共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 234 毫秒
1.
选择古尔班通古特沙漠的北部(一号点)、中部(二号点)、南部(三号点)3个不同样点的裸沙和藻结皮、地衣结皮与苔藓结皮3种生物结皮类型,对比研究了草本植物多样性的差异性及其主要环境影响因素。结果表明:(1)不同生物结皮类型的土壤理化性质有明显差异,土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾含量以及黏粒、粉粒和细沙的含量随生物结皮演替显著上升,而中沙和粗沙的含量呈显著下降趋势,在沙漠不同区域呈现明显的空间异质性,二号样点中裸沙和藻结皮的养分含量和pH明显低于一号点和三号点。(2)草本植物的物种丰富度和Shannon-Wiener指数随生物结皮发育呈明显上升趋势,草本植物的物种组成、群落结构在不同类型生物结皮和沙漠不同区域均具有显著差异。(3)在土壤理化特征中,有机质、速效P和全K含量,以及pH和粉粒含量是影响草本植物分布的关键因子。(4)不同类型生物结皮之间的微地形和种类组成差异、种子生物学特性以及生物结皮在不同尺度下的土壤环境异质性共同影响草本植物在生物结皮中的物种组成和丰度,最终导致草本植物群落结构在生物结皮中的演替变化。 相似文献
2.
《干旱区研究》2021,38(4):961-972
2018年以毛乌素沙地西南部发育良好的苔藓结皮和藻类结皮为研究对象,以流沙作为对照,采用土壤碳通量测定,系统观测了不同季节生物土壤结皮-土壤呼吸的日动态,探讨了生物土壤结皮-土壤呼吸与环境因子之间的关系,分析了季节变化对生物土壤结皮-土壤CO2释放量和温度敏感性的影响。结果表明:(1)不同季节生物土壤结皮-土壤呼吸速率均呈"单峰"曲线,但其峰值出现的时间存在差异,春季和夏季不同类型生物土壤结皮-土壤呼吸速率峰值出现时间均为13:00左右,但冬季和秋季,藻类结皮-土壤和流沙呼吸速率出现时间为15:00左右,滞后于春季和夏季2 h。(2)不同季节,不同类型生物土壤结皮-土壤CO2日释放量:苔藓结皮藻类结皮流沙,且达到显著水平(P0.05)。(3)春季至冬季,生物土壤结皮-土壤CO2日释放量呈先增加后降低的趋势,主要表现为:夏季春季秋季冬季,且达到显著水平(P0.05)。(4)通过对不同季节生物土壤结皮-土壤呼吸速率与环境因子的主成分分析,与5 cm土壤温度相比,2 cm土壤温度是不同季节生物土壤结皮-土壤呼吸的主要影响因子,其次为近地层空气湿度。(5)不同季节生物土壤结皮-土壤呼吸速率与2 cm土壤温度的关系均可用指数模型较好的描述,以该函数为基础计算呼吸的温度敏感性,发现温度敏感性的变化范围为1.33～3.85;随季节的变化,温度敏感性呈先降低后升高的趋势:冬季秋季春季夏季,即温度越高,生物土壤结皮-土壤呼吸的温度敏感性越低。 相似文献
3.
古尔班通古特沙漠地衣结皮对放牧踩踏干扰及其所引起的生境异质性具有重要的指示作用。研究表明：① 放牧踩踏干扰主要集中于结皮层（0~5 cm）,随机调查的样方中,90%的样方干扰率均低于30%,生物土壤结皮(BSCs)破损尚处于较安全的范围;② 放牧踩踏干扰降低了BSCs总盖度,不同类型的结皮对践踏干扰的反应具差异性,其中,真菌-藻类共生形成的地衣结皮与干扰率呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）,干扰率>30%的样方中,抗风蚀能力较强的苔藓结皮、地衣结皮盖度均显著低于未受干扰样方,地衣共生体的破坏导致真菌数量显著增加（P<0.05）;③ 有机质、土壤容重等土壤理化指标均与干扰率呈负相关,干扰率>30%的样方中各指标均低于未受干扰样方。其中,土壤容重是对放牧干扰比较敏感的指标,与地衣结皮盖度亦呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与流沙盖度呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。 相似文献
4.
