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1.
Myoelectric activity in 2 cows instrumented with permanent electrodes in the ileum, cecum, proximal loop of the ascending colon (PLAC), and spiral colon was analyzed after an obstruction developed in the distal small intestine. Results were compared with patterns from a group of 7 normal cows. Myoelectric activity in the ileum immediately orad to the occlusion was characterized by abolition of the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) and a constant pattern of strong spike bursts of long duration. Cyclic activity was present in all parts of the large intestine, and propagation of phase III activity was evident from proximal to distal. A slight degree of disorganization in phase III propagation was restricted to the spiral colon. Activity cycles tended to be shorter in the cecum and PLAC of both cows with colic than in normal cows, and the intensity of spiking activity was generally lower. Changes in duration of the MMC in the spiral colon (bovine colonic MMC, bcMMC) were inconsistent, but the intensity of spiking activity tended to be lower in phases I and II of both cows compared to controls. The organization of phase III in several spindles typical of the bovine spiral colon was not disrupted, but phase IV of the bcMMC occurred only infrequently. Organized cyclic activity occurred in the large intestine of both cows despite complete disruption of the small intestinal MMC, indicating the presence of mechanisms able to initiate and regulate coordinated myoelectric patterns in the large intestine independent of the small intestine.  相似文献   

2.
Twenty formalin fixed animals, nine male and eleven female, belonging to the genus Octodon degus (Molina 1782) were examined as to the topography of the cecum and ascending colon (Colon ascendens). The cecum shows differing forms and positions. The position of the Caput ceci is normally on the left side, directed cranially or caudally. Besides its topography on the left side, it can extend over the median level to the right side or remain with caput and corpus on the right, while the apex appears on the left side in front of the entry to the pelvis. Further findings were that the ascending colon (Colon ascendens) is arranged in two superimposed, often spiral folds, which may differ as to their form and extension, depending on the position of the cecum.  相似文献   

3.
The canalis alimentarius of the Burunduk (Eutamias sibiricus), a rodent belonging to the family Sciuridae, were examined macroscopically (12 animals) and light microscopically (three animals). The esophagus is lined with a stratified non-keratinized squamous epithelium. The one-chambered stomach is of a simple type covered with a glandular mucous membrane. When empty and moderately filled, the stomach looks like a curved sack and lies intrathoracally. The filled stomach extends to the left and ventrally into the regio abdominis media. The greater omentum covers incompletely ventrally and in a part laterally the intestinal mass. The intestinal canal averages about 780 mm in length, that is 6.5 as long as the whole body. The relative length of the small intestine compared with the large intestine is 36-64%. The U-shaped Duodenum is composed of a Pars cranialis, descendens and ascendens and possesses a Plica duodenocolica as well as a Plica duodenocolica accessoria. The Jejunum averages about 420 mm length and is mainly located in the right and ventral part of the regio abdominis media. As in other rodents, the cecum is well developed. The length of the ascending colon averages about the body length and forms an Ansa proximalis and two parallel loops, Ansa media and Ansa distalis coli, both lying in the right Cavum abdominis. Peculiar for the colon are Noduli lymphatici solitarii surrounding cavities lined by a surface epithelium. According to the anatomical structure of the gut and based on physiological diet facts the Burunduk is not a mere herbivore but has to be classified as an omnivore depending upon uptake of animal food protein.  相似文献   

4.
The topography of the thoraco-abdominal viscera in the ostrich was studied in 20 birds varying in age from 2 weeks to 12 months. The lungs occupied the dorsal third of the thorax, and the heart lay in the cranioventral thorax perpendicular to the long axis of the body. There was no pleural cavity. The liver was situated in the caudoventral part of the thorax, and the proventriculus occupied the left cranial part of the abdomen between the 7th vertebral rib and the acetabulum. The gizzard lay in the cranioventral part of the abdomen, resting on the sternum and abdominal floor. The duodenum formed a loop from right to left, with the pancreas lying between the 2 limbs of the loop. The coiled jejunum and ileum occupied the ventral part of the abdomen between the gizzard and pelvis. The two caeca lay on either side of the terminal ileum with their apices in the pelvis. The rectum was the longest part of the intestine and could be divided into a thick proximal segment situated in the right dorsal part of the abdomen, and a thin distal part that occupied the left caudodorsal part of the abdomen. The trilobed kidneys lay along the ventral surface of the synsacrum, with the adrenal glands at their cranioventral poles. The testes lay ventrally to the cranial divisions of the kidneys, whereas the left ovary was situated ventrally to the cranial division of the left kidney. The spleen lay wedged in between the right kidney, caudal vena cava and proventriculus. The thyroid glands were situated at the cranial borders of the subclavian arteries, and the thymus lay at the base of the neck.  相似文献   

