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1.
Influence of saccharose in the presence or absence of polyethylene glycol (PEG), methyl jasmonate, and an inactivated bacterial culture of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in cultivation medium on morphology of Hypericum perforatum L. and production of hypericin and hyperforin was studied under in vitro conditions. Production of hypericin and hyperforin was influenced by the presence of different concentrations of saccharose (10-30 g L(-1)) in cultivation medium. Addition of PEG (1.25-5 g L(-1)) in the presence of saccharose (10-30 g L(-1)) increased production of hypericin and hyperforin in the H. perforatum in vitro culture. Synthesis of hypericin and hyperforin was unchanged or reduced for most of the experimental plants at higher contents of PEG (10 and 15 g L(-1)). Concentrations of hypericin and hyperforin in the H. perforatum were on the order 100 and 103 microg g(-1) of dry plant material, respectively. Production of hypericin and hyperforin was stimulated either in the presence of a chemical elicitor (methyl jasmonate) or an inactivated bacterial culture of A. tumefaciens. Morphological changes induced by the abovementioned substances were observed and described in detail. The obtained results will be applied in experimental botany and in the technology of H. perforatum cultivation for pharmaceutical applications.  相似文献   

2.
Renewed interest in plant-derived drugs has led to an increased need for efficient extraction methods. Hypericum perforatum L. contains several groups of bioactive compounds with noteworthy pharmacological activities. Direct sonication of H. perforatum was investigated and compared with conventional maceration, indirect sonication, Soxhlet extraction, and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE). Highly selective liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry analysis showed that the content of six investigated active compounds (hypericin, pseudohypericin, hyperoside, rutin, quercitrin, and hyperforin) in extracts obtained by direct sonication was significantly higher than in extracts obtained by the other methods. The active compound contents increased on increasing the ultrasonic power from 40 to 60 W when using direct sonication. Conventional maceration gave the lowest amount of analyzed active compounds. Soxhlet extraction gave better results than ASE or indirect sonication.  相似文献   

3.
Qualitative/quantitative phytochemical variations were observed in dried flowering tops of cultivated Hypericum perforatum L. cv. Zorzi infected by phytoplasmas of the "ash yellows" class, identified by direct and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR); this is the first report of ribosomial group 16SrVII phytoplasmas in St. John's Wort. Methanolic extracts of healthy and infected plants were separated by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography to quantify naphthodianthrones and flavonoids, while essential oils were analyzed by means of gas chromatography (GC)-GC/MS. The affected plants exhibited decreased amounts of rutin (1.96 +/- 0.23 vs 4.96 +/- 0.02 mg/g), hyperoside (2.38 +/- 0.21 vs 3.04 +/- 0.05 mg/g), isoquercitrin (1.47 +/- 0.04 vs 3.50 +/- 0.08 mg/g), amentoflavone (0.12 +/- 0.01 vs 0.39 +/- 0.02 mg/g), and pseudohypericin (1.41 +/- 0.23 vs 2.29 +/- 0.07 mg/g), whereas the chlorogenic acid content was doubled (1.56 +/- 0.11 vs 0.77 +/- 0.02 mg/g). Hypericin, quercitrin, and quercetin contents were not severely affected. The essential oil yield was drastically reduced in infected material (0.11 vs 0.75% in healthy material) and revealed an increased abundance of sesquiterpenes (beta-caryophyllene, delta-elemene, and germacrene D, in particular) and a matching decrease in monoterpene hydrocarbons and aliphatics. The consequences that the phytopathological condition of cultivated H. perforatum plants has on the commercial quality, market value, and therapeutic efficacy are outlined.  相似文献   