《干旱区研究》2017,(6)
干旱荒漠微地形变化影响小尺度植被和土壤的分布特征,然而,如何影响拟步甲科昆虫分布的认识仍不够。以甘肃省临泽县绿洲边缘流动沙地(丘)为研究对象,采用样方法调查了丘间低地及沙丘不同部位拟步甲科昆虫的种类组成、数量及生境条件。研究发现:(1)丘间低地拟步甲科昆虫群落结构与沙丘不同并存在季节变化,5月丘间低地拟步甲科昆虫数量、多样性指数和鳖甲属昆虫数量显著高于沙丘,而8月仅有拟步甲科昆虫的数量在丘间低地显著高于沙丘;(2)5月沙丘迎风坡和背风坡拟步甲科昆虫的数量均高于坡顶,宽漠王属和东鳖甲属昆虫主要选择在沙丘迎风坡活动,而鳖甲属昆虫主要选择在沙丘背风坡活动;(3)灌木覆盖度是影响拟步甲科昆虫在丘间低地和沙丘间分布的主要环境因子,而土壤含水量是影响拟步甲科昆虫在沙丘不同部位分布的主要环境因子。总之,拟步甲科昆虫对沙丘微地形变化具有明显的选择性,而这种选择与不同拟步甲科昆虫的生理生态特征密切相关。 相似文献
5.
新疆古尔班通古特沙漠生物结皮绿藻研究 总被引：14，自引：3，他引：11
通过对古尔班通古特沙漠中39块样地253份生物结皮土样的分析,研究了古尔班通古特沙漠中绿藻的区系组成、生态分布特点和结皮不同发育阶段绿藻的种类组成的动态变化.结果表明:该沙漠中有绿藻门植物10科14属26种,其中以单细胞种类占优势;绿藻在该沙漠不同地貌部位的分布,以背风坡的种数最多(9种),迎风坡、丘间低地和垄顶逐渐降低;在结皮的不同层次中,绿藻主要分布在结皮层,而在结皮层以下种类很少;在生物结皮的几个不同发育阶段中,绿藻的物种多样性差别不大,其种类组成略有差别. 相似文献
6.
毛乌素沙地东南缘不同类型沙丘土壤水分分布特征 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
通过对横山县境内毛乌素沙地东南缘的实地考察,根据植被类型和植被覆盖度,将沙丘分为裸露流动沙丘、灌木覆盖沙丘、乔木覆盖沙丘,分别在各类沙丘不同地貌部位实施4 m深度钻孔取样,并进行含水量测试和粒度分析,研究沙地土壤含水量变化。结果表明:对于垂直方向0～4m深度的沙地、灌木和乔木覆盖沙丘平均含水量变化为:丘间洼地>迎风坡>背风坡,而裸露流动沙丘平均含水量变化为:丘间洼地>背风坡>迎风坡;不同类型沙丘在各地貌部位不同层段含水量变化差异明显,变化趋势不统一。沙丘的地貌部位相同,地表的植被类型和覆盖度差异是影响沙地土壤含水量的重要因素,测试结果显示,迎风坡含水量为:灌木覆盖沙丘>乔木覆盖沙丘>裸露流动沙丘;背风坡含水量为:灌木覆盖沙丘>裸露流动沙丘>乔木覆盖沙丘;丘间洼地含水量为:灌木覆盖沙丘>乔木覆盖沙丘>裸露流动沙丘。灌木覆盖沙丘土壤含水量变异系数最大,水分含量在不同层位波动较大,裸露流动沙丘和乔木覆盖沙丘含水量波动差异较小。沙丘上生长的灌木和乔木明显地改变了沙丘含水量的变化特征,灌木比乔木对沙丘含水量及其垂向变化的影响更显著。灌木对地表大气中的粉尘有较强的拦截能力,灌木沙丘平均的粉砂和黏土含量高,灌木的覆盖有利于沙地的土壤化进程和保持沙地水分,在沙地绿化过程中,应充分考虑灌木植物的作用。 相似文献
7.
