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1.
应用GMS-5或YF-2静止气象卫星云图资料,依据不同目标物(如水体、地表、沙漠、地面积雪、中高云、低云、扬沙、沙尘暴)在红外通道、可见光通道、水汽通道的平均灰度及光谱响应曲线的差异,利用多参数条件下的分类合成处理与评估技术,确定了宁夏及周边地区沙尘区(扬沙和沙尘暴)在静止卫星云图各通道中灰度阈值,建立了集信息综合分析和动态监测为一体的沙尘暴客观评估和实时监测系统 相似文献
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为明确不同海拔对天水市小麦条锈菌Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici夏孢子萌发的影响,于显微镜下观察天水市低、中、高海拔地区小麦条锈菌夏孢子在不同温度下的萌发及融合情况,并对与夏孢子萌发相关的温敏基因的表达水平进行测定。结果显示,低海拔和中海拔地区的小麦条锈菌夏孢子的最适萌发温度为9℃,萌发率分别为64.72%和54.21%,高海拔地区的小麦条锈菌夏孢子的适宜萌发温度在12～16℃之间,平均萌发率为59.09%;高海拔和低海拔地区小麦条锈菌夏孢子都存在芽管融合和孢子融合现象,其中高海拔地区小麦条锈菌夏孢子的异核率为6.13%,超过了其无性阶段变异的阈值1%。与夏孢子萌发相关的10个温敏基因在不同海拔地区小麦条锈菌夏孢子中的表达趋势不同,其中,与能量代谢相关的葡萄糖转运蛋白基因和低亲和力磷酸转运蛋白基因在高海拔地区小麦条锈菌夏孢子中的表达量高于低海拔地区小麦条锈菌夏孢子,与毒性变异相关的易化因子超家族（major facilitator superfamily,MFS）转运蛋白基因在高海拔和低海拔地区小麦条锈菌夏孢子中的表达模式均呈上升趋势。表明由于海拔... 相似文献
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本文报道了以电子显微术观察蝗虫变态微孢子虫在25℃和20℃下从裂殖体到孢子的发育过程。蝗虫变态微孢子虫的裂殖体为双核:在25℃下发育,一个母孢子形成二个孢子母细胞,极管形成与高尔基体有关,双核孢子极管为16圈。在20℃下发育,一部分的变态微孢子虫由一个母孢子形成八个孢子母细胞。在八孢子的母孢子中可见偶线联会复合物。孢子母细胞被包裹在一层孢子泡膜内,早期的孢子泡膜内可见管状结构,八孢子的极管为18圈。 相似文献
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本研究旨在为高效筛选耐受高温胁迫、低温胁迫、盐胁迫及干燥（干旱）胁迫拮抗性木霉菌株提供筛选阈值。根据5种、20株拮抗尖孢镰孢菌效果较好的木霉菌对上述逆境因子的反应差异,建立每种逆境因子在不同水平下的木霉菌株生长和酶活变化检测阈值和标准化评价方式;分析木霉菌在不同胁迫条件下发育相关生化因子与菌株生长变化之间的关系,及相应胁迫下的孢子萌发率与菌落直径之间的相关性。通过正态性检验获得供试木霉菌株生长响应胁迫的阈值为：1 mol/L NaCl（盐胁迫阈值）,36℃（高温胁迫阈值）,14℃（低温胁迫阈值）,400 g/L PEG-6000（干旱胁迫阈值）。相应胁迫下的菌落直径与孢子萌发率明显正相关。菌株在大部分胁迫下的抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）及过氧化氢酶（CAT）酶活与菌丝干重有明显的相关性。本研究为科学评价生物防治木霉菌资源的抗逆性提供了依据。 相似文献
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基于图像处理的玉米叶片含水率诊断方法研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究了利用数字图像处理技术进行作物叶片含水率诊断的方法.以温室中培育的90株不同灌水量的盆栽玉米为研究对象,使用佳能IXUS110的1 210万像素数码相机采集离体抽穗期玉米叶片的图像信息,然后利用烘干法测量叶片样本的含水率;利用叶片图像的灰度直方图提取叶片图像的均值、峰态、方差、歪斜度、能量、熵六组特征值.利用提取的20组玉米叶片样本的数据,采用线性回归的方法建立均值与玉米叶片含水率之间的关系模型;使用其余20组样本对模型进行验证,其标准差为0.021.结果表明,利用作物叶片灰度直方图均值参数可以对玉米的叶片含水率进行预测. 相似文献
