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1.
Medical records of 38 horses less than 1 year of age and diagnosed as having a fracture of the femoral diaphysis, metaphysis or distal physis were evaluated. Twenty-six foals had fractures of the femoral diaphysis or metaphysis with the most common fracture configuration being comminuted. Twelve foals had distal physeal fractures with the most common fracture configuration being a Salter-Harris type II. Twenty-one foals with fractures of the capital femoral physis, neck or greater trochanter during the same time period were excluded from this study. Surgical repair was attempted in 16 diaphyseal and 2 distal physeal fractures. Most of the diaphyseal fractures were repaired by placing plates on the lateral and cranial surfaces of the bone. Dynamic condylar screw plates or angle blade plates were used for increased bone purchase in 4 foals with short distal fragments. Five foals with distal physeal fractures were treated; 2 were surgically treated by placing an angle blade plate on the lateral cortex, and 3 foals with minimally displaced distal physeal fractures were managed with stall confinement. Eight of the 16 surgically repaired diaphyseal fractures healed. Fracture location and configuration was not a determinant of outcome, but the mean age of foals with successfully repaired diaphyseal fractures was 2 months compared with 4 months for the unsuccessful cases, indicating that the age and size of the foal was important. Long-term follow up revealed that 6 of the 8 successfully repaired diaphyseal fractures had no residual effects of the fracture observed during performance of the horse for its intended use. Only 1 of the 2 surgically repaired distal physeal fractures healed, but this horse was eventually killed because of unthriftiness related to a malabsorption syndrome. Some form of complication developed in 13 of the 18 surgically repaired fractures. Infection was the primary cause of failure. The greatest determinant associated with infection was the inability to control post-surgical seroma formation.  相似文献   

2.
The medical records of 25 horses 1 year of age or younger affected with femoral head and neck fractures during an 18 year period were reviewed. Each fracture involved the capital physis. The foals were 11 days to 12 months of age (mean, 5 months). No femoral capital physeal fractures occurred in horses older than 1 year of age during the same period. The history in each case included acute onset of severe unilateral hindlimb lameness, 3 hours to 2 months (mean, 12 days) before presentation. Injuries observed were violent falls, struggles, and kicks. Crepitation, swelling, pain with manipulation or palpation or both, and apparent fracture fragment displacement were inconsistently noted. Tentative clinical diagnoses were confirmed by radiography in 24 foals and by necropsy alone in one foal. Twenty-one foals were euthanatized due to poor prognosis. One foal sent home for stall rest was lost to follow-up. Surgical repair was attempted in three foals. Two fractures were repaired with multiple intramedullary pins and the foals were euthanatized within 2 weeks due to surgical failure and, in one case, contralateral limb breakdown. The third fracture was repaired with a compressing screw and plate device; the animal was pasture sound at month 20.  相似文献   

3.
The case records, radiographs and treatment results of 47 consecutive equine radius fractures presented to The Ohio State University Veterinary Hospital from 1975 to 1985 were examined retrospectively. Chip fractures and incomplete fractures were not considered. Both diaphyseal fractures and fractures involving the physes were included. Diaphyseal fractures were placed into three major categories: comminuted, oblique and transverse; and subclassified as proximal, mid-diaphyseal, or distal. Fractures involving a physis were classified using the Salter-Harris classification system. The horses ranged in age from one day to 19 years old. Nineteen of the patients were destroyed humanely on presentation, and 28 were treated. Twenty-four of the 28 fractures treated were repaired by open reduction and internal fixation. Success rate was related to the age of the horse and the type of fracture. Adult radius fractures have a poor prognosis. Most fractures in foals are either physeal fractures or transverse or oblique diaphyseal fractures and have an excellent to good prognosis when repaired adequately.  相似文献   

4.
In a retrospective study, 47 fractures of the femoral neck and 17 capital epiphyseal separations were recorded in a total of 62 animals over a 12-year period. It was found that cats sustain femoral neck fractures more often than capital epiphyseal separations. Until cats are six months old the vast majority of lesions in the proximal femur are fractures of the neck. Between the ages of six and 12 months both lesions are equally represented. After 12 months of age no capital epiphyseal separations occur and the incidence of femoral neck fractures diminishes appreciably. If left untreated, an acceptable clinical result can be obtained in both femoral neck fractures and capital epiphyseal separations, although the best functional result is achieved in femoral neck fractures. In the present study, spontaneous healing was seen only in femoral neck fractures in cats younger than three months. All cats with capital epiphyseal separations developed hypertrophic pseudoarthrosis.  相似文献   

