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1.
Impact of osmoregulation on plasma sex steroid levels and gonadal histo‐architecture was monitored to elucidate the effects of deviation from habitat salinity on gonadal recrudescence in an active reproductive season of an euryhaline fish Etroplus suratensis (pearlspot). Fish were maintained in three different salinities of 0 ppt Fresh Water (FW), 15 ppt Brackish Water (BW) and 30 ppt Sea Water (SW) for a period of 60 days. Plasma osmolality values were found to be significantly highest in SW‐acclimated fish accompanied by highest levels of plasma K? and Cl¯ ions. The progress of gonadal recrudescence was higher in BW followed by FW and SW as evident from the cellular features of gonads and increased level of plasma sex steroids, such as, in case of female and 11‐keto Testosterone and Testosterone in case of males. Plasma cortisol levels were comparatively higher in fish of both sexes in SW group. Significantly high levels of cortisol in SW suggest its role in hypo‐osmoregulation and associated stress. This study clearly reveals that salinity changes during the active reproductive phase can suppress the steroid‐mediated gonad recrudescence maximally under hypo‐osmoregulation in an euryhaline fish.  相似文献   

2.
The physiological responses of Senegalese sole to a sudden salinity change were investigated. The fish were first acclimated to an initial salinity of 37.5?ppt for 4?h. Then, one group was subjected to increased salinity (55?ppt) while another group was subjected to decreased salinity (5?ppt). The third group (control group) remained at 37.5?ppt. We measured the oxygen consumption rate, osmoregulatory (plasma osmolality, gill and kidney Na+,K+-ATPase activities) and stress (plasma cortisol and metabolites) parameters 0.5 and 3?h after transfer. Oxygen consumption at both salinities was higher than for the control at both sampling times. Gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity was significantly higher for the 55?ppt salinity at 0.5?h. Plasma osmolality decreased in the fish exposed to 5?ppt at the two sampling times but no changes were detected for high salinities. Plasma cortisol levels significantly increased at both salinities, although these values declined in the low-salinity group 3?h after transfer. Plasma glucose at 5?ppt salinity did not vary significantly at 0.5?h but decreased at 3?h, while lactate increased for both treatments at the first sampling time and returned to the control levels at 3?h. Overall, the physiological response of S. senegalensis was immediate and involved a rise in oxygen consumption and plasma cortisol values as well as greater metabolite mobilization at both salinities.  相似文献   

3.
Heretofore few quantitative studies on the tolerance of red drum (Sciaenops ocellata Linnaeus) to freshwater (FW) or dilute sea water have been conducted. In the laboratory we subjected larval and juvenile stages of red drum to dechlorinated FW for 96 hours and found 5% survival in larvae (23-day-old, 6.2 mm SL), 70% for postlarvae (34 and 47-day-old, 16.2 mm to 19.7 mm SL) and 95% for juveniles (57-day-old, 56.9 mm SL). Survival in control salinities of 10 ppt was 90% or greater. The results indicate that tolerance to dilute media is size dependent. In a separate experiment growth of juvenile red drum (52 mm SL) over a 30-day period was compared in two raceways with flow-through supplies of dechlorinated FW, and SW of ambient (35±2 ppt) salinity. SW fish grew significantly larger (P < .01) than those acclimated to FW. Within both treatments a large size differential developed with time. Food conversion efficiency was improved and appetite drive was enhanced in the SW treatment. Percent survival after 30 days was comparably high (93%) in both treatments. Fast growth and high survival of juvenile (>20 mm SL) red drum promote the feasibility of this valuable sport and commercial species in both FW and SW aquaculture. Its potential as a control fish in FW fishery management deserves further investigation.  相似文献   