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寄生于枫杨白粉病菌上的重寄生物,经过调查研究,确定为芽枝孢(Cladosporium)的一个种。经与近似的重寄生芽枝孢比较,存在形态上和培养特性方面的区别,因此,确定应另立新种,称为粉霉芽枝孢(C.erysiphicola sp.nov.)。该菌不但能寄生于枫杨白粉病菌上,还能侵染枸杞白粉病菌及小麦白粉病菌等。对上述几种白粉病菌分生孢子的侵染,出现穿入孢子、缠绕菌丝、腐蚀孢子及使孢子萎缩等现象,有希望作为一种生物防治剂。该菌在培养基PSA及PDA上生长繁殖良好,其分生孢子除在不同营养液中萌发外,在蒸馏水中也能萌发。萌发的温度在27℃左右。 相似文献
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基于磁光图像的飞机铆钉缺陷识别 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
针对飞机铆钉磁光图像的识别问题,提出了一种基于模糊支持向量机的裂纹有无和裂纹方向自动识别的新方法。该方法首先对铆钉磁光图像进行预处理得到铆钉二值化图像;然后采用阈值法求取铆钉中心;最后将由铆钉中心发出的星形射线矢量作为特征,采用模糊支持向量机方法对铆钉有无裂纹和裂纹方向进行分类。其中,支持向量机的核宽及惩罚常数采用网格法进行选取,并结合模糊隶属度函数解决多类分类问题中存在的错分和拒分现象。实验结果表明,使用训练获得的支持向量机分类器识别裂纹缺陷取得了很好的效果,能够满足自动检测的高实时性要求。 相似文献
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建立了土壤中芸薹根肿菌荧光定量PCR(qPCR)快速检测及风险预警体系。确定了芸薹根肿菌qPCR检测的特异性引物PbF/PbR,对根肿菌质粒DNA的检测灵敏度为1.612×10-6 ng·μL-1,比普通PCR高出1 000倍;对土壤和基质中芸薹根肿菌孢子的最低检测下限均为10 个·g-1,而土壤和基质带菌的发病阈值分别为100和1 000 个·g-1,高于该浓度时根肿病发生风险大。本研究建立的芸薹根肿菌qPCR技术体系检测下限远低于发病阈值,可以快速、准确、定量地检测出采自四川绵阳、湖北恩施、江苏无锡、山东青岛、辽宁沈阳、山西运城、内蒙古巴彦淖尔和宁夏固原等8个地区的27份田间土壤中芸薹根肿菌的数量,实现对十字花科根肿病的监测预警,为制定产前病害防控方案提供依据。 相似文献
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J. Palti 《Phytoparasitica》1989,17(1):31-48
The effect of environmental factors on the development of each stage ofPeronospora destructor (Berk.) Caspary on onions is reviewed. For sporulation to take place, a period of light must precede the period of darkness
and high humidity in which spores are formed. Spores are discharged when the relative humidity (RH) is increasing or decreasing,
and over a wide range of temperatures. Their discharge is triggered by exposure to red-infrared radiation and by vibration
of the leaf. Dissemination of spores follows a daily periodic cycle and spores can be blown by wind over long distances. Duration
of spore survival depends on temperature, RH and, especially, the absence of strong radiation.