4.
The effect of varying solution calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) concentrations in the absence or presence of 10 μM aluminum (Al) was investigated in several experiments using a low ionic strength (2.7 × 10‐3 M) solution culture technique. Aluminium‐tolerant and Al‐sensitive lines of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were grown. In the absence of Al, top yields decreased when solution Ca concentrations were <50 μM or plant Ca concentrations were <2.0 mg/g. Top and root yields decreased when solution Mg concentrations were <50 μM or plant Mg concentrations were <1.5 mg/g. There were no differences between the lines in solution or plant concentrations at which yield declined. Increasing solution Ca concentrations decreased plant Mg concentrations in the tops (competitive ion effect) but increased plant Mg concentrations in the roots of wheat. This suggests that Ca is competing with Mg when Mg is transported from the roots. Increasing solution Mg concentrations decreased plant Ca concentrations in the tops and the roots (competitive ion effect). In the roots, increasing solution Mg concentrations decreased plant Ca concentrations at a lower solution Ca concentration in the Al‐sensitive line than the Al‐tolerant line. In the presence of Al, increasing solution Ca and Mg concentrations increased yield (Ca and Mg ameliorating Al toxicity). Yield increased until the sum of the solution concentrations of the divalent cations (Ca+Mg) was 2,000 μM for the Al‐tolerant line or 4,000 μM for the Al‐sensitive line. The exception was that yield decreased when solution Mg concentrations were > 1,500 μM and the solution Ca concentration was 100 μM (Mg exacerbating Al toxicity). The ameliorative effects of solution Ca or Mg on Al tolerance were not related to plant Ca or Mg concentrations per se.  相似文献   

5.
Alkylresorcinols (ARs) from cereal kernels belong to the bioactive components, which are said to have health-enhancing properties. The genetic and agronomic factors have an impact on the growth, quantity and quality of cereal grain yields, so they can also affect the content of ARs in triticale (Triticosecale Wittmack). The purpose of this research was to determine the impact of production technology on AR content in the grains of four winter triticale varieties cultivated under different cultivation systems. The research was conducted in the years of 2010–2014 at the Experimental Station in Osiny (51°27′N; 22°2′E), Poland. The experiment was located on a lessive soil (Luvisol), on plots sized 45?m2 in four replications. The first factor was cultivation system (tillage and no-tillage) and the second factor was type of production technology (integrated and intensive), which was diversified in terms the doses of mineral fertilizers and the intensity of plant chemical protection. The study indicated that the content of ARs in winter triticale grains is mostly determined genetically but it also depends on weather conditions and production technology. This content is the least dependent on soil cultivation system. The highest AR content was recorded for Fredro variety, while the lowest for Pizarro, 444 and 277?mg?kg?1, respectively. Using intensive production technologies favored the accumulation of ARs, especially under abundant rainfall during the tillering, at the beginning of shooting and earring, as well as under limited rainfall during plant ripening. The production of pro-health food of a high content of ARs would benefit the most from using Fredro variety of winter triticale, cultivated in tillage system under intensive production technology.  相似文献   

6.
Changes in the yields of the oleoresin and content of pungent bioactive principles: [6], [8], [10] gingerols and [6] shogaol of Jamaican ginger ( Zingiber officinale) were investigated during different stages of maturity (7-9 months). Ethanolic oleoresin extracts were prepared (95%, w/w) by cold maceration of dried ginger powder, and their percentage yields were calculated (w/w). The pungent bioactive principles in the ginger oleoresin were extracted with methanol and quantitatively analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Ginger harvested at 8 months from Bourbon, Portland had the highest oleoresin yield (8.46 +/- 0.46%). [6] Gingerol was found to be the most abundant pungent bioactive principle in all the oleoresin samples investigated, with the 9 months sample from Bourbon, Portland containing the highest level (28.94 +/- 0.39%). The content of [6] gingerols was also found to be consistently high (7-9 months) in oleoresin samples from Johnson Mountain, St. Thomas (15.12 +/- 0.39 to 16.02 +/- 0.95%). The results suggest that Bourbon in Portland may be the most ideal location for cultivating ginger for high yields and quality, however, Johnson Mountain in St. Thomas could prove to be the least restrictive location, allowing for harvesting of good quality material throughout the maturity period (7-9 months).  相似文献   

7.
为了筛选出适宜在天水市种植的籽用大麻品种(系),以当地主栽品种清水大麻为对照,对引进大麻品种(系)的生育期、主要性状、产量等进行研究。结果表明,参试品种(系)出苗期基本相同。不同品种(系)种子折合产量有较大差异,沁源6号最高,达1 076.82 kg/hm2,比对照品种清水大麻增产41.17%;固原1号次之,为895.40 kg /hm2,比对照品种清水大麻增产17.39%,其余品种(系)均表现为减产。纤维折合产量沁源6号最高,达316.30 kg/ hm2,比对照品种清水大麻增产0.18%,其余品种(系)均低于对照品种清水大麻。原茎折合产量固原1号最高,达1 057.78 kg/hm2,比对照品种清水大麻增产39.39%;其次是沁源6号,为902.22 kg/hm2,比对照品种清水大麻增产18.89%。从主要性状和产量综合分析,沁源6号和固原1号表现较佳,适宜在天水市种植。  相似文献   