4.
Plasma somatolactin (SL) concentrations were examined in chum salmon in relation to gonadal maturation; immature salmon in the Bering Sea at various stages of maturation, and mature salmon during upstream migration caught at the ocean, bay and river. Plasma SL concentrations as well as plasma prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) levels in the immature fish caught in the Bering Sea were maintained essentially at similar levels. Plasma SL in mature salmon increased significantly from the fish in the ocean to the fish in the river in both sexes. Although all the fish had fully developed gonads, females completed ovulation while still in the bay, whereas final spermeation in males was achieved after entry into the river. Thus, no clear correlation was seen between plasma SL levels and final gonadal maturation. On the other hand, plasma PRL concentrations in both male and female fish were higher in the fish in the river than those in the ocean and bay, and plasma GH levels were higher in both sexes in the fish in the bay and river than those in the ocean. Plasma levels of triglycerides, glucose, free fatty acids and ionized sodium and calcium were also examined. Significant-negative correlations were seen between plasma SL and plasma ionized calcium in mature male salmon, and between plasma SL and plasma triglycerides in mature female salmon. Although our findings do not rule out the possibility of the involvement of SL in final maturation, the results indicate that SL seems to be involved at least in energy and/or calcium metabolism during the spawning migration.  相似文献   

5.
A series of four trials were conducted on inland saline groundwater of 58 g L?1 diluted to lower salinities up to 10 g L?1 and later manipulating its ionic concentrations to enhance the survival and growth of Penaeus monodon postlarvae (PL). In the first experiment, the survival of PL was tested at several salinities (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 58 g L?1), and the survival of PL was studied in comparison with natural sea water of similar salinities. Complete mortality of PL was observed at all salinity levels within 144 h. Longest survival for 96 h followed by 72 h was found at 10 and 20 g L?1 salinity respectively. In the second experiment, survival of PL was tested at 10–20 g L?1 salinity at different concentrations of calcium varying between 100 and 300 mg L?1. The survival of PL could be increased to 7 days at 12.5 g L?1 salinity by reducing the calcium level to 200 from 921.8 mg L?1 with magnesium and potassium levels of 208.5 and 30.03 mg L?1 respectively. In the third experiment, the survival of PL could be further enhanced to 18 days at the same salinity by increasing the magnesium level from 208.5 to 400 mg L?1 with potassium held at 30.03 mg L?1. Survival and growth of PL in inland saline water of 12.5 g L?1 salinity similar to performance in sea water of the same salinity was achieved by increasing the potassium concentration from 30.03 to 200 mg L?1 with calcium and magnesium levels of 199.5 and 199.4 mg L?1 respectively.  相似文献   

6.
Acute toxicity of nitrite to red drum fingerlings was investigated under static conditions in environments containing 36.0 to 0.6 g/L salinity. The 48 h median lethal concentrations ranged from 85.7 mg/L nitrite-N (36.0 g/L salinity) to 2.8 mg/L nitrite-N (0.6 g/L salinity). Plasma nitrite concentrations increased with exposure time during a 48 h study and exceeded environmental concentrations in fish exposed to 9.1 and 5.1 mg/L nitrite-N (1.4 g/L salinity). During 24 h of exposure, methemoglobin levels increased with increasing environmental nitrite conditions in fish exposed to 3, 6 and 9 mg/L nitrite-N for 24 h (1.4 g/L salinity). The chloride component of salinity was not as effective in preventing nitrite toxicity as in other species of fish, indicating a potential problem for the culture of red drum in low-salinity waters.  相似文献   

7.
Acute toxicity of chelated copper to juvenile red drum (x?= 3.1 g) was determined in a static test at 25 C and 8 ppt salinity. The 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h LC50s were 1.90, 0.84, 0.75, 0.64, and 0.52 mg/L copper, respectively. Effects of temperature and salinity on the 96 h LC50 (0.5 mg/L copper) for juvenile red drum (x?= 5.0 g) were tested at two temperatures, 25 and 30 C, and three salinities, 0.5, 8, and 30 ppt. Temperature significantly affected mortality; mortality in 0.5 and 8 ppt salinities was significantly higher at 30 C than at 25 C. An increase in salinity significantly reduced the mortality of juvenile red drum. Total mortality occurred in 0.5 ppt salinity within 48 h at 25 C and within 12 h at 30 C. Total mortality occurred in 8 ppt salinity within 72 h at 25 C and within 48 h at 30 C. No mortality occurred during 96 h in 30 ppt salinity at 25 C or 30 C.  相似文献   

