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1.
Sewage collection and dissolved oxygen (DO) management have always been the focus of industrialized recirculating aquaculture. However, there are still no reports on how to achieve efficient sewage collection and increase DO in rectangular water tanks. In the present study, the performance of sewage collection and aeration in rectangular water tanks were compared among three fine-pore aeration tubes (disc-type diffuser, four corner-type diffuser and distribute-type diffuser) layouts at three airflow rates, 6, 18, and 30 m3/h. The results of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling and bait collection tests revealed that sewage collection using the four corner-type diffuser was better than using the disc-type diffuser and the distribute-type diffuser. Using the four corner-type diffuser, a strip-shaped sewage collector could be set up at the bottom of the tank to collect sewage at an airflow rate of 18 m3/h and a disc-shaped sewage collector could be set up at the bottom of the tank to collect sewage at an air flow rate of 30 m3/h. In terms of aeration, volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (KLa20), standard oxygen transfer rate (SOTR), and standard oxygen transfer efficiency (SOTE) of the distribute-type diffuser were all the highest at the three airflow rates, followed by four corner-type diffuser, and finally the disc-type diffuser, indicating that the aeration performance in the distribute-type diffuser was optimal. However, there were no significant differences in KLa20, SOTR, and SOTE between the four corner-type diffuser and the distribute-type diffuser at both 18 and 30 m3/h airflow rates. Therefore, four corner-type diffusers were the optimal choice for recirculating aquaculture, considering the sewage collection and aeration requirements. The results of the present offer novel insights on the application of CFD in recirculating aquaculture, in addition to basic data and theoretical guidance on how to achieve efficient sewage collection and aeration in recirculating aquaculture. 相似文献
2.
《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2007,262(2-4):237-249
Information on aquaculture-related environmental impact along the eastern Adriatic coast is very scarce. In this paper, the area affected by fish farm and sewage derived particulate nitrogen in the Murter Sea and semi-enclosed Pirovac Bay (central Adriatic, Croatia) was assessed using the stable nitrogen isotopic composition (δ15N) in particulate organic matter (POM) and benthic sessile invertebrates (Aplysina aerophoba, Balanus perforatus and Anemonia sulcata) in the exposed areas compared to an unpolluted reference site. The results suggest that increased δ15N values in the POM and biota in the impacted areas are predominantly due to nitrogen losses through feed wastage and fish excretion (faeces), but also due to the sewage discharge into the marine coastal ecosystems. The δ15N values of the selected organisms were significantly higher around fish cages, as well as at sites polluted by urban waste, compared to the reference site and some other pristine offshore locations. The 15N enrichments of A. aerophoba, A. sulcata and B. perforatus collected around fish cages compared to the reference location were up to 6.8, 6.5 and 5.2‰, respectively, which exceeds the natural variability. While the δ15N values of A. sulcata and B. perforatus showed an excellent linear correlation with those of the POM, a weaker correlation was found between δ15N of A. aerophoba and the POM, although its δ15N values consistently increased with the increased δ15N values of POM. This is attributed to the presence of different bacterial populations hosting in the sponge. A geochemical map of the δ15N values in the POM and organisms was created, which could be used for tracing the dispersion of 15N loading generated by aquaculture and sewage in the receiving environment, and their transfer into biota in the adjacent coastal ecosystem. Sponges or other organisms, although known as non-selective suspension feeders, but hosting abundant bacterial populations, may have δ15N values lower than the POM, but still reflecting the overall enrichment of the environment in 15N due to the presence of enriched effluents from aquaculture operation or municipal discharges. 相似文献
3.
Ammonia is present in the aquatic environment due to agricultural runoff, sewage effluents and decomposition of biological waste. High level of ammonium in the aquatic environment or in aquaculture farms is a serious problem for aquatic organisms. In the present investigation, the sublethal effects of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) at 9.98 mg L?1 on plasma electrolytes (Na+, K+ and Cl?) level of Indian major carp Catla catla fingerlings was studied for a period of 35 days under semistatic conditions. Exposure of fish to sublethal concentration of TAN at 9.98 mg L?1 caused changes in the levels of plasma electrolytes (Na+, K+ and Cl?) compared with control fish. No mortality was observed in any group during the treatment period. The present study reveals that the levels of plasma sodium and potassium (except on 7th day) electrolytes were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased throughout the study period. However, the decrease in plasma chloride level was found to be not significant when compared with control group. The present study concludes that the measurements of plasma electrolytes levels can be used as potential biomarkers for monitoring nitrogenous chemicals in aquatic environment. 相似文献
4.
