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1.
In soil mechanics, precompression stress is an essential parameter for estimations of the compaction risk of cultivated land. In order to determine this factor, regression equations were developed. They require various input variables of water and air regime, dry bulk density as well as the shear strength parameters c and φ. In this paper, we propose a regression model, which estimates the precompression stress from the two parameters dry bulk density (BD) and aggregate density (AD). The experiments were conducted on various structured arable soils in Germany. Altogether 25 natural soils and seven disturbed substrates were examined with three to seven replications. On all sites, precompression stress (log σP) was determined by means of stress–strain measurements under drained conditions and a matric potential of −6 kPa. The same samples were used for estimating the dry bulk density. Parallel to this, density measurements of aggregates with a diameter of 8–10 mm were made at a matric potential of −6 kPa. Aggregate density and dry bulk density were put into a relation (AD/BD ratio). This quotient shows the state of the inter-aggregate pore system and thus the load-support strength between the aggregates. A multiple linear regression equation of simple design allows to determine the level of precompression stress using the input variables AD/BD ratio and dry bulk density. Precompression stress rises with increasing dry bulk density. An increasing AD/BD ratio leads to a decline of precompression supposing the density values remain constant. The model produced good agreement with the measured values. The determination coefficient of the regression function was 0.84, the mean absolute error (MAE) 0.12 and the root mean square error (RMSE) 0.14. The index of agreement according to Willmot [Willmot, C.J., 1982. Some comments on the evaluation of model performance. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 63 (11), 1309–1313] was 0.95.  相似文献   

2.
Identifying the vulnerability of soils to compaction damage is becoming an increasingly important issue when planning and performing farming operations. Soil compaction models are efficient tools for predicting soil compaction due to agricultural field traffic. Most of these models require knowledge of the stress/strain relationship and of mechanical parameters and their variations as a function of different physical properties. Since soil compaction depends on the soil's water content, bulk density and texture, good understanding of the relations between them is essential to define suitable farming strategies according to climatic changes. In this work we propose a new pedotransfer function for 10 representative French soils collected from cultivated fields, a vineyard and forests. We investigate the relationship between soil mechanical properties, easily measurable soil properties, water content and bulk density. Confined compression tests were performed on remoulded soils of a large range of textures at different initial bulk densities and water contents. The use of remolded samples allowed us to examine a wide range of initial conditions with low measurement variability. Good linear regression was obtained between soil precompression stress, the compression index, initial water content, initial bulk density and soil texture. The higher the clay content, the higher the soil's capacity to bear greater stresses at higher initial water contents without severe compaction. Initial water content plays an important role in clayey and loamy soils. In contrast, for sandy soils, mechanical parameters were less dependent on initial water content but more related to initial bulk density. These pedotransfer functions are expected to hold for the soils of tilled surface layers, but further measurements on intact samples are needed to test their validity.  相似文献   

3.
Prediction of soil strength of arable soils and stress dependent changes in ecological properties based on soil maps Based on a database of at present 160 mechanical soil profile datasets, the site and horizon dependent mechanical soil strength expressed as precompression stress can be predicted by multiple regression analysis and used for documentation in maps at different scales. Stress dependent changes in air permeability or air capacity can be derived for the virgin compression stress range as well as the effect of stress propagation in soils or stress attenuation capacity and depth dependent changes of ecological properties. Thus, areas with defined mechanical sensitivity as a function of depth can be derived and recommendations for site adjusted farming techniques can be given. In addition it allows the agricultural machine industry to develop site adjusted machines to support the ideas of good farming practice, defined by the soil protection law of Germany.  相似文献   

4.
Precompression stress has been proposed as a criterion for subsoil compression sensitivity in regulations, limiting mechanical loads by vehicles, trafficking on agricultural and forest soils. In this study we investigated the applicability of this criterion to the field situation in the case of tracked heavy construction machinery. ‘Wet’ and ‘dry’ test plots at three different test sites (soil types: Eutric Cambisol and Haplic Luvisol under crop rotation and Dystric Cambisol under forest) along an overland gas pipeline construction site were experimentally trafficked with heavy tracked machines used for the construction work. The comparison of samples taken from beneath the tracks with samples taken from non-trafficked areas beside the tracks showed that no significant increase in precompression stress occurred in the subsoil. Comparing calculated mean and peak vertical stresses with precompression stress in the subsoil, only little compaction effects could have been expected. Precompression stress was determined by the Casagrande procedure from confined uniaxial compression tests carried out in the laboratory on undisturbed samples at −6 kPa initial soil water potential. Dye tracer experiments showed little differences between flow pattern of trafficked and non-trafficked subsoils, in agreement with the results of the precompression stress, bulk density and macroporosity measurements. The results indicate that Casagrande precompression stress may be a suitable criterion to define the maximum allowable peak stresses in the contact area of a rigid track in order to protect agricultural and forest subsoils against compaction.  相似文献   

