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1.
土壤非交换性钾释放动力学特征及其生物有效性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《土壤学报》2015,(5)
采用生物耗竭法和0.2 mol L-1四苯硼钠化学浸提法,利用不同动力学模型对我国8种主要土壤非交换性钾的释钾特性及其生物有效性进行定量评估。结果表明,供试土壤非交换性钾释放分为快速释放和稳定释放两个阶段,一级动力学模型、Elovich模型、双常数模型和扩散模型均能描述土壤非交换性钾的释放过程。根据双常数模型中参数(a)所表征的土壤非交换性钾释放速率常数,供试8种土壤的释钾能力按取土地区存在着自西向东、自北向南渐减的趋势。盆栽耗钾试验中,在累积释钾量高且释放速率快的土壤上,不施钾处理黑麦草累积生物量、累积吸钾量和相对含钾量较高,表现出强的供钾能力;与此相反,累积释放量低且释放速率慢的土壤上,其各项指标偏低,供钾能力较弱。四种动力学模型所表征的土壤非交换性钾释放速率与不施钾处理黑麦草含钾量及吸钾量极显著相关。以黑麦草钾素丰缺临界值34.0 g kg-1和土壤非交换性钾释放速率396 mg kg-1 h-1作为评价指标,供试8种土壤中,仅取自新疆的干旱土、陕西和黑龙江的均腐土在短期不施用钾肥的情况下能保证黑麦草丰产且不出现缺钾症状。 相似文献
2.
不同提取方法土壤非交换性钾释放动力学及其速率的研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用Ca2+饱和土壤的 0.50molL-1硝酸、0.0 1molL-1草酸和氢质阳离子交换树脂恒温连续提取法 ,利用Elovich和二级动力学模型 ,结合生物吸钾试验 ,研究探讨了描述土壤非交换性钾释放及其速率较为理想的连续提取法及其动力学模型。研究结果表明 ,氢质树脂提取法的Elovich模型描述非交换性钾释放及其速率的效果较为理想 ,拟合方程的相关系数达极显著水平(r =0.982～ 0.996 ) ;不同时间非交换性钾累积释放量的计算值与实测值的标准差最小 (S =1.335～2.480 ) ;通过速率方程计算的不同时间非交换性钾释放速率与黑麦草吸收的非交换性钾数量的相关性也最为密切 (r =0.944～ 0.963) ,故氢质阳离子交换树脂连续提取法结合Elovich模型是描述土壤非交换性钾释放及其速率较为理想的组合方法。以伊利石为主的 2、3和 8号土壤非交换性钾释放速率明显高于其它以高岭石或蒙脱石为主的供试土壤 相似文献
3.
不同土壤钾素释放动力学及其供钾特征的研究 总被引：12，自引：3，他引：12
应用自行研制的连续流动交换仪研究了取自不同类型的19个土壤样品的钾素释放动力学及其供钾特征。不同土壤钾的释放差异很大,钾的释放持续时间变幅为100～600分钟;最大释放速率变幅为0.46～20.55毫克千克-1分-1;平均释放速率变幅为0.009～1.25毫克千克-1分-1;总释放量变幅为40～430毫克千克-1。供试土壤钾的释放过程可以用一级反应方程拟合,表明钾的释放速率主要受交换位上钾离子饱和度的影响。应用一级方程计算出钾的释放速率常数变幅为5.4810-3～65.6210-3分-1。多数土壤的钾释放过程符合单一的一级反应;而以云母类为主,且含有部分绿泥石的土壤的钾释放过程由两个速率不同的一级反应构成,表明不同吸附位上的钾离子可能有不同的释放机制。用供试土壤连续种植玉米幼苗57茬进行土壤钾素耗竭试验,结果表明应用连续流动交换仪研究得出的土壤钾素释放的动力学参数可以较可靠地评价土壤的供钾特征。释钾速率快,持续时间长,总释放量大的土壤(如青海栗钙土),在耗竭试验中显出很强的供钾能力;而释钾速率慢,持续时间短,总释放量小的土壤(如广东砖红壤)在盆栽试验中供植物吸收的钾量很低。有的土壤(如四川紫色土)钾的总释放量不低,但释放速度快,持续时间短,在盆栽试验 相似文献
4.