8.
Steroid profiles of cultured and captive red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus L.) were investigated to evaluate the potential use of circulating sex steroid levels as a tool for gender identification in this species. Cultured 18‐month‐old fish were maintained on a 120‐day shortened photothermal cycle to induce precocious maturation. Additionally, wild‐caught fish were maintained in captivity under simulated natural photothermal conditions from late spring to early fall. Circulating 11‐ketotestosterone (11‐KT) levels were significantly higher in males compared with females during the early stages of gonadal growth in both cultured and captive fish. Plasma testosterone (T) levels showed a similar trend; however, the differences were significant only when males were already producing sperm. 17β‐estradiol (E2) concentrations were low in males and females before gonadal recrudescence but increased significantly with the progression of vitellogenesis in females. These results show that a test using a minimum concentration of circulating 11‐KT could be developed to differentiate between sexes in the early stages of gonadal maturation in red drum. Moreover, plasma E2 concentrations could be used to identify vitellogenic females. The two steroids considered together could help avoid possible error in gender identification due to unusually high levels of certain steroids encountered in some individuals.  相似文献   

9.
Plasma levels of insulin were measured by specific radioimmunoassay in 1-year and 2-year old Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr during the period of parr-smolt transformation. The two-year old fish were of two different categories; silvering pre-smolts and previously mature male parr. If insulin plays an important role in parr-smolt transformation and/or subsequent osmoregulatory changes it was expected that the pre-smolts would show a different insulin profile compared to the mature male parr and one-year old parr, both of which show impaired hypoosmoregulatory ability compared to smolts. Measurements were taken during two separate years. Between January and April both categories of two-year old fish had generally higher plasma levels of insulin compared to the non-smolting one-year old parr. In the pre-smolts insulin levels ranged from 4.0 to 7.9 ng ml−1, and from 7.8 to 16.7 ng ml−1 in 1990 and 1992 respectively, while in the previously mature males the same respective values were from 4.3 to 10.0 ng ml−1, and from 6.6 to 24.1 ng ml−1. In the two-year old fish, whether pre-smolts or mature males, plasma insulin levels peaked between 1–2 months before final smoltification, after which insulin titers declined sharply. In 1990, the 1-year old parr showed a dual peak in plasma insulin. Insulin first peaked in February (7.8 ng ml−1), and then again in April–May (7.7 ng ml−1), while in 1992 the 1-year old parr showed a number of smaller transient peaks (5–7 ng ml−1) between March–May, followed by sharp elevation of insulin levels in June. Liver glycogen contents were at their highest (3.5–5.0 g 100 g−1 I liver wet weight) in March in both 1-year and 2-year old fish. Glycogen levels were low during the later stages of parr-smolt transformation, before rising again in June in both the 1-year old and precociously mature parr, but not in the smolts.  相似文献   