5.
In this study, strength attributes and compaction susceptibility of the main classes of Brazilian Latosols (Oxisols), under native vegetation, were studied using the load bearing capacity models relating precompression stress, compression index and water potential through statistical regression models. These models were developed based on the results of the analysis of undisturbed soil samples collected at the B horizon at the different sites. The results showed that the maximum value of the compression index was 0.53 for the Acric Red Latosol, indicating its higher susceptibility to soil compaction. The Dystrocohesive Yellow Latosol had the highest load bearing capacity, while the Acric Red Latosol had the lowest one. The Dystrocohesive Yellow Latosol due to its high load bearing capacity and bulk density (mechanical resistance) behave similarly to hardsetting soil, in which the plants root system has severe physical restrictions to explore deeper horizons during the dry periods. Differences in the load bearing capacity and compaction susceptibility were found to be influenced by soil structure which is associated with clay mineralogy in these very weathered-leached soils and water potential. The study also showed that soil compression index is influenced by water potential and clay mineralogy also. Our work has laid a foundation for estimation of compaction susceptibility of Latosols.  相似文献   

6.
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7.
容重对土壤水分入渗能力影响模拟试验   总被引：38，自引：21，他引：38  
通过人工改变土壤颗粒级配,配制典型砂壤、中壤、黏壤,并设置不同容重水平,用土柱积水入渗模拟了土壤容重对其入渗能力的影响,为土壤改良和促进天然降水转化利用提供理论依据。结果表明,容重对土壤入渗能力有较大影响。试验土壤入渗能力随容重增大递减,3种典型土壤稳定入渗速率与容重均呈对数负相关,砂壤120 min累积入渗量与容重呈幂函数负相关,中壤、黏壤则呈线性负相关。考斯加科夫入渗模型中,表征初始入渗速率的参数随容重增大递减,表征入渗能力衰减速度的参数则随容重增大递增,说明土壤初始入渗能力随容重增大递减,入渗能力衰减速度随容重增大递增。  相似文献   

8.
《Geoderma》2001,99(1-2):123-145
The quantification and interpretation of aggregate stability depend on internal soil properties and external factors such as measurement method and aggregate size. The objectives of this study were to: (i) determine the aggregate stability in Ultisols from subtropical China applying the Le Bisssonais Method; (ii) determine the effect of initial aggregate size on its stability, and (iii) interpret mechanisms of aggregate stabilization in the soils. Three aggregate-size ranges (5–3, 3–2 and 2–1 mm) were obtained by dry sieving. After the wetting treatments, the dominant fraction of fragments for each soil was 2–1 mm or 0.63–0.2 mm. The mechanisms of aggregate breakdown was in the order, slaking>mechanical breakdown>micro-cracking. They differed with soil type and composition. The normalized mean weight diameter (NMWD) of the aggregates after fast wetting and wet stirring were more correlated with soil properties, such as degree of micro-aggregation (DOA), cation exchange capacity (CEC), K2O, Fe2O3 or Al2O3 rather than clay and soil organic carbon (SOC) content. The binding force by soil organic matter was smaller than the force caused by entrapped air or the force of combination of mechanical stress by stirring and differential swelling of minerals.The smaller the aggregate, the larger was the aggregate stability according to NMWD. The rankings of the soils differed with the soil aggregate sizes and the wetting treatments. Sandy loams from sandstone (Sc and Sw) were the weakest soils while the purple mudstone (Pp) was the strongest. All the cultivated soils decreased in aggregate stability compared with the comparable uncultivated soils or parent materials irrespective of the cultivation time and the changes in SOC content after cultivation.  相似文献   

9.
Infiltration capacity is an important variable for understanding and predicting a range of soil processes. This study investigated for different slope positions the effects of forest conversion to cultivation and grazing on soil infiltration capacity. Infiltration capacity was measured in the field in each land use type using a double‐ring infiltrometer. A total of 108 soil samples (3 slope positions × 3 land use types × 4 soil profiles × 3 soil depths) were collected to determine the variables that affect infiltration capacity viz. particle size distribution, organic carbon content, dry bulk density and soil moisture content. The results showed that in the cultivated and grazed land compared with forest, infiltration capacity and soil moisture content were 70 and 45% smaller respectively, and dry bulk density was 13–20% larger. Changes in soil structure caused by surface soil compaction because of tillage and animal trampling coupled with a smaller soil organic carbon content, are likely to be the principal factors causing the decline in infiltration capacity and soil moisture content after conversion of forest to cultivation and grazing.  相似文献   