采用两种化学连续提取法及连续耗钾实验,研究了几种耕作土壤非有效性钾释放特性及有效性。结果表明,供试土壤非交换性释放特性和有效性与粘土矿的密切相关,富含伊利石的土壤非交换性钾的释放量大,速率快,有效性高,黑麦草吸收该土壤的非交换性钾量及总吸钾量高,生物量大。而富含高岭石或蒙脱石的土壤非有效性钾有效性明显较低,非交换性钾的释放量和速率,黑麦草吸收该土壤的非交换性钾量,总吸钾量及生物量的均值分别仅为富含 相似文献
5.
研究了长期定位施肥试验中连续27年(1981-2007)施用化肥和稻草对红壤性水稻土非交换性钾释放特征及其动力学的影响.本试验选择了其中5个处理:CK(不施肥)、NP(施氮、磷肥)、NPK(施氮、磷、钾肥)、NP+RS(施氮、磷肥和稻草)和NPK+RS(施氮、磷、钾肥和稻草).结果表明,长期施用钾肥和稻草的条件下,各处理土壤中非交换性钾的释放均存在2个不同的阶段:即第一阶段(1～14 h)表现为直线上升阶段,第二阶段(14～796 h)为缓慢增长阶段.5个处理中,长期不施钾处理(CK和NP)的土壤非交换性钾累积释放量较低,分别为62.22和56.12 mg/kg,长期施钾处理(NPK、NP+RS和NPK+RS)的土壤非交换性钾累积释放量较高,分别为67.52、64.41和75.33 mg/kg.施稻草处理(NPK+RS和NP+RS)的土壤非交换性钾释放量明显高于相应不施稻草处理(NPK和NP)的土壤,这可能与长期施用稻草促使土壤矿物钾中的一部分向非交换性钾转化有关.用抛物线扩散、零级反应、一级反应和Elovich方程模拟土壤非交换性钾的释放动力学结果表明,Elovich方程能比较好地模拟5个处理土壤非交换性钾的释放动力学.分段直线方程能更好地描述土壤非交换性钾释放的机制. 相似文献
6.
基于生态学的Lotka Volterra模型 ,在土壤—作物系统中提出一个新的土壤钾素动力学方程。盆栽试验表明 ,该模型能很好地拟合花生一个生长周期内土壤缓效钾和速效钾的动态变化。吸钾量实测结果表明 ,花生不同生育期吸钾量符合Logistic模型。结合上述 2个模型 ,分别求出矿物钾最大释放速率常数Kmm、缓效钾最大释放速率常数Krm和速效钾最大供钾速率常数Kam。相关分析表明 ,Kam与花生当季吸钾量、生物学产量和荚果产量以及Krm与花生当季吸钾量有显著水平以上的对数正相关。Krm和Kam可作为评价土壤当季供钾能力的速率指标。 相似文献
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8.
四苯硼钠溶液中含钾矿物非交换态钾的释放特性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
含钾矿物的全钾含量、非交换态钾总量以及非交换态钾的释放速率因矿物种类而异,且3种参数之间没有必然的相关性。供试5种含钾矿物非交换态钾总量由高到低的顺序是:金云母 5.19% 黑云母3.08% 蛭石2.01% 白云母1.18% 钾长石0.24%,占各矿物全钾的比例分别为:58.4% 、99.7% 、62.5% 、14.2% 和4.98% ,平均达48%。选择较弱提取力的四苯硼钠溶液进行非交换态钾的释放特性研究,5种矿物非交换态钾3d释放累积量顺序为:黑云母 蛭石 金云母 白云母 钾长石;非交换态钾平均释放速率也表现为同样的顺序。上述5种矿物在弱提取力的四苯硼钠溶液中释放3 d,非交换态钾的平均释放速率分别为5.99、2.34、0.52、0.22和0.17 mg/(kgmin),差异明显。如何根据非交换态钾的释放量和释放速率来综合评价矿物钾的生物有效性是未来研究中需要明确的问题。 相似文献
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10.