5.
31 to 37 localities were examined in the small and large intestines of 48 calves spontaneously infected with cryptosporidiosis. It was found that cryptosporidia occurred the most frequently in the distal part of small intestine, within the range of six metres of small intestine, in front of the ostium ileocecale (OIC); at the ileocecal valve the incidence of cryptosporidia dropped rapidly. In none case were the protozoans revealed in duodenum and in the adjacent four to six metres of proximal jejunum. The small intestine was invaded by cryptosporidia in a variable manner, in some cases a major part was continuously invaded, in other cases only one or two metres of distal jejunum without any changes in the ileum and vice versa. Approximately half the calves had cryptosporidia in the cecum, fewer cryptosporidia were found in the transverse colon. Cryptosporidia in the rectum were found in about 25% of cases. Some calves had cryptosporidia only in the large intestine. The intensity of the mucous membrane invasion varied: mass incidence of cryptosporidia was found only in caudal parts of small intestine, with high variability of the extent and with sudden cases of negative findings. In the large intestine only the cecum was invaded more intensively and in a diffusive manner, in the transverse colon and in the rectum the groups of parasites were usually found at the openings and in the wall of Lieberk uhn 's crypts.  相似文献   

6.
This study describes in detail the arteries supplying the ileum, cecum and proximal loop of the ascending colon in the ox important to the veterinary surgeon treating disorders of these segments of the intestinal tract. The ileum was vascularized by the mesenteric ileal artery (from the ileocolic), the first ileal artery (from the cranial mesenteric) and by the ileal branches of the cecal artery which, by means of their anastomoses, form a row of antimesenteric arches in the ileal part of the ileocecal fold. The termination of the ileum was also supplied by twigs from the ileocecocolic arch. The ileum appears to be the most vascular part of the small intestine. The cecum was supplied mainly by the cecal branches of the cecal artery. The proximal end of the cecum was also vascularized by branches from the ileocecocolic arch. The proximal loop of the colon was vascularized by the three colic branches of the ileocolic. The first colic branch supplied the third part of the loop, the second colic branch supplied the first and the second parts of the loop and the third colic branch supplied the first part and, together with the first cecal branch of the cecal artery, formed the ileocecocolic arch at the dorsolateral surface of the ileocecocolic junction. The terminal branches of the arteries to the ileum, cecum and proximal loop of the colon detached lateral branches in the tunica muscularis which anastomosed with similar branches from neighboring arteries in an arcuate manner in the tunica submucosa. The terminal branches from both sides terminated in the free border, releasing branches which anastomosed with each other in the tunica submucosa. The colic lymph nodes were supplied by the colic branches of the ileocolic artery, die two largest nodes being perforated by some of the branches of the first two colic branches. The ileal lymph nodes were supplied by the ileal arteries of the cranial mesenteric. They were also perforated by these arteries. Cecal lymph nodes were seen only in the specimen from the calf. They were much smaller than the colic and ileal nodes and were supplied by the first two or three cecal branches of the cecal artery and also by twigs arising directly from the cecal artery.  相似文献   