10.
The development of an easily — performed and robust radioimmunoassay (RIA) to carp, Cyprinus carpio, vitellogenin (c-VTG) is described. Purified c-VTG was iodinated using Iodogen. The resulting c-VTG label was useful for up to 60 days. High titre antibodies were raised in rabbits to the purified c-VTG. The practical operating range of the c-VTG RIA was between 2 and 200 ng. ml-1. VTG was detected in plasma from all female mirror carp investigated, and all plasmas diluted parallel to the standard. The plasma VTG level in female carp increased concomitantly with the GSI; levels increasing from the ng. ml-1 level in juveniles to a maximum of 1 mg. ml-1 in fully mature females. VTG level was a far more sensitive index of the degree of sexual development than was GSI. In males, blood levels of VTG were always undetectable. Vitellogenic plasma from all subspecies of C. carpio (e.g. mirror, common, Koi) diluted parallel to the standard, as did blood from most other female cyprinids, such as the roach (Rutilis rutilis), bream (Abramis brama), and dace (Leuciscus leuciscus), but not all. These results suggest that the structure of VTG is highly conserved within this family. However, plasma from vitellogenic salmonids did not cross-react in the RIA. The relationship between plasma VTG and calcium levels was studied in both carp and rainbow trout. In rainbow trout it was found that plasma calcium levels do not rise above basal levels until the VTG level exceeds about 1 mg. ml-1, and therefore in this species it is only useful as an indicator of the degree of ovarian development in the later stages of the reproductive cycle. In the carp, however, and probably other cyprinids, blood VTG levels do not appear to naturally exceed about 1 mg.ml-1, and plasma calcium levels are not suitable as an indirect measure of the VTG level.  相似文献   

11.
Median lethal concentrations of un-ionized ammonia-nitrogen to red drum (Sciuenops ocellarus) were 0.9 ± 0.14 mg/L (mean ± SE) after 24 h and 0.8 ± 0.16 mg/L after 48 h (salinity = 4.0%, temperature = 20 C, pH = 6.8–7.1). Ammonia moved quickly from the environment into the plasma with 90% of steady state concentrations being reached after 33 minutes. When ammonia-exposed fish were moved to ammonia-free water, 90% of the ammonia which had accumulated in the plasma was no longer present after 3.3 minutes. The sensitivity of red drum to environmental ammonia appears to be similar to that of most other fishes tested. Based on the median lethal concentrations for red drum observed in this study and the acute-chronic concentration ratios for other species of fish, it is suggested that red drum fingerlings be chronically exposed to no more than 0.05 mg/L un-ionized ammonia-nitrogen.  相似文献   

12.
Stress induced by severe confinement in cages and by simulated transport was evaluated in reciprocal white bass × striped bass hybrids (Morone chrysops × M. saratilis) after acclimation to various calcium concentrations in freshwater (5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg/L calcium) and various salinities (1, 8, 16, and 24%o) at 25 C. Survival was monitored in both confinement and transport events. In confinement events, changes in plasma osmolality were used as an indicator of osmoreg-ulatory dysfunction. After 6 h of severe confinement in cages, survival was significantly affected by treatments in both freshwater (FW) and saltwater (SW) events. Survival was greatest in 80 mg/L calcium in FW treatments and 8%o in the SW treatments. Simultaneous analysis of both FW and SW confinement data revealed that, after compensating for fish weight, survival increased as environmental ionic content increased (up to 8%o) then decreased with increasing salinity. Plasma osmolality decreased significantly from baseline levels with respect to confinement time in all FW treatments. Significant differences in plasma osmolality were observed among SW treatments: plasma osmolality of fish confined in 1%o decreased while those confined in salinities of 16 and 24%o increased. The plasma osmolality offish confined in 8%o remained near baseline levels. Almost no mortality (<5% in all treatments) occurred during (12 h) and after (5 d) transport in both FW and SW. Fish were in good condition and acclimated to transport water quality prior to transport events which may have been a major reason for high survival. Results from this study indicate that detrimental effects due to handling and transporting hybrid striped bass are reduced in FW environments that provide sufficient calcium and in SW environments which are near isoosmotic with the plasma.  相似文献   