最近10年来新疆风沙地貌研究进展 总被引：7，自引：4，他引：3
最新研究表明,塔克拉玛干沙漠风沙活动与气温变化呈现"风热同步"现象,虽然其风况类型多样,但整个沙漠处于低风能环境。不同沙丘部位上风沙流输沙量的对数与高度之间表现为线性关系。当气流与沙丘走向斜交时,两侧相同部位输沙率的差异不大,这是线形沙丘保持其动力形态平衡的主要原因之一。古尔班通古特沙漠也处于复合型低能风环境之中,冬季积雪和冻土对沙漠地表形成有利的保护,有效植被覆盖和生物结皮是沙面整体处于稳定状态的重要因素,风沙活动仅存在于沙垄顶部和两坡上部。沙漠中生物结皮发育、种类丰富,其类型和分布具有明显的景观异质性特征。天山北坡和昆仑山北坡的黄土研究揭示,新疆两大沙漠从中更新世以来出现明显的干旱化,沙漠逐步扩大至今天规模。此外,塔里木沙漠公路和古尔班通古特沙漠输水明渠沿线的风沙危害具有明显的时空分异特点。因此,根据工程设施所处地形与地貌部位,可定性判断风沙危害类型与强度,进而确定防治方案和措施。今后新疆风沙地貌学研究应注重研究领域的拓展、研究方法的突破和实验手段的创新3个方面。 相似文献
8.
水分入渗是土壤水分循环的重要环节。为探明毛乌素沙地生物结皮覆盖沙区水分入渗特征及其影响因素,采用双环法测定不同类型地表(裸沙、浅灰色藻类结皮、黑褐色藻类结皮和藓类结皮,依次用BS、LC、DC和MC表示)水分入渗速率及其土壤理化性质。结果表明:1与BS相比,LC、DC和MC样地初始入渗率分别减少了37.7%、59.2%和73.6%,稳定前平均入渗率分别减少了37.5%、62.2%和81.3%,稳定入渗率分别减少了13.6%、67.4%和78.9%,累计入渗量分别减少了25.8%、61.3%和78.6%。2不同类型地表达到稳定入渗所需的时间在3~8 min;相关性分析结果显示,水分入渗速率与砂粒和土壤容重呈正相关关系,与粉粒、黏粒、结皮厚度、结皮抗剪强度、结皮层容重和有机碳含量呈负相关关系。3主成分分析结果表明,黏粒、结皮抗剪强度和土壤容重是影响该地区水分入渗速率的主要因子。因此,生物结皮在沙丘表面的形成和发育过程中,通过改变土壤的理化性质,减缓了该地区水分入渗速率,增加了降水的径流流失风险。 相似文献
9.
生物结皮是流动沙地固定的显著标志，土壤酶活性和腐殖质含量变化是衡量干旱脆弱沙漠生态系统恢复程度的重要指标。以流沙为对照，选择固沙10年、20年、30年苔藓结皮样地，探究不同固沙年限苔藓结皮土壤酶活性及腐殖质组分变化特征。结果表明：与对照相比，随固沙年限增加，苔藓结皮中酶活性增加1.3～9.4倍，胡敏酸(HA)含量从0.84g/kg增加到2.47g/kg,富里酸(FA)从0.62g/kg增加到2.28g/kg,胡敏素从0.86g/kg增加到5.57g/kg。冗余分析结果显示，腐殖质组分含量在前两轴累积能够解释土壤酶活性的94.25%,土壤腐殖质组分对土壤酶活性的重要性影响排序为富里酸> HA/FA>胡敏素>胡敏酸，且富里酸、HA/FA、胡敏素与土壤酶活性呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01)。说明富里酸、HA/FA、胡敏素是影响苔藓结皮土壤酶活性的关键因子。综上，苔藓结皮固沙年限的增加，可有效提高土壤酶活性、改善土壤腐殖质组分特征，对促进风沙土形成演变和脆弱生态系统恢复具有重要作用。 相似文献
10.