7.
Laparoscopic Anatomy of the Llama Abdomen   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Paralumbar laparoscopy was performed, caudal to the last rib, in seven llamas. All animals were anesthetized, instrumented, and placed in sternal recumbency. Systematic exploration was performed in six donated llamas dividing the abdomen into right and left, cranial and caudal quadrants. The main structures of diagnostic significance that could be observed from the right side were the parietal and visceral surface of the liver, diaphragm, first compartment of the stomach (CI), caudal aspect of the third compartment of the stomach (C3), pancreas, kidney duodenum, jejunum, and ascending colon. From the left side CI, varying lengths of jejunum, ileum, ascending colon, and spiral colon were identified. From both approaches the bladder, and in females the uterus and ovaries could be observed. All animals were necropsied immediately following the procedure. Gross examination of the abdominal viscera in the did not yield any abnormalities that had been missed by laparoscopic evaluation. Using a left paralumbar approach, one clinical case presenting with signs of acute abdominal discomfort was evaluated. A diagnosis was made of diffuse enteritis that was confirmed at necropsy. Because of the distensible nature of the South American camelid (SAC) abdominal wall, the small size of the abdominal viscera, and the freely mobile nature of most portions of the gastrointestinal tract a thorough examination was possible in all animals.  相似文献   

8.
The blood supply to the descending colon of the horse was studied by gross dissection and methyl methacrylate corrosion casts. The arterial supply is derived from the left colic artery and cranial rectal artery with the left colic artery supplying approximately the proximal three fourths. Each artery gives off four to eight arcuate arteries that form a series of anastomosing arcades. The arcade pattern continues to form a marginal artery that parallels the long axis of the colon. Small branches from the marginal artery anastomose with adjacent branches to form a secondary arcade. The secondary arcade lies approximately 1 cm proximal to the mesenteric teniae and sends off long arteries at regular intervals that course circumferentially around the bowel. The long arteries begin under the serosal mesothelium and perforate the muscular layers to course in the submucosal layer. The long arteries branch off supplying the wall of the colon and arborize over the antimesenteric surface, anastomosing with the vessels from the opposite side. The result is the formation of a series of vascular rings surrounding the colon. Venous return, in general, parallels the arterial supply.  相似文献   

9.
The aim of this study was to develop a standardized procedure for examination of the canine abdomen using endoscopic ultrasound and to describe the organs and structures that could be identified transgastrically. The abdomen of four healthy dogs and two cadavers were examined with endoscopic ultrasound. Five anatomic landmarks were used for standardized imaging of the cranial abdomen. These were the portal vein, splenic head and body, duodenum, left kidney, and aorta. High-resolution images of the following organs and structures could be made: distal esophagus, gastric wall from the cardia to the pylorus, liver, caudal vena cava, hepatic lymph nodes, liver hilus, and associated vessels, trifurcation of the celiac artery as well as the path of its branches and the left pancreatic limb and body. Structures that were more difficult to image were the distal duodenum and right pancreatic limb, the entire jejunum, ileum, and cecum as well as the tail of the spleen. Endoscopic ultrasound allowed excellent visualization of the gastric wall and regional structures without interference with gas artefacts. Centrally located organs such as the pancreas could be well examined transgastrically with endoscopic ultrasound without interference by overlying intestinal segments as is common with transabdominal ultrasound.  相似文献   

10.
Johne's disease (paratuberculosis) is reported in eight goats. Clinical signs were mainly those of a chronic wasting disease which lead to emaciation, severe weakness, prostration and death. Soft pasty stool and/or profuse diarrhea were observed only after several weeks of illness, in the terminal stages of the disease, in six of the eight goats. Gross lesions were characterized by emaciation and mesenteric lymphadenopathy with more or less extensive areas of caseous necrosis and calcification. Gross lesions in the intestinal tract were limited to a mild thickening and corrugation of the mucosa of the distal small intestine, cecum and proximal parts of the colon in three of the affected animals. Caseous necrosis of Peyer's patches and ulceration were observed in two goats when small tuberculoid nodules were present in the liver of another one. Histologically, the intestinal lesions were characterized by accumulations of large foamy or vacuolated macrophages in the intestinal mucosa. Lesions were usually mild and multifocal in the proximal and middle parts of the small intestine, more diffuse and severe in the distal jejunum, ileum and proximal parts of the colon. Several of the macrophages infiltrated in the intestinal mucosa and mesenteric lymph nodes were packed with acid fast bacilli. Observations made on these animals stress the importance of a careful histological examination of the intestines and mesenteric lymph nodes of adult goats submitted to necropsy because of a chronic wasting disease.  相似文献   

