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绿茶电磁内热滚筒杀青工艺优化 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
为研究电磁内热滚筒杀青技术对绿茶品质的影响,试验分析了滚筒前段、中段、后段的温度和杀青耗时等因素对杀青叶、绿茶感官品质及化学成分含量的影响,优化了电磁内热滚筒杀青工艺参数,并与其他杀青方式进行了比较,结果表明:当投叶量为150kg/h时,电磁内热滚筒杀青的适宜作业参数为前段筒温270℃、中段筒温250℃、后段筒温190℃、杀青耗时105s。此工艺下杀青叶色泽嫩绿、鲜活、清香浓郁,所制绿茶的感官审评得分较其他杀青方式要高1.5分～3.6分,热能利用率可达50%～60%,作业耗能成本约为0.38元/kg。该研究可为绿茶加工生产提供参考。 相似文献
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为探究新型绿茶电磁内热式毛火工艺对绿茶毛火效果的影响,该文应用正交设计和极差分析,以毛火样的生化成分含量和成品样的感官品质为目标值,对电磁内热式毛火工艺参数(热风温度、热风风机转速、链板传动转速等)进行优化,获得最佳参数,并与传统的燃煤式热风毛火、理条机毛火、电热管式热风毛火等在毛火效果和设备性能方面进行比较,结果表明:综合品质生化成分和感官评审的结果,电磁内热式毛火工艺的最佳参数组合为:热风温度115℃,热风风机转速1 200 r/min,链板传动转速1 050 r/min,3因素中以热风风机风速对绿茶毛火效果的影响最为显著;在此毛火条件下所制提香样的氨基酸、茶多酚、叶绿素、可溶性糖、儿茶素和咖啡碱的含量分别达2.31%、17.61%、1.13 mg/g、5.01%、10.74%、2.01%,品质物质加权值为7.66%,均高于其他3种毛火工艺;此工艺下所制成品茶样的外形、汤色、香气、滋味等均得到显著提升,感官总分达86.40,显著优于其他毛火处理;该毛火工艺能耗成本仅0.76元/kg,较电热管式热风毛火减少了70%以上,升温快,预热时间仅10 min,较传统燃煤式热风毛火的预热时间减少约50%,余热回收装置的设计显著提升了热能利用率,热效率提升50%以上;同时,生产效率达150 kg/h,较传统电热管式热风毛火提升3倍以上,而且温控精准和稳定、热风分布均匀。该研究可为茶叶加工提供技术参考和理论指导。 相似文献
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不同杀青方法对绿茶品质的影响 总被引：15，自引：3，他引：15
杀青作业是提高绿茶加工品质的关键工序,为了提高茶叶加工品质,采用微波、热风、蒸汽、锅炒和蒸汽-热风组合等不同杀青方法对加工后绿茶的感官品质和茶叶内含成分品质特性进行了试验分析,结果表明：微波输出功率 10 kW、时间2.5 min、杀青叶温室75℃,杀青后茶叶的外形色泽、汤色、叶底表现较好,只有香气、滋味欠佳,咖啡碱、茶多酚、维生素C和叶绿素含量最高,分别是2.70%、34.40%、3.335×10-3 mg/g和2.24 mg/g,时间是传统杀青的1/4～1/3,能耗成本是传统杀青的1/3。蒸汽-热风组合杀青时间为6 min（蒸汽和热风各处理3 min）、叶温80℃杀青的茶叶香气最好,氨基酸保留量达到3.48%,感官品质总分达到90.75分。 相似文献
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微波远红外耦合杀青工艺对绿茶品质的影响 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：8
为研究微波远红外耦合杀青工艺对绿茶品质的影响,试验分析了杀青时间、杀青功率和投叶量等因素对绿茶香气、滋味品质的影响,通过L9(34)正交试验设计,优化了绿茶微波远红外耦合杀青工艺,并与其他杀青方式进行了比较,结果表明：较佳的耦合杀青工艺为杀青功率微波10 kW +远红外6 kW,投叶量0.5 kg/min,杀青时间先微波1.5 min+后远红外1.5 min。此时杀青的茶叶香气滋味最好,感官品质总分达到91.40,茶多酚、儿茶素、咖啡碱、氨基酸、可溶性糖和芳香油质量分数分别达到17.24%、12.62%、3.10%、3.72%、4.64%、15.40×10-2 mg/g,香气滋味品质好于其他杀青方式,杀青时间是传统杀青的1/4～1/3,能耗成本是传统杀青的1/3～1/2。该杀青工艺克服了单纯使用微波杀青的不足,为绿茶加工生产提供参考。 相似文献
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自动化加工生产线改善机采绿茶理化品质研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
以茶树机采鲜叶为原料,选配、改装和组建了茶叶加工自动化生产线,并跟踪加工工序中茶坯理化成分的动态变化,以同一原料所制的传统炒青工艺为对照,比较新设备和新工艺对机采卷曲形绿茶色泽和品质成分的影响。结果发现:新的生产线在杀青、二青、做形和提香等关键工序中,集成应用了电磁加热耦合热风、热管余热回收和流化床干燥技术,提高了茶叶的滋味和色泽品质,所制卷曲形绿茶的感官得分比传统炒青绿茶高2分,酚氨比相对较低(P0.05),干茶的色相值、茶汤、叶底的亮度和色相值相对更好(P0.01);相比传统单机加工设备,该生产线可日均生产绿茶1 750 kg,产能提高了37.5%,能耗成本为4.6～4.8元/kg干茶;热效率提高100%,用工成本减少50%。机采卷曲形绿茶自动化生产线扩大了茶叶加工产能,减轻了劳动强度,提高了卷曲形绿茶品质,为实际生产提供了指导。 相似文献
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即食杏鲍菇热风-真空联合干燥工艺优化 总被引：9，自引：6，他引：3
为了充分利用工厂化栽培杏鲍菇加工副产物(菇头),对其进行联合干燥开发成即食杏鲍菇休闲产品。选取干燥速率、感官评分、色泽明亮度和硬度的综合值为评价指标,采用三因素二次通用旋转组合设计优化即食杏鲍菇生产中热风-真空联合干燥工艺参数,同时与热风干燥(60℃)、真空干燥(-0.09 MPa,60℃)产品的品质进行对比分析结果表明:热风干燥温度和真空干燥温度对即食杏鲍菇干燥过程影响极显著(P0.01),热风时间影响显著(P0.05),影响因素主次顺序依次为真空干燥温度、热风干燥温度和时间,确定的最佳工艺条件为:先热风干燥(60℃,20 min)(转换点湿基含水率≤78%),后真空干燥(55℃,-0.09 MPa);联合干燥即食杏鲍菇休闲产品的品质优于热风干燥和真空干燥产品的品质,能耗比真空干燥减少57%,但高于热风干燥。研究为实现工厂化栽培杏鲍菇副产物的资源化利用提供了参考。 相似文献