The rate of spore germination is highest at 10°C and declines with the rise in temperature. Germ tubes develop in liquid water,
and a continuous period of wetness is required for infection to be completed. Systemic infection is common in cooler climates,
where necks of onion bulbs are slow to dry. The principal sources of downy mildew infection by wind-borne spores are systemically
infected propagation material, onion volunteer plants, and neighboring older crops. 相似文献
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Cercospora beticola is one of the most important fungal pathogens of sugar beet, causing cercospora leaf spot (CLS) disease. Due to the decreasing efficacy of various fungicides caused by resistance traits, the development of a sustainable disease management strategy has become more important. Therefore, detailed knowledge about the epidemiology of the pathogen is crucial. Until now, little was known about the spatiotemporal dispersal of C. beticola spores from the primary inoculum source. Rapid detection of C. beticola spores could facilitate a more precise and targeted disease control. Therefore, a TaqMan real-time PCR assay for detection and quantification of C. beticola spores caught with Rotorod spore traps was established. In 2016 and 2017, field trials were conducted to monitor C. beticola aerial spore dispersal and disease development within an inoculated field and in the adjacent noninoculated area. With the established detection method, C. beticola spores were successfully quantified and used as a measure for aerial spore dispersal intensity. The analysis of the spatiotemporal spread of C. beticola spores revealed a delay and decrease of aerial spore dispersal with increasing distance from the inoculated area. Consequently, disease incidence and severity were reduced in a similar manner. These results imply that spore dispersal occurs mainly on a small scale within a field, although long distances can be overcome by C. beticola spores. Moreover, secondary aerial spore dispersal from sporulating leaf spots seems to be the main driver for CLS disease development. These results provide an important basis for further improvement of CLS control strategies. 相似文献
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Small propagules like pollen or fungal spores may be dispersed by the wind over distances of hundreds or thousands of kilometres, even though the median dispersal may be only a few metres. Such long‐distance dispersal is a stochastic event which may be exceptionally important in shaping a population. It has been found repeatedly in field studies that subpopulations of wind‐dispersed fungal pathogens virulent on cultivars with newly introduced, effective resistance genes are dominated by one or very few genotypes. The role of propagule dispersal distributions with distinct behaviour at long distances in generating this characteristic population structure was studied by computer simulation of dispersal of clonal organisms in a heterogeneous environment with fields of unselective and selective hosts. Power‐law distributions generated founder events in which new, virulent genotypes rapidly colonized fields of resistant crop varieties and subsequently dominated the pathogen population on both selective and unselective varieties, in agreement with data on rust and powdery mildew fungi. An exponential dispersal function, with extremely rare dispersal over long distances, resulted in slower colonization of resistant varieties by virulent pathogens or even no colonization if the distance between susceptible source and resistant target fields was sufficiently large. The founder events resulting from long‐distance dispersal were highly stochastic and exact quantitative prediction of genotype frequencies will therefore always be difficult. 相似文献
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Patterns of spore deposition by Fusarium circinatum, the causal agent of pine pitch canker (PPC) of Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) and other conifers, were studied between May 2003 and April 2004 at two sites in Northern California using a novel spore trapping method combined with a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approach. At each study site, two plots were sampled by placing spore traps at 100 m intervals along transects 600 m in length. The air was sampled continuously by exchanging the spore traps every 2 weeks. The spore deposition rate (DR), ranged from 0 to 1.3 x 10(5) spores m(2). Spores were detected throughout the year, with higher trapping frequencies (TF) during the rainy season (November to April), than during the dry season (May to October). The detection of spores on traps at distances larger than 200 m from any Monterey pine, suggests at least midrange aerial dispersal. Finally, different inoculum loads were associated with trees displaying different levels of disease symptoms, suggesting infectiousness of the pathogen varies as the disease progresses. This study represents one of the first documenting continuous inoculum pressure values over an entire year for a forest pathogen, and provides important epidemiological information that will be invaluable in the development of disease progression models. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT It is generally agreed that ascospores are the origin of primary infections for the disease septoria tritici blotch of wheat caused by the fungus Mycosphaerella graminicola (anamorph Septoria tritici). The epidemic during the growing season was previously ascribed to the asexual pycni-diospores dispersed over short distances by rain splash, but recent observations suggest that the airborne ascospores also may play a role. As a consequence, the composition of the pathogen population over the growing season may change through genetic recombination. In an attempt to resolve the relative importance of the two spore types to the epidemic over the growing season, a model simulating disease caused by both types of spores was constructed and analyzed. The conclusion from the analysis of this model is that sexual recombination will affect the genetic composition of the population during a growing season. A considerable proportion of spores released at the end of the growing season may be sexual descendants of the initial population. However, ascospores are unlikely to affect the severity of the epidemic during the growing season. This is due to the much longer latent period for pseudothecia compared with pycnidia, resulting in ascospores being produced too late to influence the epidemic. 相似文献