水旱轮作条件下不同类型土壤供钾能力及钾素动态变化研究 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
采用盆栽试验,研究了黑麦草-水稻轮作条件下不同类型土壤供钾能力及钾素动态变化,以期为土壤供钾机制研究及合理的钾素调控提供依据。结果表明：不施钾条件下（NP处理）,潮土上种植作物的生物量和吸钾量最高,黄褐土次之,红壤最低;施钾条件下（NPK处理）,3种土壤上种植作物的生物量无显著差异,作物吸钾量为黄褐土>潮土>红壤。整个轮作期,红壤、黄褐土和潮土NPK处理的作物生物量较NP处理分别增加55.6%、45.2%和23.2%,作物吸钾量分别增加368.8%、166.8%和74.5%。轮作前季（黑麦草季）,NP处理的3种土壤水溶性钾含量和交换性钾含量均降低,潮土非交换性钾含量明显降低,红壤和黄褐土非交换性钾含量在前期变化不大,中期有升高的趋势,后期显著降低;NPK处理的土壤钾含量均高于NP处理,且各种形态钾含量的变化趋势与NP处理基本相同。轮作后季（水稻季）,NP处理的3种土壤水溶性钾含量变化不大,交换性钾含量呈先降低后升高的趋势,非交换性钾含量呈先升高后降低的趋势;NPK处理的土壤交换性钾含量在水稻生长前期明显升高,中期下降,后期有略微上升,水溶性钾和非交换性钾含量有先升高后降低的变化趋势。综上所述,在不施钾条件下,轮作期内各土壤钾素消耗量较大,水溶性钾和交换性钾含量降低,并促进了非交换性钾的释放;施钾能提高土壤水溶性钾和交换性钾含量,并向非交换性钾方向转化,施钾对黑麦草和水稻有显著增产效果,可以有效地提高土壤供钾水平。 相似文献
11.
Non-exchangeable potassium release and its removal in foot-hill soils of North-west Himalayas 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
In the present investigation, soils representing ten locations and three agro-climatic zones of foot-hills of north-west Himalayas were studied to assess Non-exchangeable Potassium (NEK) reserves, its release and influence of K-fixing capacity and clay minerals on NEK release. Maximum release of non-exchangeable K was obtained in temperate zone soils (295 mg kg− 1) followed by intermediate zone (227 mg kg− 1) and sub-tropical zone soils (106 mg kg− 1), having relative soil quality index (RSQI) values of 85, 80 and 65, respectively. The quantitative analysis of clay minerals, through XRD technique, revealed that the temperate soils have more illite (averaging 62%) which holds well as a reason for high NEK reserves of 1556 mg kg− 1 in these soils in comparison to intermediate (having illite averaging 53%) and sub-tropical (having illite averaging to 49%) soils having NEK amounting to 1022 and 918 mg kg− 1, respectively. In order to study the NEK removal from the soils under investigation, maize was grown as a test crop and potassium was applied through four treatments having four levels of K (0, 15, 30 and 60 mg kg− 1) applied as KCl. The crop demonstrated significant response in terms of dry matter yield up to 30 mg kg− 1 in sub-tropical and intermediate soils while no such response was obtained in temperate soils. The percent NEK removed by maize crop from NEK reserves was 14, 25 and 20% in sub-tropical, intermediate and temperate soils, respectively. The information about NEK release, its removal as well as its relationship with K fixing capacity, clay minerals and RSQI can be used for understanding the K buffering potential of soils especially under adverse soil and climatic conditions that prevail in southwest India. Besides, the regression equations developed can be used for predicting NEK release on the basis of K fixing capacity and clay mineralogical composition. 相似文献
12.