11.
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12.
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) in the large intestine was characterized in 12 calves (10 to 84 days old) obtained at necropsy (7, group A) or healthy animals (5, group B). Patches of mucosal lymphoid follicles were in all calves at ileocecal entrances (ICE), 23-42 cm distal to the ICE in the proximal loop of the ascending colon (proximal colon [PC] patch), and in the terminal rectum. PC patches varied from 8 to 30 cm in length. Solitary lymphoid follicles were found in the cecum of three calves, between the ileocecal entrances and the PC patch in four calves, adjacent to the PC patch in all calves, and in the ampulla recti. GALT occupied 7.8% of the large intestinal wall in animals of group A: 0.6% at the ileocecal entrance, 4.8% in the proximal colon, and 2.4% in the rectum. There were two different types of mucosal lymphoid follicles in group B: propria nodules with lymphoid follicles predominantly in the lamina propria, and lymphoglandular complexes with lymphoid follicles in the submucosa. In three 3-, 6-, and 7-day-old, germfree calves, distinct follicle-associated epithelium covered propria nodules and covering folds in depths of the lymphoglandular complexes; it was characterized by numerous intraepithelial cells and lack of goblet cells.  相似文献   

13.
A 6‐year‐old castrated Goldendoodle dog was presented for left‐sided lameness of 3 weeks’ duration. Focal, moderate to marked increased 99mTc‐methylene diphosphonate (99mTc‐MDP) uptake was detected in the right caudal lung lobe, caudal angle of the left scapula, and the distal aspect of the left femur with whole body bone phase scintigraphy. Radiographs identified a well‐circumscribed, oval‐shaped soft tissue opaque mass in the right caudal lung lobe; a suspect oval‐shaped osteolytic lesion in the proximal third of the left scapula; and an osteolytic lesion in the distal aspect of the left femur. Metastatic pilomatricoma was confirmed histologically at all three sites.  相似文献   

14.
The Cape dune mole-rat, Bathyergus suillus, is the largest truly subterranean rodent in the world and is restricted to sandy soil areas of the southern and South-western Cape Province. These animals are herbivorous, feeding mostly on the below ground portions of grass and geophytes. The present study was undertaken to explore whether there are any gross anatomical gastrointestinal adaptations associated with the herbivorous diet of the Cape dune mole-rat and to provide a basis for further investigations into the nutrition and ecology of this animal. The stomach was unilocular (simple) and the entire internal aspect displayed macroscopically visible glandular epithelium. The caecum was voluminous and arranged into a spiral of approximately one and a half turns. The tip of the caecum resembled a vermiform appendix and lay against the left lateral abdominal wall. The ascending colon consisted of proximal and distal portions, arranged in a large double loop and attached to each other by a fat-filled mesenteric fold. The looped, folded ascending colon filled the right side of the abdominal cavity, lying against the right dorsal, lateral and ventral abdominal wall. The internal structure of the ascending colon revealed a shallow groove, lined on either side by a row of papillae. The simple, glandular stomach in conjunction with a prominent caecum and a greatly enlarged ascending colon suggests that this animal is a hindgut fermenting herbivore, rather than a caecal fermenter, as is the case in most rodent species.  相似文献   