Fish mortality due to acute ammonia exposure 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
J. V. TARAZONA MJ. MU&#;OZ J. A. ORTIZ MO. NUNÉZ J. A. CAMARGO 《Aquaculture Research》1987,18(2):167-172
Abstract. Fish mortality in the River Umia, near Villagarcia de Arosa, Pontevedra, Spain, which occurred after a discharge from a food sewage works, is studied. Physico-chemical parameters of water samples from sewage and from the River Umia were studied and concentrations of ammonia sufficiently high to cause toxic effects in fish (702 mg/1 and 302 mg/1 as total ammonia) were found. The toxicity of two concentrations of ammonia was investigated on goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.), using water quality values the same as found in the River Umia, to obtain the same concentrations of un-ionized ammonia (2·13 mg/1 and 0·91 mg/1). Fish exposed to high concentrations died within 24 h and three of six, which were exposed to the lowest concentration died within 96h. All fish at first showed symptoms of hyper excitability and hyperventilation, and at times of rest showed a decrease in respiration. Post-mortem findings generally included gill congestion and haemorrhage. 相似文献
5.
为了评估大型溞在渔用饲料中的的营养价值,测定了不同季节人工培养的大型溞和夏季污水中大型溞风干样的营养成分与重金属含量。结果显示,各季节人工培养的大型溞水分含量存在显著的季节差异,冬季最高为5.14%,夏季最低为2.51%;夏季污水中大型溞水分含量(9.12%),显著高于人工培养的大型溞。人工培养的大型溞粗蛋白含量为30.93%~50.21%,在不同的季节也存在显著性差异,冬季人工培养、夏季污水中大型溞粗蛋白含量显著高于其他组。大型溞的15种氨基酸含量在各季节中差异显著,冬季最高(36.65%),夏季最低(24.74%);夏季污水中氨基酸含量为41.79%,9种必需氨基酸占22.15%,赖氨酸含量达到3.4%,蛋氨酸的含量为1.14%,苏氨酸含量为2.45%。大型溞粗脂肪含量随季节变化差异显著,冬季最高(18.88%),秋季最低(4.19%),夏季污水与冬季人工培养的大型溞无显著性差异。秋季人工培养的大型溞与夏季污水大型溞必需脂肪酸含量最高,为17%左右,所有大型溞中均没有检测到花生四烯酸和亚麻酸。重金属铬、铜和锌、铅最高含量分别出现在夏季污水、秋季、春季、夏季人工培养大型溞;夏季污水和冬季人工培养大型溞中未检测到铅元素,所有大型溞中均没有检测到镉元素。除铬外,铜、铅、砷和锌的最低含量均出现在夏季污水大型溞中。研究表明,大型溞蛋白质、脂肪营养丰富,而夏季污水大型溞必需氨基酸和必需脂肪酸营养价值普遍高于人工培养的大型溞,且重金属潜在毒性较低,作为渔用饲料蛋白源进行资源化利用的可行性更高。 相似文献
6.
Lake Yuriria, located in the heavily populated and polluted Mexican Central Plateau, receives domestic sewage, industrial
effluents, and municipal wastewaters that are still directly discharged without treatment into the tributaries and the lake.