山东主要土壤供钾能力和非交换性钾释放的研究 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
用生物耗竭方法,研究和比较了山东省主要农业土壤:棕壤、褐土和潮土的供钾能力。结果表明,以土壤交换性钾、缓效钾含量和耗竭过程中作物吸钾总量和吸收来自土壤非交换性钾的数量、比率及土壤非交换性钾释放速度和数量为依据,评价土壤供钾能力有褐土＞潮土＞棕壤的总趋势。 相似文献
13.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(17-18):2833-2854
Potash resources in China are very scarce. It is especially important to correctly evaluate the potential potassium‐supplying power of soils in northern China in order to use soil potassium sufficiently and potash fertilizer properly. Regional differences in crop yield responses to long‐term potassium application in northern China were determined in this study. Twenty‐five representative soil samples from 13 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions of major agricultural regions in northern China were collected from the surface layer (0–20 cm) before crop seeding in 1993. A soil potassium‐depletion study was carried out in a pot experiment with successive planting of corn seedlings for 10 harvests in the 25 soils. Since 1993, field trials on wheat and corn response to long‐term potassium application were conducted at the fixed sites of HLJ‐SC (Shuangcheng of Heilongjiang), JL‐LFZ (Liufangzi of Jilin), HB‐XJ (Xinji of Hebei), SX‐LF (Linfen of Shanxi), QH‐NKY (Nongkeyuan of Qinghai), and XJ‐CJ (Changji of Xinjiang). Soil‐available potassium, slowly available potassium, total potassium, main clay minerals, cation exchange capacity, particle size, other available nutrients, and potassium concentration in plants were measured. The results showed that potential potassium‐supplying powers of the 25 tested soils, which were respectively evaluated by the contents of slowly available potassium in soils and the amount of total net potassium uptake in the pot experiment, generally tended to increase from eastern to western regions in northern China. Significant wheat yield responses to long‐term potassium application in the field trials were found since 2000 in the north‐central region but not observed until 2004 in the northwestern region. Significant corn yield responses to long‐term potassium application in the field trials were found starting in soils of the northeastern region, following in soils of the north‐central region, and then in soils of the northwestern region. These were consistent with potential potassium‐supplying power of the soils, which tended to increase from east to west regions. 相似文献
14.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(16):2013-2022
ABSTRACTPotassium (K) plays several key roles in plant metabolism and crop productivity. Non-exchangeable K (NEK) makes K available in soil and to the crops. Impact of integrated use of organic and inorganic fertilizers on NEK release was studied in an ongoing long-term fertilizer experiment (LTFE) under rice-wheat cropping system. The experimental plots in the field were laid out following a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with eight treatments and three replications. Addition of K increased the release of NEK, but integrated use of manure with fertilizers increased K release of NEK from soils than the use of inorganic K alone. The maximum NEK (102 × 10–2 cmol kg?1 of soil) was released under 100% NPK with Farm Yard Manure (FYM) treatment and the minimum (93.9 × 10–2 cmol kg?1 of soil) under 100% NP-treated soils. Four kinetic models, parabolic diffusion, first order, power function, and Elovich, were tested for characterizing K release data and Elovich model provided the best fit (R2 = 0.96–0.97). Available K status in soils, rice yield, and plant K uptake increased significantly with the increase in NEK release rate. Our research outcomes suggest that the addition of K through integrated fertilization is needed to improve plant nutrition and productivity of the intensive rice-wheat cropping systems. 相似文献
15.
施肥方式对砂姜黑土钾素利用及盈亏的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
以砂姜黑土长期施肥试验为平台,研究砂姜黑土冬小麦—夏大豆轮作系统下作物钾素吸收量、钾素回收率、土壤钾素盈亏量和速效钾含量的演变特征,探明土壤速效钾与外源钾投入、土壤累积钾盈亏的响应关系,分析不施肥(CK)、常规化肥(CF)、化肥+麦秆(SCF)、化肥+猪粪(PCF)、化肥+牛粪(CCF)等施肥方式对土壤钾素利用及盈亏的影响,以期探寻砂姜黑土地区高产高效的施钾方式。结果表明:29 a作物钾素平均回收率在55.1%~66.1%,高低顺序为CCFPCFSCFCF。土壤累积钾盈亏与土壤速效钾增量呈显著线性关系(p0.05),土壤中钾素每盈余100 kg hm-2,CF、SCF、PCF和CCF处理土壤速效钾含量分别增加1.4、1.8、2.3和15.8 mg kg-1;土壤钾素投入量与速效钾含量呈显著线性关系(p0.05),CF处理每投入钾100 kg hm-2,土壤速效钾含量增加0.4 mg kg-1,而SCF、PCF和CCF处理每投入钾100 kg hm-2,土壤速效钾含量分别增加0.5、0.6和4.3 mg kg-1,这说明适当增施有机肥可提升土壤钾素的供应能力。综上所述,投入有机物料是影响土壤钾素利用的重要调控措施,长期增施有机肥可提高作物钾素回收率以及土壤中盈余的钾素向速效钾的转化能力,本试验条件下以增施牛粪效果最好,猪粪和秸秆次之。因此,砂姜黑土小麦—大豆轮作系统下秸秆养畜过腹还田是实现作物高产高效的一种推荐施钾方式。 相似文献
16.