15.
The purpose of the present work was to investigate the in vivo concentrations of sorbic acid and vanillin as markers of the fate of organic acids (OA) and natural identical flavors (NIF) from a microencapsulated mixture and from the same mixture non-microencapsulated, and the possible consequences on the intestinal microbial fermentation. Fifteen weaned pigs were selected from 3 dietary groups and were slaughtered at 29.5 +/- 0.27 kg of BW. Diets were (1) control; (2) control supplemented with a blend of OA and NIF microencapsulated with hydrogenated vegetable lipids (protected blend, PB); and (3) control supplemented with the same blend of OA and NIF mixed with the same protective matrix in powdered form but without the active ingredient coating (non-protected blend, NPB). Stomach, cranial jejunum, caudal jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colon were sampled to determine the concentrations of sorbic acid and vanillin contained in the blend and used as tracers. Sorbic acid and vanillin were not detectable in pigs fed the control, and their concentrations were not different in the stomach of PB and NPB treatments. Pigs fed PB showed a gradual decrease of the tracer concentrations along the intestinal tract, whereas pigs fed NPB showed a decline of tracer concentration in the cranial jejunum and onwards, compared with the stomach concentrations. Sorbic acid and vanillin concentrations along the intestinal tract were greater (P = 0.02) in pigs fed PB compared with pigs fed NPB. Pigs fed PB had lower (P = 0.03) coliforms in the caudal jejunum and the cecum than pigs fed the control or NPB. Pigs fed the control or PB had a greater (P = 0.03) lactic acid bacteria plate count in the cecum than pigs fed NPB, which showed a reduction (P = 0.02) of lactic acid concentrations and greater (P = 0.02) pH values in the caudal jejunum. The protective lipid matrix used for microencapsulation of the OA and NIF blend allowed slow-release of both active ingredients and prevented the immediate disappearance of such compounds upon exiting the stomach.  相似文献   

16.
The present study describes in detail the venous supply to the bovine cecum, ileum, and the proximal loop of the ascending colon. The cecum was supplied by branches from the cecal and accessory cecal veins. The accessory cecal vein was observed in the majority of the specimens examined. The cecal and accessory cecal veins were joined by 7–10 short oblique anastomoses. The ileum was supplied by the ileal branches of the cecal vein, and from the mesenteric ileal and first ileal (cranial mesenteric) veins. The ileal branches of the cecal vein formed a row of antimesenteric ileal arches in the ileal part of the ileocecal fold. The mesenteric ileal vein, in some cases, detached a collateral branch. The first ileal and the mesenteric ileal veins anastomosed on the ventral surface of the ileum. The initial loop of colon was supplied by branches from the ileocolic vein. In the majority of specimens, the common colic, a branch of the cranial mesenteric vein, supplied the first colic branch to the third part of the initial colon. In such cases, the ileocolic vein gave off only the second and third colic branches. However, in one case, the proximal loop of the ascending colon was supplied by three colic branches of the ileocolic vein and by the first colic branch of the common colic vein. In specimens in which the common colic vein was absent, the colic branches to the initial colon were all given off by the ileocolic vein. The third (or fourth) colic branch of the ileocolic vein and the first cecal branch of the cecal vein united on the lateral surface of the ileocecocolic junction to form an ileocecocolic arch. The veins on the medial surface of the ileocecocolic junction did not form an arch. The colic and ileal lymph nodes were supplied by twigs from the colic branches of the ileocolic vein and first ileal vein of the cranial mesenteric, respectively. The small cecal lymph nodes seen only in the specimen from the calf were supplied by fine branches from the cecal vein.  相似文献   

17.
We describe the macroscopic anatomy of the intestine of the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis). The small intestine was divided into duodenum, jejunum and ileum as usual. The caecum was attached to the ileum by a long ileocaecal fold, and to the proximal ansa of the ascending colon by a caecocolic fold. The ascending colon was the most developed portion of the gross intestine and had the most complex arrangement with three ansae: the proximal ansa, the spiral ansa and the distal ansa. The proximal ansa completely encircled the caecum, describing a 360° gyrus, and represented the widest portion of the intestine. The spiral ansa was formed by three and a half centripetal gyri, a central flexure and three centrifugal gyri. The last centrifugal gyrus left the spiral and described nine flexures of different form and direction over the left side of the mesentery. The two portions that formed each of these flexures ran parallel to each other. The last part of this gyrus ran parallel to the jejunum. When compared with domestic cattle, giraffe had a comparatively short small intestine and a comparatively long large intestine, with a resulting small ratio of small:large intestine. Reasons are presented why this should be considered a peculiarity of cattle‐like ruminants rather than a different representative of a browser–grazer dichotomy in general.  相似文献   