Pollutants in water and sediments include heavy metals, aromatic hydrocarbons, and organochlorine pesticides. Activities of
the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), as well as Na+/K+-adenosine triphosphatase (Na+/K+-ATPase) activity, and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were evaluated in the livers of the fish Goodea atripinnis after 96 h of exposure to water collected in March and June 2005 from three sites: Y (limnetic zone), L (Lerma tributary),
and C (la Cinta tributary). Physical and chemical parameters of the lake water were also analyzed. Increases in CAT activity
and LPO levels at all three sites were detected compared with control fish (P < 0.05), while GPx and SOD activities decreased significantly (P < 0.05). Na+/K+-ATPase activities were similar to the control in fish exposed to limnetic water from both March and June but were higher
than control at the two tributary sites in March (P < 0.05); fish exposed to water from the Lerma tributary in June exhibited lower Na+/K+-ATPase than the control (P < 0.05). During March, CAT and Na+/K+-ATPase activities were increasing more than in June in Y and L, respectively, while in June, SOD and GPx were depleted more
than March in L and Y and L, respectively. Despite the antioxidant defenses of the fish liver, exposure to all water samples
from Lake Yuriria exerted alterations in hepatic LPO levels, antioxidant enzymes, and Na+/K+-ATPase activities that could substantially impair the mechanisms of fish defenses against oxidative stress. 相似文献
7.
Influence of sediment phosphorus on utilization efficiency of phosphate fertilizer: a mesocosm study
Influence of initial sediment phosphorus content of the pond sediment on P dose efficiency was examined in a laboratory experiment using four types of sediments collected from ponds located along a nutrient gradient in a sewage‐fed fish farm. Each sediment type (500 g) was dispensed in a glass jar with water and treated with single super phosphate (SSP) treatment at 1.25, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg L?1 in triplicate. Determination of orthophosphate (OP) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) in water and available and total P in sediment showed increased response in relation to dose and time. At a given dose, the rate of increase for all species of phosphate in sediment or water was maximum in the case of local pond (LP) soil followed by stocking pond (SP), facultative pond (FP) and anaerobic pond (AP) soil, suggesting that utililization of phosphate fertilizer was much better under oligotrophic conditions than under eutrophic states. The SSP‐induced OP peak at 10 mg L?1 in LP sediment was similar to that of 5.0 mg L?1 in AP sediment containing 59% enhanced initial phosphate, implying that fertilizer application can be profitably reduced by 18% in the former without limiting the OP level in the water phase. It is concluded that dosage selection of phosphorus fertilizer in aquaculture ponds should be based on an evaluation of the initial P status of the system. 相似文献
8.
Maria C Haws Puá alaikahonihò omau Pascua Robert Howerton Angela Hi'ilei Kawelo Keliiahonui Kotubetey 《Aquaculture Research》2014,45(2):312-319
Abundance, length‐frequencies and distribution of Ruditapes philippinarum (Manila Clams) and Tellina (Quidnipagus) palatum were measured at two beaches in Kāne'ohe Bay, O'ahu, Hawai'i in June, 2010. Abundances had decreased from 866.2 m?2 to 3.4 m?2 for Ruditapes and from 75.5 m?2 to 1.5 m?2 for T. palatum since 1977. Distribution of both species was patchy, but both were most commonly found >40 m from shore. Size frequencies of live clams compared with empty shells suggest that few Ruditapes survive to sexual maturity. A similar trend was not detected for T. palatum. Aquaculture trials of R. philippinarum were conducted at the He'eia and Moli'i traditional Hawaiian fishponds in the same bay. The clams failed to thrive, although triploid and diploid Crassostrea gigas performed well in concurrent trials in the same fishponds. Current lower abundances for wild R. philippinarum could be due to factors related to predation or nutrient limitations. Previously, two large sewage outfalls existed at the surveyed clam bed areas which may have temporarily increased nutrient availability for both wild and cultured clams. Current nutrient levels may inhibit Manila clam growth and recruitment in Kāne'ohe Bay. 相似文献
9.
分析了不同浓度印染污水对银鲫(Carassius auratus)的生殖相关指标和金属硫蛋白(MT)的影响.设计1个对照组和2个试验组,对照组采用天然的水库水,试验组分别用浓度为0.1％和0.2％的印染污水养殖银鲫,每组3个平行,每个平行随机放入50尾银鲫,试验期为4周.结果表明,养殖4周后,0.1％印染污水组银鲫的肝体指数和血清卵黄蛋白原(VTG)水平显著上升(P＜0.05),0.2％印染污水组银鲫的血清VTG水平显著低于对照组(P＜0.05),印染污水对银鲫性腺指数没有影响.0.1％印染污水组银鲫在第2、3、4周,肝脏MT水平均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),0.2％印染污水组银鲫肝脏MT水平在第3周时显著升高(P＜0.05),印染污水对银鲫肾脏MT水平没有影响(P＞0.05);表明印染污水能够影响银鲫繁殖功能和组织MT的水平. 相似文献
10.