北方主要土壤钾形态及其植物有效性研究 总被引：50，自引：10，他引：40
从北方12个省（市、自治区）选取了25个有代表性的土壤样品,将土壤中的钾按其存在形态计为水溶性钾、非特殊吸附钾、特殊吸附钾、非交换性钾和矿物钾。前三种形态钾的总和不超过全钾的2．0％．非交换性钾也仅占全钾的2．7％～9．4％,而全钾的89．8％～96．8％是以矿物态存在的。根据土壤中各形态钾含量,特别是非交换性钾含量分析,可以看出供试25个土壤的供钾能力按取土地点自西向东（西北－华北－东北）有明显降低的趋势。在连续耗竭情况下,不同土壤的植物净吸钾总量的差异十分悬殊,范围为96．3～793．5mg／pot。根据植物净吸钾总量的大小,将供试土壤的供钾能力分为极高、高、中、较低和低5个等级。其结果也表明供试土壤供钾能力控取土地点自西向东呈明显降低的趋势。耗竭条件下植物吸取来自土壤不同形态钾的比例相差很大。以来自水溶性钾的比例为最小．平均为3．1％;其次是非特殊吸附钾,平均为7．7％;再次是特殊吸附钾,平均为10．2％;来自非交换性钾的比例较大,平均为33．3％;来自矿物钾的比例最大,平均为45．7％。本研究区分了非交换性钾和矿物钾对植物吸收钾素的贡献,发现在耗竭条件下矿物钾是植物的重要钾源。 相似文献
17.
华北平原大部分农田土壤发育在黄河冲积物母质上,矿物钾含量较高,在当前中低产农田中,尤其在有一定秸秆还田的条件下,施用化肥钾增产效果不显著,过多施钾会出现“奢侈性消耗”。在高产条件下,适当施钾对增产仍有一定作用。农田生态系统钾平衡研究对作物生产有重要意义。本文通过3年试验探讨了华北平原农田钾平衡和供钾能力。 相似文献
18.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(6):726-740
The rate of potassium (K) release from soils can significantly influence K availability to plants. There are few studies about K-release kinetics and K availability in calcareous soils of central Iran. The objective of this study was to study the release rates in 15 different soils from Chaharmahal-Va-Bakhtiari Province through successive extractions with 10 mM citric acid over periods of 2–2016 h and the correlation of K-release characteristics with bean plant indices. The results showed that there was wide variation in the cumulative K release among soils. The cumulative K release ranged from 169 to 1199 mg kg?1. The amounts of K released after 2016 h was not significantly correlated with bean plant indices. Plots of cumulative amounts of K released show a discontinuity in slope at 168 h. Thus, two equations were applied to segments of the total period (2 to 168 and 168 to 2016 h). The amount of K released after 168 h ranged from 62 to 879 mg kg?1. The amount of K released after 168 h was significantly correlated with bean plant indices. In the segment 1 parabolic diffusion, first-order and power function equations and in the second segment parabolic diffusion, first-order, zero-order, and power function equations described K-release kinetics. Release rate constants in the segment 1 were significantly correlated with bean plant indices; however, in the segment 2 release rate constants were not significantly correlated with bean plant indices. The results of our research showed that K-release characteristics after an initial fast reaction play a role in supplying available K and dilute citric acid solution can be used for estimating of K-release kinetics in the studied soils. 相似文献