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卡拉麦里山有蹄类保护区鹅喉羚的采食地选择 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
2006-2007年,通过野外直接观察采样的方法,研究了新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类动物保护区内鹅喉羚的采食地特征。Mann-Whitney U检验表明,春夏秋三季鹅喉羚采食地内的植物种数、植被盖度、植被高度和可食生物量均显著高于对照地中相应成分。主成分分析表明,影响研究区内春夏秋三季鹅喉羚采食地选择的关键环境因子是食物因子(植物种数,可食生物量和各季节大宗食物密度)、警戒因子(坡位和植被盖度)、温度因子(坡向和植被高度),以及水分因子(富含水分的食物)。冬季鹅喉羚经受严重的放牧干扰,采食地呈现为生存而被迫选择局部次适宜区域栖息的特征。 相似文献
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为了深入了解国家二级保护动物新疆鹅喉羚叶尔羌亚种(Gazella subgutturosa yarkandensis)种群的遗传现状,运用非损伤取样技术,从主要分布区中收集的58份粪便样本和15份肌肉样品中提取基因组DNA,采用10个特异微卫星位点来评价该区域的鹅喉羚种群的遗传多样性。经多次重复提取和重复PCR扩增后,发现58份粪便样本来源于49只不同的鹅喉羚个体。10个微卫星位点的平均的个体识别率(DP)值为0.918,累积个体识别率(CDP)值为0.9992。总共检测到57个等位基因,平均等位基因数(A)为5.7±1.3375(5~8);平均有效等位基因数(Ne)为4.72±0.6903(3.68~5.76);平均期望杂合度(He)为0.685±0.0296(0.5862~0.7627);平均多态信息含量(PIC)为0.719±0.0583(0.661~0.819)。除了和静种群在0ar FCB304位点上和且末种群在BM1818位上偏离Hardy-Weinderg平衡之外都基本遵守此平衡。以上结果显示该分布区鹅喉羚种群具有较高的遗传多样性。 相似文献
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鹅喉羚（Gazella subgutturosa)为IUCN红皮书保护物种，国家二级保护动物。该种可分为6个亚种，分布于西亚、南亚和中亚及其邻近地区；我国境内4亚种，分布于新疆准噶尔盆地、塔里木盆地、昆仑－阿尔金山，内蒙古西部，甘肃西部，青海柴达木盆地，宁夏荒漠区；新疆是鹅喉羚的主要分布区，有3亚种。新疆昌吉州平均密度为雄＝1:1.05，成：幼＝2.4:1，母：仔＝1:1.4。鹅喉羚犄角有效成份与赛加羚犄角相同，但氨基酸总含量约低8％，为潜在的“羚羊角”替代品。天门冬氨酸含量增加可能与运动相关。该种雄性染色体为33、32或31，雌性为32、31或30，这种差异可能是由于染色体间融合和易位所致。犄角年龄环纹可作为年龄鉴定的依据。最后，对饲养繁殖、疾病防治、致危因素和保护对策等方面的研究成果作了综合评介。 相似文献
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2012年6—11月,在新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区(卡山保护区)采用痕迹截线等方法,共收集狼粪便278份,采用粪便分析法研究了狼的夏秋季食性。结果表明:夏季和秋季,该区域的主要有蹄类蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚在狼食谱中的相对频率仅为1.94%和3.10%,而野放普氏野马相对频率达到了1.42%。2010年春季的严重雪灾,导致野生有蹄类种群数量锐减,这是狼捕食较少蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚的主要原因,同时也说明狼已经对普氏野马在卡山保护区的野化进程中起到了一定的作用。狼的主要食物为植物、沙鼠和昆虫,其相对频率分别为30.19%,19.35%和13.55%,且夏秋季的食物组成差异不显著(Pearsonχ2检验,P=0.192,>0.05;似然比χ2检验,P=0.131,>0.05),狼的食物生态位宽度比较窄(Bsta=0.28)。狼的食性研究有助于明晰狼与有蹄类,特别是放归普氏野马之间的关系,为普氏野马野放保护管理和监测提供了基础数据,为保护区内狼的数量调控提供本底资料。 相似文献
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新疆北塔山地区的野生动物 总被引：8，自引：3，他引：5
于 1998年 9月、10月对新疆东北部阿尔泰山系北塔山地区的野生动物 ,以有蹄类为重点 ,采用定点观测、路线考察和调查访问相结合的方法进行了专题考察研究。通过 12个定位点的观测 ,定位点周边地区的辐射考察和 95 3km的路线考察并参阅有关文献 ,共记录陆栖脊椎动物 14 9种 ,其中两栖类 1种、爬行类 6种、鸟类 10 0种、兽类4 2种。考察过程中 ,于 10月 7日在考察区南部山前荒漠见波斑鸨 (Otisundulatamacqueeni) 2只 (N4 4°5 2 .310′,E91°4 4 .30 4′) ,结合卫星跟踪定位监测 (另项专题研究 )结果 ,证实北塔山地区南部冲积平原为波斑鸨的繁殖地、迁徙的经途和停息地。同时对分布于该地区的数种主要有蹄类动物的生存现状作了考察 :1、野马 (Equusprzewalski)。证实原野中的野马已不复存在 ,野马已经从中国的原野消失。2、蒙古野驴 (Asinushemionushemionus) 。观察到 17群·次 ,10 8头。仅见 1次单独活动的个体 ,最大群 2 5头(N4 4°5 4 .92 1′,E92°0 1.938′) ,其余均为 2至 12头不等的集群。该地属中等密度区。3、鹅喉羚 (Gazellasubgutturosasairensis)。在山前荒漠观察到 5群·次 ,19只。均为 3至 5只的小群。该地属低密度区。4、盘羊 (Ovisammondarwini)。在北部山地 2次见到犄角 ,在南部低山丘 相似文献
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一、Ⅰ级保护的兽类(14种):紫貂、貂熊、新疆虎(认已绝灭)、雪豹、蒙古野驴、西藏野驴、普氏野马、野骆驼、野牦牛、普氏原羚、藏羚、高鼻羚羊、北山羊、河狸。二、Ⅱ级保护的兽类(17种):豺、棕熊、藏马熊、石貂、水獭、草原斑猫、荒漠猫、猞猁、免狲、麝、马鹿、藏原羚、鹅喉羚、岩羊、盘羊(大头羊)、雪兔、塔里木兔。 相似文献