菱角对农村富营养化水体营养盐吸收的初步研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为探究浮叶植物对农村富营养化废水中营养盐的去除效果,选定华龙村4个典型水塘,以人工种植菱角(Trapa bispinosa)为试验对象,研究菱角对富营养化水体中总氮(TN)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)、氨态氮(NH_4~+-N)、总磷(TP)及化学需氧量(CODCr)的净化能力。结果表明,经过75 d的试验研究,试验区水塘的TN、NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N的浓度分别从55 mg/L、25 mg/L和3 mg/L降至13 mg/L、4.3 mg/L和2.1 mg/L,去除效率分别为62.3%、74.5%和23.5%;TP及CODCr的浓度从3.3 mg/L和120 mg/L分别降至1.45 mg/L和52.5 mg/L,去除效率为56.9%和56.3%;对照区水塘各营养元素去除率较低。菱角对农村废水中的N、P有一定的吸收作用,对重度富营养化水体,水生植物优先吸收NH_4~+-N,对TN的去除影响较大;NO_3~--N的去除主要依靠微生物的反硝化作用;TP的吸收需要更长的时间。菱角对重度富营养化农村废水营养盐的去除具有重要意义,且可以取得一定的经济效益。本研究为应用水生植物处理农村生活污水中的营养盐提供科学依据。 相似文献
11.
12.
M.Dennis Hanisak 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》1980,19(1):75-86
The primary productivity of the water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes was estimated from diel measurements of NO3N uptake in an aquaculture system using a continuous, automated nutrient analyzer apparatus. Productivity values obtained by this method agreed favorably with those made by directly harvesting the biomass. Since productivity measurements based on harvesting methods would be impractical on a large scale, the use of diel nutrient uptake measurements would be a significant improvement for proper management of aquatic macrophytes in an aquaculture system. There were few diel changes in NO3N uptake by Eichhornia, a fact which is potentially beneficial to this species not only to its ecological success in its natural ecosystem, but also to its ability to remove nutrients as a component in tertiary sewage treatment. 相似文献
13.
H. BENNION C. A. DUIGAN E. Y. HAWORTH T. E. H. ALLOTT N. J. ANDERSON S. JUGGINS D. T. MONTEITH 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》1996,6(2):81-92
1. A diatom-phosphorus (P) transfer function was applied to fossil diatom assemblages in sediment cores from three Anglesey lakes of conservation importance, in order to reconstruct quantitatively the recent history of total P (TP) concentrations for each lake. The results indicate that all three lakes have been eutrophic throughout the period represented by the cores. 2. The model suggests that Llyn Coron and Llyn Dinam experienced gradual increases in TP concentration (core base to 20 cm), followed by marked, rapid increases from the time represented by a sediment depth of 20 cm (early 1970s for Llyn Coron), most probably associated with agricultural intensification. 3. A recent decline in TP concentration at Llyn Coron and Llyn Dinam, associated with reductions in external P loading, is indicated by the model, although current levels are still considerably higher than those estimated for the base of the cores (Dinam: current=112 μg L−1; base=65 μg L−1, and Coron: current=156 μg L−1; base=70 μg L−1). 4. No clear changes in diatom-inferred TP concentration were observed for Llyn Penrhyn over the 70 year period represented by the core. However, the reconstruction for this lake is inaccurate because: (a) the sediment record appears to be disturbed, and (b) unlike Llyn Coron and Llyn Dinam, diatom preservation and modern analogues are poor, and the present TP concentration (>1 mg L−1) is beyond the TP range of the model. 5. Continued control of the external TP loads from agricultural sources is essential to prevent further increases in lake TP concentrations at Llyn Coron and Llyn Dinam. Given the problems with the Llyn Penrhyn data, it is not possible to draw any firm conclusions regarding future site management. However, the impact of the recent installation of a phosphate stripping plant at the local sewage works should be monitored, to identify whether a reduction in external P loading results in a decrease in epilimnetic TP concentrations, and in turn whether this causes changes to the biological community structure of the lake. 相似文献
14.