5.
Cementless femoral stems were placed into 12 normal greyhound femora. The implanted femora were divided into three groups by stem orientation and implant size and loaded in axial compression at a rate of 25 newtons (N) per second until failure. Rosette strain gauges were used to measure femoral principal strains at 500 N, 1,000 N, 1,500 N, and at maximum load. During maximum load, varus orientation of the femoral stem had significantly higher tensile hoop strains in the proximomedial cortex, whereas neutral orientation had higher tensile hoop strains along the cranial cortex. Femoral fractures occurred in these areas of peak tensile strain. There was no difference in maximum load between groups, therefore varus orientation did not predispose to fracture. Maximizing canal fill and implant fit increased implant stability.  相似文献   

6.
Fractures of the distal phalanx of the forelimb were diagnosed in 5 colts and 3 fillies ranging in age from 2 weeks to 5 1/2 months at the time of fracture. Three fractures entered the distal interphalangeal joint and 6 fractures (one foal had bilateral fractures) were nonarticular. All foals with articular fractures became sound with conservative treatment. Four of 5 foals with nonarticular fractures became sound with conservative treatment and 1 foal developed separation of the hoof at the coronary band after application of acrylic around the hoof. On the basis of our observations in these foals, sagittal articular and nonarticular distal phalangeal fractures in foals should be treated conservatively. Foals so treated would have an excellent prognosis for return to soundness.  相似文献   

7.
Eighteen cases of fractures of the proximal sesamoid bones in Thoroughbred foals are described. Most of the fractures were in foals under 2 months old and all but one occurred in the forelegs. The bones commonly fractured when the foal galloped to exhaustion trying to keep up with its dam in the paddock. The types of fracture varied but a simple fracture of the medial sesamoid was most frequent and the majority were towards the base of the bone. Six foals sustained a fracture of more than one sesamoid bone and one foal fractured all 4 proximal sesamoid bones in its front legs. Treatment included box rest and the surgical removal of the separated piece of sesamoid bone. Only 3 of the foals treated have raced. One of these was treated surgically.  相似文献   

8.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Previous studies have shown that in man ultrasonography is more accurate than radiography for detecting rib fractures. OBJECTIVES: To describe clinical, radiographic and ultrasonographic findings related with rib fractures in newborn foals in an equine critical care unit; and to compare diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography to radiography. METHODS: A prospective ultrasonographic study was performed on 29 foals presented to the emergency unit. This study was performed at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire (CHUV), University of Montreal. Physical examination as well as radiographic and ultrasonographic examinations were performed. RESULTS: Thoracic radiographs revealed 10 rib fractures in 5 of 26 (19%) foals. Ultrasonography revealed 49 fractures in 19 of 29 (65%) foals of which fillies (n = 13; 68%) were significantly over represented as were fractures to the left thorax (n = 15; 78%). Seventeen of 19 foals (90%) had rib fractures located 3 cm or less from the costochondral junction, the distal part of the rib being displaced laterally in all cases. In 2 foals, where both thoracic radiographs and ultrasonography detected rib fractures, the site of fractures was located on the mid portion of the rib. Rib fractures were detected only by thoracic radiographs in one foal. Sixty-five percent (32/49) of fractured ribs had a moderate displacement (1-4 mm). CONCLUSIONS: Rib fractures are seen frequently in newborn foals in equine critical care units. Ultrasonography is more accurate than radiography and reveals fractures in most patients presented in emergency. The position (costochondral junction) of rib fractures and of the fragments suggest that most thoracic trauma probably occurs during parturition. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Ultrasound imaging increases awareness and improves the diagnosis of rib fractures in newborn foals.  相似文献   