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采用PLS-DA分析毛火方式对工夫红茶品质的影响 总被引：2，自引：6，他引：2
为探究不同毛火方式对工夫红茶品质的影响,明确新型电磁内热式滚筒-热风耦合干燥设备的毛火效果,该研究以一芽一二叶初展嫩度的"福鼎大白"品种为原料进行工夫红茶加工,设定电磁滚筒-热风耦合(Rotary pot-Hot air coupling First-Drying with electromagnetic heat,RHFD)、链板热风(Chain plate Hot air First-Drying,CHFD)、箱式热风(Box Hot air First-Drying,BHFD)、滚筒式滚炒(Rotary pot First-Drying,RFD)等4种毛火方式,比较所制茶样的茶多酚、儿茶素、茶色素、可溶性糖、咖啡碱、氨基酸等29个非挥发性指标,114个气相色谱-质谱技术(GasChromatography-Mass Spectrometry,GC-MS)检测的挥发性香气指标,10个外形和汤色色泽客观评价指标,同时进行了毛火方式的热效率、生产效率、生产成本等性能指标的分析比较,通过偏最小二乘判别统计(PartialLeastSquaresDiscriminationAnalysis,PLS-DA)分析毛火方式对优质工夫红茶品质的影响,并获得标志性差异化合物。结果表明:电磁内热式滚筒-热风耦合毛火处理下茶多酚和儿茶素总量显著最低(P<0.05),简单儿茶素含量较高,茶红素和可溶性糖含量、茶黄素综合指标TDE和茶色素综合指标10TFRB最高(P<0.05),毛火方式对茶黄素总量影响不显著(P>0.05);挥发性化合物总量以RHFD方式最高,RFD方式次之,CHFD方式最低;RHFD毛火方式芳香类、萜烯类等化合物含量最高。电磁内热式滚筒-热风耦合毛火升温快、温度分布均匀且稳定性好,热效率和生产效率高(分别为50.0%、220 kg/h),生产成本较低(仅0.32元/kg),预热时间仅14min;所制红茶在汤色透亮度、香气甜久度、滋味甜醇度等方面均得到提升,感官总分最高(P<0.05),达88.1。PLS-DA分析从挥发性和非挥发性角度均可将工夫红茶4种毛火方式显著区分,并分别获得了43种和18种差异化合物,结合差异性分析获得标志性差异化合物,2,4,6-三(1,1-二甲基乙基)-4-甲基环己-2,5-二烯-1-酮、香叶醇、3-辛酮、水杨酸甲酯、茶黄素、茶褐素、可溶性糖、表儿茶素等,可作为区分工夫红茶毛火方式,以及定向加工甜香、甜醇、高亮等优质工夫红茶的指标物质。该研究为红茶加工基础和品质提升提供技术参考和理论指导。 相似文献
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【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
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Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
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《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
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M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
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Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
17.
Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells. 相似文献
18.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
19.
Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico
and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria
(Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite
amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation.
Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured
as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions. 相似文献
20.
Y. Bashan J. J. Bustillos L. A. Leyva J.-P. Hernandez M. Bacilio 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2006,42(4):279-285
Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several
photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene.
This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments
for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference
in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless
of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots.
Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production
or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation. 相似文献