Abstract The potential to discriminate between wild and hatchery trout [Salmo trutta f. fario L. and Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)] by chronological microchemical patterns of different otolith regions was tested. Central and rim regions of otoliths were analysed for life stage specific elemental patterns of strontium (Sr), sodium (Na) and calcium (Ca) as well as of 87Sr/86Sr ratios using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS). Classification to life stage specific habitats was achieved with 100% accuracy by 88Sr/43Ca, 23Na/43Ca and 87Sr/86Sr ratios resulting in a discrimination of hatchery fish from wild fish. 87Sr/86Sr ratios and Sr concentration in otoliths were positively correlated with the ratio and amount in the water. Na content in otoliths did not directly reflect the concentration in the water, although the 23Na/43Ca ratio in otoliths contributed to the discrimination. Clear differences in otolith chemistry were found for fish experiencing different geological units or a groundwater‐fed environment in a hatchery. Natural chronological microchemical patterns in otoliths proved to be a valuable tool for discriminating wild and hatchery fish without the necessity to use marking methods. LA‐ICP‐MS is well suited for this application because of its limited need for sample preparation, its potentially high sample throughput and the possibility of simultaneous measurement of multiple elemental and isotopic fingerprints. 相似文献
15.
Patricia M. C. Moraes-Valenti Wagner C. Valenti 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2007,38(4):516-526
The effects of intensification on growth, survival, productivity, population structure, and distribution of harvested biomass in individual size classes of Macrobrachium amazonicum in semi‐intensive culture were evaluated. Postlarvae (0.01 g) were stocked in 12 ponds at densities of 10, 20, 40, and 80/m2 (three replicates per treatment) and raised for 5.5 mo. Average individual weight significantly decreased and productivity significantly increased as stocking density increased (P < 0.001), while survival was not affected (P > 0.05). Prawn mean weight at harvest ranged from 3.6 (80/m2) to 7.0 g (10/m2). Average survival ranged from 65.5% (40/m2) to 72.8% (20/m2), while productivity ranged from 508 (10/m2) to 2051 kg/ha (80/m2). Harvested biomass showed a clear bimodal distribution in individual size classes indicating the occurrence of heterogeneous growth, which may affect management and market strategies. Harvested biomass of prawns weighing more than 7 g (the best market size) increases for stocking densities up to 40/m2 and stabilizes between 40 and 80/m2. Growth reduction was associated with a decreasing frequency and average weight of green claw 1 and green claw 2 male morphotypes and adult females as density increased. Thus, the distribution of male morphotypes and sexually mature females are affected by density‐dependent factors. Results suggest that prawn density plays an important role on M. amazonicum grow‐out phase, as has been demonstrated for other species of the genus Macrobrachium. M. amazonicum tolerates grow‐out intensification and may be raised in both semi‐intensive and intensive systems stocked at very high densities yielding high productivity. 相似文献
16.
用设置网箱的方式，监测松花江哈段主要排污口水质对鱼类成活率的影响。结果表明：未经处理的污水排入江中，明显的影响鱼类的生长，并且产生致死效应，城市污水集中处理十分重要。 相似文献
17.
选择绍兴地区不同方位的4个乡镇(东浦镇、福全镇、马山镇、鉴湖镇)作为监测点,分析了农村生活污水对河道水质的影响.在采样点直接进行pH、透明度、ORP、TDS和溶解氧等测量,将采集的水样在实验室进行COD、BOD5、TN、TP、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮、氨氮、正磷酸盐的含量测定.结果表明监测点的水体透明度为62～79cm,溶解氧1.325～3.150mg/L,TDS为112～219mg/kg,pH6.80～7.43,ORP为-0.67～15mV,硝酸盐氮为0.82～2.59mg/L,亚硝酸盐氮为0.82～2.59mg/L,氨氮为2.83～4.31mg/L,正磷酸盐为0.018～0.32mg/L,总氮为0.061～0.13mg/L,总磷为0.0225～0.0339mg/L,COD为0～63.1395mg/mL,BOD5为18.47～22.25mg/L.采用地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)和恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida)1∶1混合的微生态制剂处理农村污染水体,持续15d,结果表明不同浓度的微生态制剂对污染水体均有治理效果,0.15g/L菌粉组去除效果最佳. 相似文献
18.