13.
The spotted wolffish (Anarhichas minor) is considered a promising species for coldwater aquaculture. It is a sedentary, bottom-dwelling fish which exhibits a calm and “non-stressed” behaviour in captivity. There are, however, no reports on the physiological responses to stressors in this species. In the present study we investigated primary (cortisol secretion) and secondary (glucose mobilization) responses to common aquaculture stressors like disturbance and hypoxia. Pre-stress plasma cortisol levels were within those generally considered representative for unstressed fish (~ 10 ng ml− 1), whereas basal glucose levels were unusually low (0.3–0.4 mM). After exposure to a short, but severe disturbance challenge (emptying the tank of water for 10 min), the increase in plasma cortisol level was slow and relatively weak, reaching a peak level of 25 ng ml− 1 4 to 8 h after disturbance. When the fish were exposed to a gradually decreasing oxygen level in the tank, a significantly elevated plasma cortisol level (35 ng ml− 1) was seen in the fish that remained in the tank until oxygen saturation had decreased to 20% oxygen saturation after 2.5 h. However, a two-fold higher plasma cortisol level (~ 70 ng ml− 1) was seen in all fish exposed to reduced oxygen levels (60, 40 and 20% oxygen saturation) after 3.5 h recovery in normoxic water. Plasma glucose levels showed only moderate increases (~ 70%) following disturbance and hypoxia challenges. An in vivo injection of ACTH caused a strong elevation of plasma cortisol (peak level ~ 170 ng ml− 1), demonstrating a high capacity for interrenal steroidogenesis in the spotted wolffish. The slow and relatively weak cortisol response to stressors, and low plasma glucose levels, may relate to the sedentary lifestyle of the spotted wolffish. The stress-response is characterised by a passive (reactive) coping style, which is considered adaptive for farming of this species.  相似文献   

14.
The osmoregulatory responses of 20 days of acclimation to environmental salinities of 5‰, 15‰, 25‰, 35‰ and 55‰ were assessed in juveniles of wedge sole ( Dicologoglossa cuneata Moreau, 1881). This sole shows a good capacity to adapt to this range of environmental salinities. A direct linear relationship between environmental salinity and plasma osmolality was observed, with a calculated isosmotic point of 10.4‰ (284 mOsm kg−1). Na+, K+-ATPase activity in the gills followed a 'U-shaped' relationship with environmental salinity, and a direct linear relationship in kidney tissue. Plasma cortisol levels were elevated in fish held in extreme salinities, and glucose levels were higher only in the group maintained at the highest environmental salinity. In the liver, a decrease in glycogen, lactate and amino acid contents was observed in specimens acclimated to extreme salinities (5‰ and 55‰), suggesting mobilization of liver metabolites. Metabolite levels in white muscle showed a pattern similar to the liver, with lower values in specimens acclimated to extreme salinities. We conclude that wedge sole is strongly euryhaline, but acclimation to extreme salinities comes with an energetic cost.  相似文献   

15.
Changes in gonadal and plasma concentrations of thyroid hormones were examined at various stages of maturation in chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) caught in the Bering Sea and the Bay of Alaska. Plasma concentrations of thyroxine (T4) were less than 5 ng ml−1, and those of 3,5,3′-triiodo-L-thyroxine (T3) were less than 2 ng ml−1 I in both males and females, regardless of the degree of sexual maturity or the gonadosomatic index (GSI). There was no clear relationships between circulating thyroid hormone levels and tissue levels. The ovarian T4 concentrations were undetectable (less than 0.2 ng g−1) or less than 2 ng g−1 when GSI was lower than 1%, but increased thereafter and reached a plateau of 8–10 ng g−1 when GSI became 2%. The ovarian T3 concentrations were about 5 ng g−1 when GSI was 1%, increased to a maximum level (20 ng g−1) when GSI was about 2%, and decreased to a constant level of 10 ng g−1 thereafter. The T4 and T3 content in single oocyte increased proportionally to the oocyte volume, indicating a constant incorporation of the hormones into the oocyte. The T4 concentrations in the testis were 1 ng g−1 or less regardless of the GS1. On the other hand, the T3 concentrations were highest (15 ng g−1) when the GSI was less than 1%, decreased thereafter when spermatocytes appeared in the testis, and became about 5 ng g−1 I in testes containing spermatozoa, raising the possibility of a role for T3 during early gamete and/or gonad maturation of testes.  相似文献   