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2012年3月至2013年3月,采用瞬时扫描取样法和目标取样法,在卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区对盘羊蒙古亚种(Ovis ammon darwini)的行为节律进行了研究。结果表明:不同季节雌雄盘羊有着相似的行为模式,但某些行为存在显著的季节性差异,其中,各季节采食行为都占有较高比例(约50%),雌雄盘羊在采食行为时间分配上存在极显著的差异(P0.01);不同季节卧息行为也占有相对较高的比例,但春季和秋季雌雄盘羊的行为时间分配存在极显著的差异(P0.01)。在昼间,雌雄盘羊均花费较多的时间采食和卧息;且雄性盘羊卧息使用的时间明显高于雌性。单性盘羊群体的行为一致性高于混合群体,雌、雄单性群体的行为一致性指数与混合群体相反。盘羊单性群体与混合群体的行为一致性之间存在显著的差异(雌性群体与混合群体:χ~2=14.976,df=1,P0.01;雄性群体与混合群体:χ~2=10.472,df=1,P0.01)。盘羊蒙古亚种雌雄性行为之间的差异性验证了性别分离的活动预算假说。 相似文献
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马蜂Polistes sp.是农作物害虫天敌之一。据室内饲养及田间观察,幼虫期内每头可食二龄棉铃虫幼虫20—30头,成虫每天可食5—7头或6龄幼虫1头。我县常见种为约马蜂(P.joka(?)amae) 生活史及习性 此蜂1年发生3代,以授精后的雌蜂在屋檐、草堆、树洞及墙缝中越冬,来年3月底4月初开始活动,采食花蜜,寻找甜物以 相似文献
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斜纹夜蛾雌雄配对后成虫活动行为节律及时间分配 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了解斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura(Fabricius)配对后雌、雄成虫日活动行为节律,在室内人工气候室中配对饲养斜纹夜蛾,连续6 d观察成虫移动、静息、补充营养、产卵和交配5个行为类型。结果表明,在配对后6 d内,斜纹夜蛾的交配、产卵、移动、补充营养和停息行为所占比例均有明显变化,交配行为主要发生在配对后的前2 d,在配对后第6天成虫除偶尔补充营养外基本处于停息状态;交配行为有2个明显高峰期,即00∶00~01∶00(3.89%)和04∶00~05∶00(3.89%),雌、雄成虫移动行为日节律所占比例在03∶00~06∶00和补充营养行为日节律在03∶00~05∶00差异显著;成虫各行为分配频次最多的是停息行为,远高于其它行为,且各行为所占比例差异极显著,但雌、雄成虫之间无显著差异;雌、雄成虫运动行为几乎全部发生在暗期,且在不同时间段无显著差异;光、暗期各行为活动发生的比率差异显著;在暗期不同时间段,除雌蛾的移动行为、雄蛾的补充营养行为和交配行为无显著差异外,其它各种行为均差异显著。表明斜纹夜蛾雌、雄配对后移动、静息、补充营养、产卵和交配行为受成虫日龄影响较大,也受性别影响,表现出明显的日节律性。 相似文献
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斜纹夜蛾成虫在不同寄主上的繁殖行为日节律 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
为摸清斜纹夜蛾成虫在不同寄主上的行为节律变化,在室内分别用烟草和白菜饲养3代,建立烟草种群和白菜种群,比较分析了成虫的羽化、交配、产卵等行为节律。结果表明:烟草种群雌虫有2个羽化高峰期,分别在熄灯前2 h和熄灯后1 h,雄虫只有1个高峰期,出现在熄灯后2 h;白菜种群雌、雄虫均有2个高峰期,主、次高峰期分别在熄灯前后1 h内和熄灯后4~5 h。2种群均有2个交配高峰期,烟草种群第1高峰期在熄灯后2 h,而白菜种群在熄灯后5 h,第2高峰期均在开灯前2 h;烟草种群和白菜种群一生的交配持续时间分别为54.78±3.09 min和60.00±2.58 min,差异不显著;烟草种群一生交配1~3次,而白菜种群只交配1次,差异极显著;2种群均只有1个产卵高峰期,烟草种群在熄灯后4 h,白菜种群则在熄灯后5 h。表明斜纹夜蛾取食烟草和白菜2种不同寄主其成虫繁殖节律会发生较大的改变。 相似文献
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在室内分别测定了甜菜夜蛾的卵、雌蛾和雄蛾分别携带甜菜夜蛾核型多角体病毒(SeNPV)对其卵孵化率、幼虫存活率及单雌产卵量的影响。结果表明:甜菜夜蛾卵块携带SeNPV后,卵孵化率和幼虫存活率均显著下降。雌、雄蛾分别携带病毒再交尾后,对单雌产卵量、卵孵化率和幼虫的存活率也有显著影响,并且不同带毒量处理间存在显著差异,表现为带毒量越高,单雌产卵量越少、卵孵化率和幼虫存活率越低。同等带毒处理条件下,卵、雌蛾和雄蛾带毒3种处理方式对甜菜夜蛾种群数量的影响没有显著差异。说明SeNPV能通过甜菜夜蛾的卵、雌蛾和雄蛾3种虫态进行垂直传播,可以明显抑制甜菜夜蛾种群数量的增长,为昆虫性诱剂和病毒集成技术在田间的应用提供了理论依据。 相似文献
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Two new species of dracunculoid nematodes, G. carcharhini sp. n. and G. simile sp. n., representing a new genus Granulinema gen. n. (Dracunculoidea: Micropleuridae) are described from the bull shark, Carcharhinus leucas, from Louisiana (Lake Borgne), USA; the site of their localization in the host is unknown (probably abdominal cavity). The nematodes of both species were found in tissue juice and only males, juvenile females and body fragments of more advanced but nongravid females were obtained. Granulinema gen. n. differs from Micropleura, the only other genus in the family Micropleuridae, mainly by the presence of marked, dark excretory corpuscles in lateral excretory canals, pointed tail in females, greater number (6) of postanal pairs of caudal papillae in males, and by the presence of conspicuous transverse cuticular ornamentations on the body surface of mature females. The two new species can be easily distinguished from each other by the length of their spicules (0.78-0.90 mm in G. carcharhini sp. n. and 0.20-0.36 mm in G. simile sp. n.); moreover, there are two pairs of preanal papillae in the male of G. carcharhini sp. n., while there are three pairs in G. simile sp. n. 相似文献