10.
Methods to quantify the mechanical strength of agricultural soils in order to assess the trafficability are presented. The pedotransfer functions relating the precompression stress as a measure of soil strength and the depending soil parameters are also shown. By using cohesion and angle of internal friction values, the precompression stress can be calculated using the multiple regression equations. Horizon specific values on the mechanical stability of arable soils is determined at various moisture suctions. Changes in dependence of gravel contents are also given. The stress transmission for specific soil horizons is calculated by using classified values of the concentration factor. The mechanical stability for the soil profile is then determined by comparing the actual pressures in a specific soil horizon with the corresponding value of the precompression stress. Stress dependent changes of soil physical properties only occur when applied stress exceeds the precompression stress. These changes in soil physical properties are dependent on soil suction, texture, structure and applied stress. Regression equations presented in this paper can be used to calculate the changes in soil physical and mechanical properties due to loading. The proposed method is a useful tool towards fulfilling the soil protection law in the Federal Republic of Germany.  相似文献   

11.
Interaction between mechanically and hydraulically affected soil strength depending on time of loading Soil‐deformation analysis often only considers the direct effects of mechanical stress on changes in void ratio or pore functions while the interaction between hydraulic and mechanical processes is seldomly mentioned. Thus, we analyzed the effect of mechanical stress and time of soil settlement on changes in soil strength and the corresponding interactions between stress‐dependent changes in pore water pressure on precompression stress for a clayey silt. Disturbed samples with a bulk density of 1.4 g cm–3 and a water content of 25 g (100 g)–1 were compressed for four time steps (10–240 min) at eight stresses (20–400 kPa) with four replications. During the experiments, the changes of pore water pressure and void ratio were registered. With increasing time of stress application, we determined an increased soil strain. The higher the stress‐application time, the smaller gets the void ratio and the precompression stress value. Parallel to these variations in settlement, we also found changes in the pore‐water‐pressure values. This is a consequence of decreasing pore diameter while the water saturation increases. Thus, the proportion of neutral stresses on total stress increases which coincides with a change of water suction (= unsaturated) conditions up to even positive pore‐water‐pressure values (from less negative to positive pore water pressure values). From our experiments, we can conclude that the changes in pore‐water‐pressure values already occur at normal stress values smaller than the precompression stress. This underlines the increasing sensitivity of soil deformation processes close to the internal soil strength. The results support the idea, that in order to quantify the mechanical strength of structured unsaturated soils, we always have to determine the changes in pore‐water‐pressure values, too.  相似文献   

12.
Forest soils differ significantly from the arable land in their distribution of the soil bulk density and humus content, but the water retention parameters are primarily derived from the data of agricultural soils. Thus, there is a need to relate physical parameters of forest soils with their water retention characteristics and compare them with those of agricultural soils. Using 1850 water retention curves from forest soils, we related the following soil physical parameters to soil texture, bulk density, and C content: air capacity (AC), available water capacity (AWC), and the permanent wilting point (PWP). The ACs of forest soils were significantly higher than those of agricultural soils which were related to the low bulk densities of the forest soils, whereas differences in AWCs were small. Therefore, for a proper evaluation of the water retention curves (WRCs) and the parameters derived from them, further subdivisions of the lowest (< 1.45 g cm‐3) of the three bulk density classes was undertaken to the wide range of low soil densities in forest soils (giving a total of 5 bulk density classes). In Germany, 31 soil texture classes are used for the estimation of soil physical parameters. Such a detailed classification is not required because of insignificant differences in WRCs for a large number of these classes. Based on cluster analysis of AC, AWC, and PWP parameters, 10 texture collectives were obtained. Using 5 classes of bulk densities, we further calculated the ACs, AWCs, and the PWPs for these 10 classes. Furthermore, “van Genuchten parameters” (θ r, θ s, α, and n) were derived which described the average WRC for each designated class. In a second approach using multiple regression analysis, regression functions for AC, AWC, and PWP and for the van Genuchten parameter were calculated.  相似文献   