9.
Six mares were treated on the day of parturition with an intramuscular injection of 0.2 mg kg-1 ivermectin and placed in a pasture free of equine parasites as soon as possible after foaling. The mares and their foals were compared with a similar group of untreated mares and foals on an adjoining pasture. The experimental data was derived from mare and foal fecal egg counts, foal necropsies and pasture larval counts. Ivermectin administered to mares on the day of parturition, when combined with movement to parasite-free pastures, significantly lowered the cyathostome (small strongyle) egg production for 4 months. This reduced cyathostome exposure was reflected in lower worm-burdens in their foals for 5 months. The results indicate that ivermectin will effectively control equine strongyles when mares and their foals are moved to parasite-free pastures.  相似文献   

10.
Objective—To evaluate an intramedullary interlocking nail for stabilization of transverse femoral osteotomies in foals.
Study Design—A transverse osteotomy and restabilization with an intramedullary interlocking nail was performed on the right femur in three foals and the left femur in three foals. Animals—Six foals weighing 149 to 207 kg.
Methods—The femur was destabilized with a transverse middiaphyseal osteotomy and repaired with a 0.5-in (12.7 mm) interlocking nail. The implanted femurs were radiographed monthly until completion of the study 6 months after surgery. At the completion of the study, all foals were observed for evidence of lameness, gluteal thickness was determined by ultrasonographic measurement, and a necropsy was performed.
Results—Healing was satisfactory in all foals. Five of the six had osseous bridging of the osteotomy apparent radiographically by 3 to 4 months. The sixth foal had postoperative infection but was healed radiographically in 5 months. There was a mean decrease in gluteal muscle thickness of 6.6 mm ( P = .04) in the operated limb of the five foals that healed without complication. Two foals were lame at the completion of the project; one foal with varus deformities of the contralateral limb was mechanically lame, and another was grade 2/5 lame on the operated limb. On necropsy, there was circumferential enlargement of the diaphysis of all operated limbs with the majority of the callus at the cranial and medial aspects of the cortex. All nails were solid within the medullary cavity.
Conclusions —The intramedullary interlocking nail provided adequate stabilization for repair of the transverse osteotomy.
Clinical Relevance —Further investigation is warranted before use for stabilization of spontaneously occurring fracture configurations.  相似文献   

11.
Cartilage thickness measurement in foals   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The talus and proximal and distal epiphysis of the humerus, radius, femur, tibia and distal metacarpus of 20 foals aged 0 to 150 days were obtained at necropsy and sawn sagittally into slabs 4 to 8 mm thick. The thickness of the cartilage (articular cartilage and unossified epiphyseal cartilage) was measured in three to five places in each slab, using a sliding calliper. In most epiphyses, the site, or sites, of thickest cartilage was constant in all foals examined. The difference between thickest and thinnest cartilage within one epiphysis was greatest in distal femora and least in distal metacarpi. The sites of most common occurrence of osteochondrosis dissecans in tali and proximal humeri concurred with the site of thickest cartilage in these bones. The most common site of equine osteochondrosis, the middle and distal thirds of the lateral trochlear ridge of femora, is not the location of thickest cartilage in this epiphysis. Haematological epiphyseal osteomyelitis in foals occurs most frequently in the areas where cartilage thickness is greatest in the medial femoral condyle, talus and distal radius.  相似文献   

12.
OBJECTIVE: To determine clinical, radiographic, and histologic abnormalities in adult cats > 1 year old with spontaneous (ie, nontraumatic) femoral capital physeal fractures. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 26 cats. PROCEDURE: Medical records of cats > 1 year old with femoral capital physeal fractures and no history of trauma were examined. RESULTS: Mean +/- SD age of the cats was 22.5 +/- 6.5 months. Twenty-five cats were neutered males. Mean weight of the cats was significantly greater than mean weight of a group of age- and sex-matched control cats. Of 16 cats for which age at the time of neutering was known, 14 had been neutered before 6 months of age. Nine cats had bilateral fractures. Severity of femoral neck osteolysis and sclerosis increased with increased duration of clinical signs. The contralateral femoral capital physis, distal femoral physes, and proximal tibial physes were radiographically open in 13 of 18,19 of 24, and 24 of 24 cats, respectively. Histologically, the epiphysis contained normal articular cartilage and bone, but attached growth plate cartilage lacked the normal columnar arrangement of chondrocytes. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggested that adult cats with spontaneous femoral capital physeal fractures were most likely to be heavier, neutered males with delayed physeal closure.  相似文献   