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The effects of sub-lethal residues of azinphos-methyl on pheromone production, calling, female attractiveness and the ability of males to locate sources of natural and synthetic pheromone were compared in azinphos-methyl-susceptible (susceptible) and azinphos-methyl-resistant (resistant) obliquebanded leafrollers, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris). The amount of pheromone in susceptible females was reduced by 29-33% after exposure to azinphos-methyl; this treatment did not affect the pheromone content of resistant females. Azinphos-methyl-treated resistant females contained 39-43% less pheromone than azinphos-methyl-treated susceptible females. Resistant females that were not treated with azinphos-methyl contained 35-56% less pheromone than susceptible females that were not treated with insecticide. The incidence of calling was reduced by 67-100% in azinphos-methyl-treated susceptible females; the incidence of calling by resistant females was not affected by exposure to azinphos-methyl. The incidence of calling by azinphos-methyl-treated susceptible females was 58-100% lower than that of azinphos-methyl-treated resistant females. There was no difference in the incidence of calling between susceptible and resistant females that had not been treated with insecticide. In a flight tunnel, treatment with insecticide reduced the attractiveness of susceptible females by 38%; treatment with insecticide did not affect the attractiveness of resistant females. There was no difference in the proportion of males attracted to susceptible and resistant females that had, or had not been treated with insecticide. In an apple orchard, the attractiveness of susceptible and resistant females treated with azinphos-methyl was reduced by 84 and 12%, respectively. The proportion of males attracted to azinphos-methyl-treated susceptible females was 58% lower than the proportion attracted to azinphos-methyl-treated resistant females, whereas, if females were not treated with insecticide, the proportion attracted to resistant females was 57% lower than the proportion attracted to susceptible females. In a flight tunnel, azinphos-methyl did not affect the ability of susceptible or resistant males to locate a source of pheromone gland extract. Likewise, in an apple orchard, the insecticide treatment had no effect on the ability of susceptible or resistant males to locate a source of synthetic pheromone. In a flight tunnel, there was no difference in the proportion of azinphos-methyl-treated susceptible and resistant males locating a source of pheromone gland extract; however, in the orchard, 39% fewer azinphos-methyl-treated resistant males located a source of synthetic pheromone than azinphos-methyl-treated susceptible males. A similar proportion of susceptible and resistant males that had not been treated with insecticide located a source of pheromone gland extract in the flight tunnel, but in the orchard, the proportion of resistant males not treated