16.
Basal levels of plasma cortisol in unstressed salmonid fish are normally in the range 0–5 ng ml−1. An acute stress such as handling or 1 h confinement caused a temporary elevation of the plasma cortisol levels of both brown trout,Salmo trutta L., and rainbow trout,Salmo gairdneri Richardson, in the range 40–200 ng ml−1 with a return to basal levels within 24–48 h. The extent of the cortisol elevation in response to an acute stress was dependent upon both the species and strain of trout. Chronic stresses, such as prolonged confinement or crowding, resulted in an elevation of plasma cortisol levels to approximately 10 ng ml−1. Under these circumstances, blood cortisol levels remained elevated for periods of up to 4 weeks before acclimation finally occurred. It is shown, by means of intraperitoneal implantation of cortisol, that chronic elevation of plasma cortisol levels in the brown trout results in a dose-dependent increase in mortality due to common bacterial and fungal diseases. This effect is apparent at plasma cortisol levels as low as 10 ng ml−1, levels below those often reported as being representative of ‘unstressed’ fish. These findings are discussed in relation to the known immunosuppressive effects of corticosteroids in teleost fish.  相似文献   

17.
Changes in the levels of plasma vitellogenin (Vg), estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) were examined following gonadal development induced by carp gonadotropin treatment (cGTH) of freshwater female yellow and silver eels (Anguilla anguilla L.). The animals received injections of cGTH (250 μg kg−1 body weight) or saline vehicle three times a week, for 6 to 8 weeks. No effect of vehicle was observed. Steroidogenic activity of the ovary was stimulated by cGTH treatment as shown by the increase in circulating steroid levels in both stages. However, the responses of T, E2 and Vg differed according to the stage of development of eels. At the yellow stage, the initial steroid plasma levels were undetectable (< 0.01 ng ml−1) before treatment and ovarian steroidogenic activity was slightly stimulated following cGTH treatment; steroid levels reached their highest values after 3 weeks and 6 weeks of treatment for E2 (0.62 ± 0.13 ng ml−1 and T (0.33 ± 0.30 ng ml−1), respectively. The cGTH treatment slightly increased plasma Vg levels (0.2–0.7 μg ml−1 during the experiment compared with the initial values of the group. At the silver stage, the initial steroid levels were detectable (0.7 ng ml−1 for E2 and 0.1 ng ml−1 for T); cGTH treatment did not significantly increase plasma E2 level which remained at initial levels. Nevertheless, plasma T levels dramatically increased from 0.1 to 3 ng ml−1 and peaked after 1 or 2 weeks of cGTH treatment; a rapid increase in plasma Vg levels occurred, reaching its highest value at 5 mg ml−1 after 3 weeks of treatment. Thus, the steroid kinetic profiles in relation to the appearance of Vg in the plasma following cGTH treatment was closely related to androgen levels and there was a strong vitellogenic response induced by chronic cGTH treatment. In order to test if androgens could be implicated in the vitellogenic response, we evaluated the potencies of various androgens (testosterone and 5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol)in vivo andin vitro, associated with E2 to induce the production of Vg.In vitro experiments showed that Vg synthesis was induced by high doses (10−6 to 10−5 M) of androgen in the eel. Tamoxifen totally inhibited the action of androgens suggesting that androgens were acting through binding to the E2 receptor.In vivo, androgens given alone at 50 μg kg−1 3 times a week for 1 months had no significant effect on plasma Vg levels. In addition, E2-androgen cotreatment showed that the presence of androgen did not modify the vitellogenic response induced by E2.  相似文献   

18.