对毛乌素沙地榆林沙区樟子松人工固沙林地土壤微生物进行测定和分析,结果表明:不同林龄樟子松林地细菌、放线菌和真菌数量差异显著,细菌和真菌数量随林龄增大不断增加;放线菌数量在流沙地(CK)、7～23a生林地这一时期内随着林龄增大显著增加,23a生林地达到最大值,31 a生林地出现明显回落.三大微生物均随土层深度加深而减少,在沙丘部位的分布表现为:丘间地＞背风坡＞迎风坡＞丘顶.在流沙地上栽植樟子松人工林后,土壤微生物数量增加,土壤肥力水平提高. 相似文献
11.
Topographic differentiations of biological soil crusts and hydraulic properties in fixed sand dunes,Tengger Desert 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
ZhiShan ZHANG 《干旱区科学》2015,7(2):205-215
Biological soil crusts(BSCs) play an important role in surface soil hydrology. Soils dominated with moss BSCs may have higher infiltration rates than those dominated with cyanobacteria or algal BSCs. However, it is unnown whether improved infiltration in moss BSCs is accompanied by an increase in soil hydraulic conductivity or water retention capacity. We investigated this question in the Tengger Desert, where a 43-year-old revegetation program has promoted the formation of two distinct types of BSCs along topographic positions, i.e. the moss-dominated BSCs on the interdune land and windward slopes of the fixed sand dunes, and the algal-dominated BSCs on the crest and leeward slopes. Soil water retention capacity and hydraulic conductivity were measured using an indoor evaporation method and a field infiltration method. And the results were fitted to the van Genuchten–Mualem model. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivities under greater water pressure(–0.01 MPa) and water retention capacities in the entire pressure head range were higher for both crust types than for bare sand. However, saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivities in the near-saturation range(–0.01 MPa) showed decreasing trends from bare sand to moss crusts and to algal crusts. Our data suggested that topographic differentiation of BSCs significantly affected not only soil water retention and hydraulic conductivities, but also the overall hydrology of the fixed sand dunes at a landscape scale, as seen in the reduction and spatial variability in deep soil water storage. 相似文献
12.
Fengqin JIA 《干旱区科学》2017,9(3):355-367
Understanding the characteristics of soil seed banks in sand dunes is crucial to stabilize the dune systems and maintain the plant populations in deserts. In this study, we conducted a survey investigation in the field and a seed germination experiment in the laboratory to explore the characteristics of soil seed banks at various geomorphic positions of longitudinal sand dunes in the Gurbantunggut Desert, China. Totally, 17 plant species belonging to 17 genera and 9 families were identified in soil seed banks, and 35 plant species belonging to 34 genera and 17 families were identified in aboveground vegetation. Plant species richness in soil seed banks decreased with increasing soil depth. The highest species richness was presented in the upper slope of the windward slope and the lowest species richness was presented in the base of the windward slope. There was no significant difference in seed density of soil seed banks among the examined seven geomorphic positions. The highest seed density occurred in the lower slope of the leeward slope while the lowest occurred in the crest. Moreover, seed density decreased with increasing soil depth, being the highest in the upper soil layer(0–2 cm). For both soil seed banks and aboveground vegetation, there was no significant difference in Simpson's diversity index among the seven geomorphic positions; however, Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Pielou's evenness index showed significant differences among the seven geomorphic positions. Those results showed that although there was no significant difference in seed density of soil seed banks among the seven geomorphic positions, the geomorphic positions significantly affected the species richness, diversity and distribution of soil seed banks. Therefore, understanding the characteristics of soil seed banks at different geomorphic positions of sand dunes is essential to vegetation restoration or reestablishment. Furthermore, the Jaccard's similarity coefficients of plant species between soil seed banks and aboveground vegetation at the seven geomorphic positions were low, suggesting that vegetation restoration or reestablishment processes should be promoted through adding seeds to surface layers. 相似文献
13.