with azinphos-methyl that located the source of synthetic pheromone was 32% lower than the proportion of susceptible males not treated with this insecticide. The implications of the differences in the effect of sub-lethal residues of azinphos-methyl on the pheromone communication system of susceptible and resistant moths are discussed in relation to the theory of the development of insecticide resistance, the detection of resistance in feral populations of moths using sex pheromone-baited traps, and the control of moths using sex pheromone-mediated mating disruption. 相似文献
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橘斑簇天牛Aristobia approximator是余甘子Phyllanthus emblica主要的蛀干害虫。通过对其成虫外部9个形态特征进行观测分析,对照生殖器解剖结果,提出野外快速、准确、无损伤鉴别成虫性别方法。结果表明：体长、触角长、前胸背板宽、腹部第5节长、腹部末端超出鞘翅长在雌雄间差异不显著(P>0.05),触角正反面色泽一致。触角超出鞘翅末端长在雌雄间差异极显著(P<0.01),腹部第5节后缘及肛背板后缘形状差异显著,均可以作为野外成虫性别鉴别的特征,而以肛背板后缘雌虫具“W”形黑色宽弧边、雄虫具“U”形黑色浅弧边的野外目测鉴别最简便快捷、准确率最高(100%)。研究结果对橘斑簇天牛性比调查、种群动态预测、科学防控等具有重要参考价值。 相似文献
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Indoxacarb is a new oxadiazine insecticide that has shown outstanding field insecticidal activity. The toxicity of a 145 g litre-1 indoxacarb SC formulation (Steward) was studied on the tarnished plant bug Lygus lineolaris and the big-eyed bug Geocoris punctipes. Both insect species responded very similarly to indoxacarb in topical, tarsal contact and plant feeding toxicity studies. The topical LD50 of the formulation was c 35 ng AI per insect for both species. Prolonged tarsal contact with dry indoxacarb residues did not result in mortality for either insect species. However, both species were susceptible to feeding through dried residues of indoxacarb after spraying on young cotton plants. Feeding on water-washed plants resulted in lower mortality than that observed with unwashed plants, and toxicity declined even more dramatically after a, detergent rinse, indicating that much of the indoxacarb probably resides on the cotton leaf surface or in the waxy cuticle. These results were corroborated by HPLC-mass spectrometry measurements of indoxacarb residues on the plants. Greater mortality for both species was observed in a higher relative humidity environment. Higher levels of accumulated indoxacarb and its active metabolite were detected in dead G punctipes than in L lineolaris after feeding on sprayed, unwashed plants. When female G punctipes ate indoxacarb-treated Heliothis zea eggs, there was significant toxicity. However, only c 15% of the females consumed indoxacarb-treated eggs, and the rest of the females showed a significant diminution of feeding in response to the insecticide. Cotton field studies have shown that indoxacarb treatments at labelled rates lead to a dramatic decline in L lineolaris, with negligible declines in beneficial populations. A major route of intoxication of L lineolaris in indoxacarb-treated cotton fields thus appears to be via oral, and not cuticular, uptake of residues from treated cotton plants. The mechanisms for selectivity/safety for G punctipes are currently under investigation and may be a combination of differential feeding behavior and diminution of feeding by females exposed to indoxacarb-treated eggs. 相似文献