We evaluated whether bearing tetrodotoxin (TTX) affects salinity stress in the juvenile tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes. Juveniles of hatchery-reared non-toxic T. rubripes [body weight (BW): 1.7?±?0.2 g, n?=?120] were divided into six tanks and acclimatized to salinity (8.5 ppt) that is equivalent to blood osmolality. Fish in three tanks were fed non-toxic diet, and those in the other three tanks were fed a TTX-containing diet (356 ng/g diet) three times a day until satiation. In each diet treatment, salinity of one tank was kept at 8.5 ppt, and the other two tanks were adjusted to either 1.7 or 34.0 ppt, and fish were reared for another 33 days. Then, we compared survival, growth, TTX accumulation, plasma osmolality, plasma cortisol, and glucose levels among treatments. We detected TTX only in the fish in the TTX-diet groups. Survival was highest at 8.5 ppt (70%) and lowest at 1.7 ppt in the TTX-diet group (20%). The BW was greater at 8.5 ppt, and plasma osmolality was significantly higher at 34.0 ppt than at any other salinities. Plasma cortisol level was significantly higher but glucose level was lower at 1.7 ppt. Possessing TTX at a low salinity may be lethal to tiger puffer juveniles.

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19.
An experiment was conducted to examine (a) the effects of photoperiod on timing of sexual maturation (b) the relationship between plasma steroid levels, appetite and growth in male and female Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). Wild caught Norwegian coastal cod were subjected to either a 6L/18D photoperiod typical of January at 60° N-(Short day group) or a simulated natural photoperiod (Normal day group) from June 2000 until spawning started. Appetite of individual fish were measured twice weekly, while weight, length and plasma levels of the sex steroids testosterone (T), 11 keto-testosterone (11-KT) and estradiol-17β (E2) were monitored bimonthly. Cod in the Short day group matured 3 months ahead of the cod in the Normal day group and started spawning in early November. Appetite decreased in both sexes 2–3 months prior to spawning in both groups, but this reduction was stronger among males. In both sexes, length growth was reduced concurrently with the appetite loss. Overall, females had significantly higher somatic growth, put relatively less energy into length growth and had developed larger livers compared to males at the time of spawning in the Short day group. Plasma steroid levels increased in both groups throughout the experiment, reaching peak levels of ca 10 ng ml−1 (T) and 15–20 ng ml−1 (11-KT) in males, and 1.5–2 ng ml−1 (T) and 12–18 ng ml−1 (E2) in females at the onset of spawning. Steroid levels increased more rapidly among Short day cod verifying the earlier onset of maturation. These results confirm that photoperiod is a major cue to maturation in cod and imply that the high cost of spawning for females incur differences in appetite between the sexes.  相似文献   

20.
Changes in 17-estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), testosterone (T), 11-ketotestosterone (11KT), and 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20-P) levels were correlated to changes in gonadosomatic index (GSI), vitellogenin concentration (Vg), ovarian and testicular histology during the annual reproductive cycle of the red porgy, Pagrus pagrus. The production of E2, E1, T and 17,20-P was confirmed by analysis of the steroidogenic activity of ovaries. In females, the average concentration of E2 was lower than 2 ng ml–1. E2 values first increased significantly at the stage of endogenous vitellogenesis and remained high during exogenous vitellogenesis. E1 levels were lower values than E2 (less than 300 pg ml–1), but they increased at the beginning of exogenous vitellogenesis. Estrogens concentrations followed similar pattern to Vg and were significantly correlated. Mean levels of T were mostly lower than 1 ng ml–1. They followed a pattern similar to that of E2 except for a further increase observed at the stage of final maturation. T and E2 levels were significantly correlated. The concentration of 11KT did not change significantly. The levels of 17,20-P ranged between 0.22 and 1.22 ng ml–1 but changes were not related to gametogenesis. In males, the concentrations of T and 11KT fluctuated significantly during the sexual maturity stages, showing a similar pattern and were significantly correlated to GSI changes. T levels increased during spermiogenesis and spermiation stages to reach about 3 ng ml–1. 11KT levels stayed about half those of T. The levels of estrogens showed no significant changes. Level of 17,20-P showed no significant variation related to male maturity. Results are discussed in relation to changes in plasma steroid levels during gametogenesis of other multiple spawner species.  相似文献   

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