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A method based on real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the use of rotating‐arm spore traps was developed for quantifying airborne Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus ascospores. The method was sensitive and reproducible, and the collection efficiency was 10% of the spores present in the air. The temporal ascospore dispersal pattern was studied over 3 years by collecting spores every 15 days for a 24 h air‐sampling period during the ash‐growing season. The highest production was detected from the end of June to the beginning of September. The overall ascospore production did not differ significantly among stands within a specific year but there were differences from year to year. There was a positive correlation between air temperature and the number of ascospores trapped, with most of the positive samples being observed at temperatures above 12°C. The vertical profile of ascospore dispersal showed a strong decrease in ascospore density within a height of 3 m, regardless of date of collection. An analysis of the spore traps installed at increasing distances from an infected stand showed that most of the ascospores were deposited downwind within 50 m of the stand. These data are discussed in context of the epidemiology of the disease. 相似文献
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A. Schoeny J. Menat A. Darsonval F. Rouault S. Jumel B. Tivoli 《Plant pathology》2008,57(6):1073-1085
To investigate the hypothesis that disrupting pathogen movement within the plant canopy could slow the development of aschochyta blight, the effect of pea canopy architecture on splash dispersal of Mycosphaerella pinodes‐conidia was studied in controlled conditions using a rainfall simulator generating rain events (2 mm) in still air. In intra‐plant dispersal experiments, a source constituted by a semi‐leafless pea plant with a single infectious lesion (108 pycnidia per cm2 of lesion, 1685 conidia per pycnidium) was placed in the middle of eight healthy target plants. Spore deposition was estimated by the number of lesions that developed on each stipule of the source (auto‐deposition) and target (allo‐deposition) plants after incubation. Rates of deposition on the source and target plants were 0·53 and 0·47, respectively. On the source plant, most of the spores were splashed downwards, with few spores remaining at the infectious node and very few spores moving upwards. In inter‐plant dispersal experiments, potted plants were grouped to constitute 1‐m2 canopies. A range of canopy architectures was achieved by using different plant densities and growth stages. A suspension of conidia was placed in the centre of each canopy. Resulting horizontal dispersal gradients were generally described by a negative exponential model. Canopies with a leaf area index (LAI) greater than 0·48 produced gradients with slopes that were not significantly different. A less dense canopy (LAI 0·36) produced a significantly steeper slope. Half‐distances were short and ranged between 1·6 and 6·5 cm. The barrier rate, calculated as the ratio of the mean number of lesions assessed on isolated plants to the mean number of lesions assessed on plants in canopies, increased with increasing canopy LAI. 相似文献
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The potential use of DNA-based methods for detecting airborne inoculum of Leptosphaeria maculans and Pyrenopeziza brassicae , both damaging pathogens of oilseed rape, was investigated. A method for purifying DNA from spores collected using Hirst-type spore samplers and detecting it using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays is described. For both pathogens, the sensitivities of the DNA assays were similar for spore-trap samples and pure spore suspensions. As few as 10 spores of L. maculans or P. brassicae could be detected by PCR and spores of both species could be detected against a background of spores of six other species. The method successfully detected spores of P. brassicae collected using spore traps in oilseed rape crops that were infected with P. brassicae. Leptosphaeria maculans spores were detected using spore traps on open ground close to L. maculans -infected oilseed rape stems. The potential use of PCR detection of airborne inoculum in forecasting the diseases caused by these pathogens is discussed. 相似文献
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The growth and sporulation of Clonostachys rosea strain 67-1 in PD broth was observed and figured out. A large amount of submerged spores were obtained in shake flask with proprietary Czapek me-dium. Meanwhile, the colonies of strain 67-1were cultured in PDA plate and aerial spores were collected by elution. Resistances of submerged spores and aerial spores to high temperature, dry condition and UV treatment were determined. The results showed that the survival of the submerged spores kept in 60℃ for 30 min was 76.7%, while the aerial spores were hardly germinated in the same condition. After two weeks' drying treatment, the spore activities were 89.2% and 29.3%, respectively. Similarly, the activity of submerged spores was 72.6% and that of aerial spores was 19.7% when exposing to UV for 1 min. It is illuminated that deep submerged fermentation is more efficient than solid culture for strain 67-1 to produce chlamydospores, which act as main component in biopesticide mass production. 相似文献