18.
The steady-state response characteristics of a pulse oximeter were evaluated on intestinal segments of seven clinically normal halothane-anesthetized horses. Arterial oxygen tension greater than 200 mm of Hg, end tidal carbon dioxide from 30 to 35 mm of Hg, and systemic mean arterial pressure greater than 70 mm of Hg were maintained throughout the recording periods. Values for percentage of pulse oximeter oxygen saturation, pulsatile blood flow, and percentage of signal strength were recorded from jejunum, ileum, cecum, left ventral colon, left dorsal colon, and descending colon. Probe placement on intestinal segments was recorded as over or not over visible subserosal or transmural vessels. There was no significant difference between median values on the basis of vessel codes for pulse oximeter oxygen saturations, pulsatile flow, and signal strength. Median values recorded for pulse oximeter oxygen saturation were 93% from jejunum and ileum and 95% from cecum, left ventral colon, left dorsal colon, and descending colon; median values for pulsatile flow were 576 from jejunum, 560 from ileum, 560 from cecum, 574 from left ventral colon, 578 from left dorsal colon, and 560 from descending colon; median values for signal strength were 50% from jejunum, 67.5% from ileum, 60% from cecum, 75% from left ventral colon, 50% from left dorsal colon, and 52.5% from descending colon. Median values obtained from each anatomic location were not significantly different for pulsatile flow or signal strength. Median pulse oximetry oxygen values recorded from jejunum and ileum were significantly lower than values obtained from other intestinal segments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

19.
Twenty-one genetically lean, obese or contemporary barrows (6 mo old; seven of each genotype) were assigned to individual tether stalls and fed a control diet (low-fiber) or a diet containing 80% alfalfa meal (high-fiber) at 1.50% of initial body weight for 71 d (1.75% for d 1 to 4). Backfat thickness was recorded ultrasonically at 2-wk intervals, and body weight was recorded at the beginning and end of the 10-wk experiment. Pigs were slaughtered after a 24-h fast, and carcass weight, length and backfat thickness and cross-sectional area of the longissimus muscle were measured. Weights of cecum, heart, liver and kidney and of full and empty stomach and colon and empty small intestine were recorded. Volume and weight of colon and cecum contents were determined. Restriction of digestible energy reduced weight gain to zero or below in pigs fed alfalfa meal compared with 220 g daily in pigs fed the low-fiber diet. Restriction of energy reduced backfat in all three genotypes. Liver, kidney and empty segments of the gastrointestinal tract as a percentage of body weight were increased by high fiber. Obese pigs had smaller longissimus muscle area, more backfat and smaller liver, heart, empty stomach and colon than lean or contemporary pigs, but there were no diet X genotype interactions for any of these traits. Obese pigs consistently had smaller digesta volumes and dry matter weights than the other genotypes. The increased relative organ weights and the associated disproportionate contribution of these organs to body energy expenditure have important implications for effects on basal metabolic rate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

20.
Rats are often used as animal models in studies such as on intestinal transplantation and anastomosis healing, which require colectomy. Although detailed information regarding arterial supply is important to establish accurate and reproducible experimental procedures, this has not been studied in the rat colon. Therefore, we analysed the detailed arterial distribution pattern and its individual variations in the colon of 34 rats. The rat colon received colic branches of the ileocolic artery, and the right, middle and left colic arteries. The single left colic artery constantly arose from the caudal mesenteric artery and was distributed to the descending colon, whereas the others showed variations in number and distribution. The ileocolic artery gave rise to one (12%) or two (88%) colic branches supplying the proximal ascending colon, and these branches formed rich, mesh-like anastomoses along the initial portion of the ascending colon. One (74%) or two (26%) right colic arteries originated from the cranial mesenteric artery and supplied the ascending colon and right colic flexure. Moreover, one (38%), two (56%) or three (6%) middle colic arteries emerged from the cranial mesenteric artery and were distributed to the transverse colon, left colic flexure and proximal descending colon. In total, we categorized the individual variations in arterial branching and anastomosis into 11 patterns. Arterial supply to the rat colon showed a specific pattern and frequent individual variations. These findings thus provide essential information for establishing reproducible models of rat colic surgery.  相似文献   

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