13.
Traumatic disruption of the suspensory apparatus is a catastrophic injury in the horse. Although this injury has been described in the adult, little information is available in the foal. This paper describes 3 foals with metacarpophalangeal joint instability caused by traumatic disruption of the suspensory apparatus. Two foals had biaxial proximal sesamoid fractures in a single forelimb, and 1 foal had avulsion of the distal sesamoidean ligaments in 1 forelimb plus biaxial proximal sesamoid fractures in the other forelimb. The foals with single forelimb involvement were managed with splints, and the foal with bilateral disruption of the suspensory apparatus was euthanatized. Both treated foals resumed natural exercise at pasture. Both continue to be pasture sound 2 and 3 years after injury and are to be used for breeding. Management of disruption of the suspensory apparatus causing metacarpophalangeal joint instability using external support was effective for salvage of these 2 valuable foals for breeding.  相似文献   

14.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate anatomic reduction and surgical stabilization of femoral capital physeal fractures in cats. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 13 cats. PROCEDURE: Medical records of cats with unilateral or bilateral femoral capital physeal fractures evaluated from 1998 to 2002 were reviewed. Age and weight of cats at the time of surgery; breed; sex; concurrent injuries; severity of lameness before and 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after surgery; the amount of fracture reduction achieved and number of Kirschner wires (K-wires) used; degree of degenerative joint disease of the hip joint and lysis of the femoral neck and head observed after surgery; whether K-wires were removed after surgery; and complications after surgery were evaluated. RESULTS: Thirteen cats with 16 capital physeal fractures were identified. There was significant improvement in the severity of clinical lameness in all cats from weeks 1 through 4 after surgery. There was no correlation between the scores of the individuals who evaluated radiographs for fracture reduction and placement of K-wires. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggested that surgical stabilization and repair of femoral capital physeal fractures facilitate a short recovery period and a good prognosis for return to normal function in cats.  相似文献   

15.
OBJECTIVE: To document signalment, clinical signs, and long-term outcome of surgical treatment for femoral capital physeal fractures in cattle. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. Animals-Twelve cattle with femoral capital physeal fractures. METHODS: Cases were identified by a search of radiographic records. Historical, diagnostic, surgical, and outcome data were collected from the medical records. Owners were contacted for follow-up information by telephone. RESULTS: Fractures were repaired by screws inserted in lag fashion in 4 animals and by use of multiple intramedullary pins in 8 animals. Six of 12 animals required repeat surgery to reposition screws or pins. Nine animals were considered successfully treated at discharge. Six months after surgery, 6 of 11 animals for which follow-up was obtained were still sound. At 12 months, 4 of 4 animals alive were still sound. Animals that bore weight earliest postoperatively were more likely to have a successful outcome. Animals <12 months of age had better outcomes than animals >12 months of age. CONCLUSIONS: Prognosis for serviceable soundness is good in cattle <12 months of age and fair in animals >12 months of age after surgical repair of femoral capital physeal fracture by stacking intramedullary pins or by screws inserted in lag fashion. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Surgical repair of femoral capital physeal fracture is most successful in younger cattle and can result in productive animals.  相似文献   

16.
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17.
OBJECTIVE: To quantify long-term bone adaptation after stable cemented total hip arthroplasty (cTHA) in dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Clinical study. ANIMALS: Fourteen dogs. METHODS: Femoral specimens were collected from client-owned dogs that were donated after death because of causes unrelated to their cTHA. Mean (+/-SEM) dog age was 11.4+/-0.7 years and implant duration was 5.3+/-0.7 years. Implant stability was established from radiographic signs and gross mechanical stability. Femurs were evaluated at 3 levels based on implant length: proximal stem (PS), mid-stem (MS), and distal to stem (DS). Cortical area, medullary area, and porosity were measured at each level. Implanted femurs were compared to contralateral nonimplanted femurs. RESULTS: Cortical area and cortical porosity were significantly increased in implanted femurs compared to nonimplanted femurs. Cortical area was increased at the MS and DS levels, and porosity was increased at the PS and MS levels in implanted femurs. Porosity was greatest in the endosteal region at the PS and MS levels in implanted femurs. CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences in femoral geometry and cortical porosity were detected after long-term stable cTHA. Net bone loss proximally and increased bone mass distally support stress shielding as a important mechanical factor associated with bone adaptation. Distribution of porosity shifts to endosteal regions after long-term cTHA. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Significant site-specific femoral adaptation occurs in response to stable cTHA and may precede implant loosening.  相似文献   