13.
Application of organic waste on agricultural land as a soil conditioner and fertilizing material has lately gained much attention. This study was conducted to determine the effects of vermicompost applications (0·5%, 1%, 2% and 4% w/w) on physical characteristics of soils with different textures (sandy loam, loam and clay), under laboratory conditions. The results indicated that in the higher soil aggregate fraction (>12·7 mm) aggregate fraction was limited at the three soils. Vermicompost applications in all three soils significantly increased organic matter content. When compared with control, the increasing rates in organic matter content were 14·0%, 23·8%, 42·0% and 90·2% for 0·5%, 1%, 2% and 4% vermicompost application doses, respectively. Vermicompost applications increased the wet aggregate stability and decreased the dispersion ratio of all the experimental soils in all aggregate size fractions. Overall, wet aggregate stability increased from 26·9% to 52·2% with the application rate of 4%. Correlation coefficient between organic matter content and wet aggregate stability was found as 0·918**. The lowest mean bulk density and the highest mean total porosity occurred when the most vermicompost was added. In all the soils studied, the highest permeability coefficients were gained with the application dose of 2%. As a result of increase in wet aggregate stability and decrease in bulk density, air permeability increased, and penetration resistance decreased significantly. The results obtained in this study have clearly indicated that the vermicompost application is an effective way to improve soil physical characteristics. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

14.
The proportional differences in soil organic carbon (SOC) and its fractions under different land uses are of significance for understanding the process of aggregation and soil carbon sequestration mechanisms. A study was conducted in a mixed vegetation cover watershed with forest, grass, cultivated and eroded lands in the degraded Shiwaliks of the lower Himalayas to assess land‐use effects on profile SOC distribution and storage and to quantify the SOC fractions in water‐stable aggregates (WSA) and bulk soils. The soil samples were collected from eroded, cultivated, forest and grassland soils for the analysis of SOC fractions and aggregate stability. The SOC in eroded surface soils was lower than in less disturbed grassland, cultivated and forest soils. The surface and subsurface soils of grassland and forest lands differentially contributed to the total profile carbon stock. The SOC stock in the 1.05‐m soil profile was highest (83.5 Mg ha−1) under forest and lowest (55.6 Mg ha−1) in eroded lands. The SOC stock in the surface (0–15 cm) soil constituted 6.95, 27.6, 27 and 42.4 per cent of the total stock in the 1.05‐m profile of eroded, cultivated, forest and grassland soils, respectively. The forest soils were found to sequester 22.4 Mg ha−1 more SOC than the cultivated soils as measured in the 1.05‐m soil profiles. The differences in aggregate SOC content among the land uses were more conspicuous in bigger water‐stable macro‐aggregates (WSA > 2 mm) than in water‐stable micro‐aggregates (WSA < 0.25 mm). The SOC in micro‐aggregates (WSA < 0.25 mm) was found to be less vulnerable to changes in land use. The hot water soluble and labile carbon fractions were higher in the bulk soils of grasslands than in the individual aggregates, whereas particulate organic carbon was higher in the aggregates than in bulk soils. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

15.
以复垦农用地为研究对象,以原地貌未受损农用地和排土场未复垦地作为对照,共选择18个样地,对比研究复垦农用地、未复垦地及原地貌未受损农用地的土壤容重、田间持水量、pH值、有机质、全氮、全钾、有效磷、速效钾的差异,揭示复垦农用地土壤重构的过程及变异的规律。结果表明：（1）复垦农用地土壤容重、田间持水量、pH值、全钾、有效磷、速效钾的均值都略高于未受损农用地;而复垦农用地有机质、全氮的均值都略低于未受损农用地。（2）复垦农用地和未受损农用地在0-10cm的土壤容重及pH值均略低于10～20cm土层;0～10cm的土壤肥力指标均值略高于10～20em土层。（3）在0～10cm土层,复垦耕地和复垦林地的相关土壤理化性质要优于未受损耕地;在10—20cm,复垦林地土壤理化性质基本上优于未受损耕地。（4）复垦13年的耕地土壤容重、速效钾与未受损耕地差异不显著;复垦22年林地的单个土壤理化指标基本上优于复垦19年林地,复垦19年林地的单个土壤理化指标基本上优于未受损林地。  相似文献   

16.
Depth‐dependent soil bulk density (BDS) is usually affected by soil‐specific factors like texture, structure, clay mineralogy, soil organic‐matter content, soil moisture content, and composition of soil solution and is also affected by external factors like overburden‐stress history or hydrological fluxes. Generally, the depth‐dependent BDS cannot be predicted or extrapolated precisely from a limited number of sampling depths. In the present paper, an easy method is proposed to estimate the state of soil mechanical stress by analyzing the packing characteristics of the profile using soil bulk‐density data. Results for homogeneous loess profiles exposed to the site‐specific climatic conditions show that the depth‐dependent relation of void ratio vs. weight of overburden soil can be described systematically so that deviations from the noncompacted reference state can be detected. We observed that precompaction increased from forest soils (reference) to agricultural soils with decreasing depth.  相似文献   

17.
Field traffic may reduce the amount of air-filled pores and cavities in the soil thus affecting a large range of physical soil properties and processes, such as infiltration, soil water flow and water retention. Furthermore, soil compaction may increase the mechanical strength of the soil and thereby impede root growth.