黄土高原藓结皮覆盖土壤导水性能和水流特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
生物结皮具有特殊的水文物理性质,为探究其对土壤水分渗透性和水流特征的影响,以黄土高原风沙土和黄绵土上3种典型地表覆盖类型(裸地、藓结皮、藓结皮-草本植物混合)为对象,采用环刀法和染色示踪法对其导水性质与水流特征进行探究。结果表明:藓结皮对2种土壤类型0~5 cm土层土壤理化性质影响较大,与裸地相比土壤容重降低了9.85%~10.00%,土壤黏粒含量增加了1.01~1.29倍,表层有机质含量提高了2.73~3.02倍;藓结皮使0~5 cm土层土壤饱和导水率降低了61.32%~88.89%,而在5~10 cm土层饱和导水率则有明显上升。另外,由于草本植物的影响,藓结皮-草本植物0~5 cm土层与藓结皮土壤相比土壤饱和导水率提高了1.32~6.43倍;黄绵土藓结皮与藓结皮-草本植物的染色面积比均高于裸地,且水分下渗深度增加了10 cm,而风沙土藓结皮与风沙土裸地的染色面积比差异不明显。综上所述,藓结皮和藓结皮-草本植物的存在改变了表层土壤水分渗透性以及水流运动特征和水分下渗深度,影响着黄土高原土壤水分保持和生态恢复。 相似文献
14.
Biological soil crusts(BSCs) are capable of modifying nutrient availability to favor the establishment of biogeochemical cycles. Microbial activities serve as critical roles for both carbon and nutrient transformation in BSCs. However, little is known about microbial activities and physical-chemical properties of BSCs in the Gurbantunggut Desert, Xinjiang, China. In the present research, a sampling line with 1-m wide and 20-m long was set up in each of five typical interdune areas selected randomly in the Gurbantunggut Desert. Within each sampling line, samples of bare sand sheet, algal crusts, lichen crusts and moss crusts were randomly collected at the depth of 0–2 cm. Variations of microalgal biomass, microbial biomass, enzyme activities and soil physical-chemical properties in different succession of BSCs were analyzed. The relationships between microalgal biomass, microbial biomass, enzymatic activities and soil physical-chemical properties were explored by stepwise regression. Our results indicate that microalgal biomass, microbial biomass and most of enzyme activities increased as the BSCs developed and their highest values occurred in lichen or moss crusts. Except for total K, the contents of most soil nutrients(organic C, total N, total P, available N, available P and available K) were the lowest in the bare sand sheet and significantly increased with the BSCs development, reaching their highest values in moss crusts. However, pH values significantly decreased as the BSCs developed. Significant and positive correlations were observed between chlorophyll a and microbial biomass C. Total P and N were positively associated with chlorophyll a and microbial biomass C, whereas there was a significant and negative correlation between microbial biomass and available P. The growth of cyanobacteria and microorganism contributed C and N in the soil, which offered substrates for enzyme activities thus increasing enzyme activities. Probably, improvement in enzyme activities increased soil fertility and promoted the growth of cyanobacteria, eukaryotic algae and heterotrophic microorganism, with the accelerating succession of BSCs. The present research found that microalgal-microbial biomass and enzyme activities played important roles on the contents of nutrients in the successional stages of BSCs and helped us to understand developmental mechanism in the succession of BSCs. 相似文献
15.
Biological soil crusts(BSCs) are bio-sedimentary associations that play crucial ecological roles in arid and semi-arid regions. In the Gurbantunggut Desert of China, more than 27% of the land surface is characterized by a predominant cover of lichen-dominated BSCs that contribute to the stability of the desert. However, little is known about the major factors that limit the spatial distribution of BSCs at a macro scale. In this study, the cover of BSCs was investigated along a precipitation gradient from the margins to the center of the Gurbantunggut Desert. Environmental variables including precipitation, soil particle size, soil p H, electrical conductivity, soil organic carbon, total salt, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium were analyzed at a macro scale to determine their association with differing assemblages of BSCs(cyanobacteria crusts, lichen crusts and moss crusts) using constrained linear ordination redundancy analysis(RDA). A model of BSCs distribution correlated with environmental variables that dominated the first two axes of the RDA was constructed to clearly demonstrate the succession stages of BSCs. The study determined that soil particle size(represented by coarse sand content) and precipitation are the most significant drivers influencing the spatial distribution of BSCs at a macro scale in the Gurbantunggut Desert. The cover of lichen and moss crusts increased with increasing precipitation, while the cover of cyanobacteria crusts decreased with increasing precipitation. The cover of lichen and moss crusts was negatively associated with coarse sand content, whereas the cover of cyanobacteria crusts was positively correlated with coarse sand content. These findings highlight the need for both the availability of soil moisture and a relatively stable of soil matrix, not only for the growth of BSCs but more importantly, for the regeneration and rehabilitation of disturbed BSC communities in arid and semi-arid lands. Thereby, this study will provide a theory basis to effectively increase soil stability in desert regions. 相似文献
16.