18.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: The developmental pattern of the cartilage canal blood supply to epiphyseal growth cartilage has been linked to osteochondrosis (OC) in the tarsus of foals. This pattern has not yet been described in the distal femur, another site frequently affected by OC. OBJECTIVE: To describe the developmental pattern of the blood supply to the distal femoral epiphyseal growth cartilage in 8 Standardbred foals age 0-7 weeks. METHODS: One foal was sacrificed weekly from birth to age 7 weeks (n=8) to undergo a barium perfusion procedure to demonstrate vessels within cartilage canals of one hindlimb. The distal end of the femur was cleared in methyl salicylate and perfused vessels were studied in the intact bones. Each distal femur was then sawed into 5 mm thick slabs in the transverse plane, and the slabs decalcified and radiographed. Finally, the lateral trochlear ridge was separated from each slab and examined histologically. RESULTS: The cartilage canal blood supply regressed with increasing age, but several regions remained vascularised in the oldest foal at age 7 weeks. Vessels arose from perichondrial and subchondral arterial sources, and coursed perpendicular or parallel to the ossification front. The midsection of parallel vessels became incorporated into the ossification front during growth. Anastomoses formed and vessels within the distal portion of canals with an original perichondrial source shifted to use subchondral vessels as their arterial source. Both parallel and perpendicular vessels therefore traversed the ossification front to enter cartilage canals. No histological lesions were observed in sections from any of the foals. CONCLUSION: The same anatomical feature (traversing the ossification front to enter cartilage canals) reported to render vessels vulnerable to failure in the tarsus was also present in the distal femur of foals. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: OC may occur by the same pathogenetic mechanism in the distal femur as in the tarsus of foals.  相似文献   

19.
Three foals, each less than 1 month of age, were presented with Salter Type II fractures of the proximal tibial physis. Reduction of the fractures was accomplished manually and maintained by crosspin fixation. Fracture healing in two of the foals was uncomplicated. The third foal developed an infection around the implants, which responded to periodic local antiseptic flushing and administration of penicillin and gentamicin. Follow-up information ranging from 11 to 22 months after surgery revealed satisfactory results in two of three foals; premature closure of the proximal tibial physis was found in the other foal, resulting in the development of an angular limb deformity.  相似文献   

20.
The purpose of the project was to provide a reference for radiographic anatomy of the developing equine foredigit and metacarpophalangeal region. Using xeroradiographic techniques, both foredigits and metacarpophalangeal regions of six Quarter Horse foals were radiographed at 1 day of age and then at 2-week intervals until the foals were 6 weeks old. The foals were then radiographed at 4-week intervals until they were 12 months old. The period from birth to 6 months has been described in a previous report. This paper deals with the period from 6 to 12 months of age. Lateromedial and dorsopalmar xeroradiographs of each foredigit and metacarpophalangeal region and a dorsal 65° proximal-palmarodistal oblique view of the distal part of the digit were made at each examination. Foals were weighed and were measured at the withers immediately prior to each examination. Representative xeroradiographs were selected and appropriately labeled to demonstrate normal radiographic anatomy of these regions. Earliest radiographic visualization of distal epiphyseal ossification in metacarpal 2 and metacarpal 4 was extremely variable and ranged from 4 to 38 weeks. It was not possible to determine accurately the ages at which distal physes of the small metacarpal bones closed. In one foal, three of four of these physes were closed at 26 weeks, while in another foal, none had closed when last radiographed at 54 weeks. Radiographic closure of the proximal physis of the middle phalanx ranged from 18 to 30 weeks (mean = 26 weeks). Radiographic closure of the proximal physis of the proximal phalanx ranged from 22 to 38 weeks (mean = 30 weeks). Radiographic closure of the distal physis of metacarpal 3 ranged from 18 to 38 weeks (mean = 29 weeks).  相似文献   

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