The objective of this research was to test the hypotheses that: (1) the degree of soil displacement during field traffic depends largely on the soil water content, and (2) the depth to which the soil is displaced during field traffic can be predicted on the basis of the soil precompression stress and calculated soil stresses. In 1999, field measurements were carried out on a Swedish swelling/shrinking clay loam of stresses and vertical soil displacement during traffic with wheel loads of 2, 3, 5 and 7 Mg at soil water contents of between 11 and 35% (w/w). This was combined with determinations of soil precompression stress at the time of the traffic and predictions of the soil compaction with the soil compaction model SOCOMO. Vertical soil displacement increased with increased axle load. In May, the soil precompression stress was approximately 100 kPa at 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 m depth. In August and September, the soil precompression stress at 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 m depth was 550–1245 kPa. However, when traffic with a wheel load of 7 Mg was applied, the soil displacements at 0.5 m depth were several times larger in August and September than in May, and even more at 0.7 m depth. An implication of the results is that the precompression stress does not always provide a good indication of the risk for subsoil compaction. A practical consequence is that subsoil compaction in some soils may occur even when the soil is very dry. The SOCOMO model predicted the soil displacement relatively well when the soil precompression stress was low. However, for all other wheeling treatments, the model failed to predict that any soil compaction would occur, even at high axle loads.

The measured soil stresses were generally higher than the stresses calculated with the SOCOMO model. Neither the application of a parabolic surface load distribution nor an increased concentration factor could account for this difference. This was probably because the stress distribution in a very dry and strongly structured soil is different from the stress distribution in more homogeneous soils.  相似文献   


18.
容重对土壤水分蓄持能力影响模拟试验研究   总被引：22，自引：0，他引：22  
通过人工改变土壤颗粒级配,并设置不同容重水平,测定土壤水分特征参数,研究了容重对土壤水分蓄持能力的定量影响。结果表明:(1)容重对土壤水分特征曲线、比水容量有较大影响,试验土壤各吸力段水分蓄持能力均随容重增大递减,比水容量也随容重增大递减。(2)容重对试验土壤饱和含水量、田间持水量、凋萎系数有较大影响,此3个水分参数均随容重增大递减。饱和含水量与容重呈幂函数负相关关系,田间持水量及凋萎系数均与容重呈指数负相关关系。(3)容重对试验土壤有效水、易效水、迟效水含量有较大影响,此3水分参数均随容重增大递减,分别与容重呈指数、幂函数、对数负相关关系。  相似文献   

19.
The character of the quantitative changes in the main physical properties of ordinary chernozems under the impact of irrigation has been studied. It is shown that irrigation leads to a weak or moderate degradation of the aggregate state of the soils and a weak degradation of the soil bulk density, total porosity, and air capacity.  相似文献   

20.
Influence of temporary stockpiling on the initial development of restored topsoils Due to increasing construction and open‐cast mining activities on fertile agricultural land, excavation, stockpiling, and restoration of soils have become important issues in soil protection. In this study, we performed a restoration experiment to investigate how the conditions during stockpiling may influence initial soil development and plant growth on a restored site. Four topsoils, which originated from two depths (with uninhibited and inhibited aeration) of a nontrafficked and a trafficked topsoil deposit, were repacked in strips and sown with three meadow‐seed mixtures in strips perpendicular to the soil strips. During stockpiling as well as during the first 2 years after restoration, we assessed the physical and mechanical properties of the topsoils and (after restoration) also plant growth. None of the investigated properties of the topsoils was influenced by the depth in the deposit. In contrast, the coarse porosity and compression index were lower, whereas the bulk density and precompression stress were higher in the trafficked than in the nontrafficked topsoil deposit. However, these differences largely disappeared already in the course of soil restoration. Contrary to our expectations, the plants grew better on the soil of the trafficked topsoil deposit than on the soil of the nontrafficked topsoil deposit in the year of restoration. This might be attributed to the extremely dry and hot summer of that year. In the course of the 2 years following restoration, also the differences in plant growth tended to disappear. The remaining differences in bulk density and plant growth could not be attributed to differences in stockpiling conditions. The results suggest a re‐examination of current soil restoration guidelines. The maximum permitted stockpiling heights for topsoils might be increased in order to reduce the areas required for temporary stockpiling.  相似文献   

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