A study of 24 weeks duration was carried out in which oysters (Crassostrea gigas) were grown in four regimes. These were: (i) on phytoplankton cultured in a mixture of secondary treated sewage effluent and seawater for a period of 12 weeks followed by a second 12-week period of feeding on phytoplankton cultured in a “clean”, inorganically enriched regime; (ii) as for (i) except that the secondary effluent was sand filtered prior to use; (iii) as for (ii) except that the effluent was charcoal filtered prior to use; and (iv) using “clean”, inorganically enriched phytoplankton food for the 24-week duration. At intervals of 2 weeks, populations of oysters were removed for assay for trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn) and organic contaminants (hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls). No significant accumulation or depuration of any metal or organic contaminant was evident in any of the regimes. In terms of these contaminants all oysters are within acceptable edible standards as set by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 相似文献
19.
Jossiele Leitemperger Charlene Menezes Adriana Santi Camila Murussi Thais Lópes Maiara Costa Lygia Sega Nogueira Vania Lucia Loro 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2016,42(3):1005-1014
Contamination of aquatic ecosystems by metals causes various biochemical changes in aquatic organisms, and fish are recognized as indicators of environmental quality. Silver catfish were exposed to six concentrations of zinc (Zn): 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5 mg/L for 96 h to determine the mean lethal concentration (LC50). The value obtained was 8.07 mg/L. In a second experiment, fish were exposed to concentrations of 1.0 or 5.0 mg/L Zn and a control for 96 h. Afterward, the tissues were collected for biochemical analysis. Lipid peroxidation, as indicated by thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS), decreased in the liver and brain for all Zn concentrations tested, while in the gills TBARS levels increased at 1.0 mg/L and declined at 5.0 mg/L. Zn increased protein carbonyls in the muscle of silver catfish and decreased it in the other tissues. The enzyme superoxide dismutase increased in both exposed groups. However, catalase did not change. Glutathione S-transferase decreased in the liver and increased in the gills (1.0 mg/L), muscle (5.0 mg/L) and brain (1.0 and 5.0 mg/L). Nonprotein thiols changed only in brain and muscle tissue. Zn exposure inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the brain at both concentrations tested, but did not change it in muscle. Exposure to Zn inhibited the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase in the gills and intestine at both concentrations tested. Our results demonstrate that Zn alters biochemical parameters in silver catfish and that some parameters such as AChE and Na+/K+-ATPase could be considered as early biomarkers of waterborne Zn toxicity. 相似文献
20.
Sonia Mukherjee 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2007,262(1):105-119
The spatial and seasonal variability of the respiratory enzyme succinate dehydrogenase and the protein content were examined in different tissues of fish cultured in three ponds along the effluent gradient of a sewage-fed fish farm. Indian major carp Catla catla (150-230 g) and Labeo rohita (60-190 g) cultured in both the middle and last points of the sewage effluent (stocking pond 1) and (stocking pond 4) and Oreochromis mossambicus (50-160 g), a naturally growing fish of the inlet (facultative pond) and the out let of the sewage effluent (stocking pond 4) were procured every month during the period of January-December, 2005 and were subjected to determination of succinate dehydrogenase activity, total protein, DNA and RNA contents from gill, liver and muscle tissue respectively. The SDH activity of all three test fishes (Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Oreochromis mossambicus) was reduced significantly (ANOVA; P < 0.05) when cultured in SP-4 compared to SP-1 in the case of Catla catla and Labeo rohita and in facultative pond in the case of Oreochromis mossambicus.Conspicuous differences in the SDH activity of fish between the last and first stocking pond or the facultative pond were clearly due to the result of the differences in water quality. There was a direct relationship between SDH activity in gill tissue of any of the fish investigated and ammonia-N concentration of water or water pH. This shows that the respiratory activity of these fishes was strongly affected by the ammonia and pH of water. In other words, this suggests that as the distance from the point source increases, there was a substantial improvement of water quality in the ponds located along the sewage effluent gradient. Evidently, there is a progressive pattern of growth, survival and physiological health of fish and abundance of favorable diversity of food organisms with rich biodiversity. 相似文献