacter jejuni was the most prevalent species (86.8%), followed by C. upsaliensis (9.3%) and C. coli (3.9%). Both salmonella and campylobacter isolation rates from the stray dogs were significantly higher than those from the household dogs (p < 0.01). The susceptibility of 33 C. jejuni isolates to eight antimicrobials was studied by the E-test. A high rate of resistance was observed to azithromycin (93.9%), clindamycin (87.9%), erythromycin (81.8%), tetracycline (78.8%), chloramphenicol (69.7%), nalidixic acid (51.5%), gentamicin (33.3%), and ciprofloxacin (18.2%). The susceptibility of 40 Salmonella isolates to 15 antimicrobials was also studied by the disc-diffusion method. All the Salmonella isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. Resistance was observed most frequently to tetracycline (77.5%), chloramphenicol (52.5%), and ampicillin (50%).  相似文献   

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