黄土地与沙地生物结皮的发育特征及其生态功能异同 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于课题组已有研究成果,选取陕北水蚀风蚀交错区内气候条件相同但土壤质地迥异的试验区,探讨黄土地和沙地生物结皮发育特征及其生态效应的异同。结果表明:(1)苔藓结皮是2种土地生物结皮的重要类型,其中,黄土地的优势藓种为尖叶对齿藓[Didymodon constrictus(Mitt.)Saito.]、真藓(Bryum argenteum Hedw.)、狭网真藓(B.algovicum Sendt.);沙地的优势藓种为黄色真藓(B.pallescens Scheich.)、弯叶真藓(B.recurvulum Mitt.)、银叶真藓(B.argenteum Hedw.)。沙地乔灌植物下生物结皮盖度(77.5%)、厚度(11.8 mm)及容重(1.9 g·cm~(-3))均高于黄土地生物结皮,而黄土地多年生草本植物下生物结皮抗剪强度(26.5 k Pa)高于沙地生物结皮,总体上,沙地生物结皮发育的更好。(2)黄土地的入渗增幅和0~200 cm剖面的平均土壤含水率增幅均显著高于沙地(P0.05),且在旱季和雨季其0~200 cm剖面的平均土壤含水率增幅分别比沙地高1.4%和1.9%。(3)两地生物结皮均表现出了较好的减蚀作用,其减蚀效率分别为81.0%和90.6%。 相似文献
17.
荒漠结皮对土壤水分状况的影响 总被引：22，自引：1，他引：21
本研究针对鄂尔多斯沙地生物结皮进行调查 ,利用人工喷水模拟降雨分析结皮对土壤入渗性能的影响。研究表明 :生物结皮能显著地降低土壤水分的入渗速率。在去掉结皮时 ,表层下 5 cm处的土壤含水量在 1 0分钟时即开始显著增加 ,而有结皮时 ,此处的含水量则在 1 5分钟时才开始显著增加。利用圆盘入渗仪测定有结皮和无结皮条件下的土壤饱和导水率表明 :固定沙丘间地有生物结皮的土壤饱和导水率范围是 :2 9.1 0 - 82 .2 1 mm/ h;半固定沙丘有微弱结皮时饱和导水率为 1 43.5 4 - 2 30 .2 5 ;去掉结皮后土壤的饱和导水率可显著上升数倍 ,无结皮的流沙的饱和导水率最高。 相似文献
18.
Effects of structural and depositional crusts on soil erosion on the Loess Plateau of China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Conventional tillage practices used on the Loess Plateau lead to different soil surface micro-topography which results in forming two types of soil crusts. The objective of this study was to explore the formation position, properties and erosion characteristics of structural crusts and depositional crusts under the influences of the microtopography in the rainfall experiments. Two simulated rainstorms were applied in the experiments. The first rainfall event was used for soil crust formation, then the following simulated rainfall storms at 40 mm h?1, 60 mm h?1, and 80 mm h?1 rates were applied to the soil boxes set to a 17.6% (10°) slope under three tillage types (contour tillage, artificial digging, and straight slope conditions) to investigate the resulting runoff discharge rate and sediment yield on crusted soil surface. Results show that: (1) structural crusts formed on the mounds, and depositional crusts formed in the depressions after the first rainfall events; structural crusts exhibit a lower thickness, bulk density, higher porosity and shear strength than depositional crusts; (2) structural crusts increased the runoff yield less and decreased the sediment yield more than depositional crusts; and (3) the runoff yield was significantly greater, and the sediment yield was lower on the crusted soil surface than that on the uncrusted soil surface, regardless of the effect of the tillage treatments. 相似文献