8.
玉米自交系苗期磷营养特性评价   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
利用一元线性回归模型对9种基因型玉米自交系在6叶龄苗期的磷(P)营养特性进行了评价。以幼苗的全株或地上部生物量(mg/plant)分别与培养介质对其供磷量(P.mg)建立线性模型,其回归系数作为全株或地上部磷效率的指标;以幼苗的全株或地上部生物量分别与相应的全株或地上部磷含量(P.mg/plant)建立线性模型,其回归系数作为全株或地上部磷利用效率的指标;以幼苗全株磷含量与培养介质对其供磷量建立线性模型的回归系数作为幼苗磷吸收效率的指标。结果表明,9种玉米基因型的磷效率,磷利用效率和磷吸收效率的平均值分别为53.95(全株)和42.61(地上部)、131.84(全株)和124.45(地上部)、0.41。自交系04419的磷效率比平均值约高出45%(全株)和59%(地上部),属于磷效率高效型;而自交系04065和04088的磷效率分别比平均值约低43%、38%(全株)和55%、51%(地上部),属于磷效率低效型;其余自交系的磷效率介于两者之间,为磷效率中间型。玉米自交系苗期的磷效率与磷吸收效率呈显著正相关,与磷利用效率关系不明显;磷吸收效率可作为苗期磷效率预筛选的生理指标。  相似文献   

9.
Eight conservation tillage methods were evaluated for maize (Zea mays L.) production and were related to water conserved, soil strength, plant stand, plant nutrient status, and methods of managing crop residues on Norfolk loamy sands (Typic Paleudults) in the U.S. southeastern coastal plain. This study summarizes 10 site-years of data collected from 1978 through 1982.

Seasonal soil-water balance and crop residue management largely determined the success of maize production under conservation tillage. Autumn subsoiling increased winter forage and maize production under both conventional and conservation tillage. When early-season rainfall was limited, water extraction by a winter cover crop or winter weeds often reduced early-season growth and yield of maize under conservation tillage. For adequate stands, increased seeding rates and effective weed-, rodent-, bird- and insect-control were all necessary.

Under adequate water regimes, conventional tillage resulted in greater yields at low levels of nitrogen, but maximum yields occurred regardless of tillage system, when 200 kg ha−1 were applied. Conventionally-tilled maize generally resulted in higher yields than conservation tillage production. The only significant increase for conservation tillage occurred under non-irrigated conditions in 1981 during severe drought. The interactive soil and climatic factors which have impact on conservation tillage in this physiographic region were identified.  相似文献   


10.
The EU FP6 HEALTHGRAIN has generated an extensive database on the contents of phytochemicals (alkylresorcinols, tocols, sterols, phenolic acids, folates) and dietary fiber components in the grain of wheat, including analyses of 150 lines grown on a single site in Hungary in 2005 and a smaller set of lines grown under five (three lines) or six (23 lines) different environments (in Hungary in 2005, 2006, and 2007 and in France, Poland, and the United Kingdom in 2007). The lines analyzed included land races and varieties bred between the mid-19th and early 21st centuries. These results have been analyzed to determine whether the contents of these groups of bioactive components in the grain have decreased with the development of intensive plant breeding in the second part of the 20th century. No decreases in the contents of any groups of bioactive components were observed in relation to release date, showing that selection for increased yield and protein quality has been effectively neutral for other grain components.  相似文献   

11.
在利用体外受精技术产业化生产牛胚胎的体系中,体外受精卵一开始就培养在已加入犊牛血清（FBS）的改良SOF液的实验组,其卵裂率（80.6%,253/314）和可冷冻胚胎率（20.8%,129/620）与在体外受精（IVF）3 d后才往胚胎培养体系中加入FBS的结果差异不显著（相应为83.4%,262/314和24.4%,151/620,P〉0.05）;而囊胚率差异显著（分别为41.8%,259/620和 48.5%,301/620,P〈0.05）.在IVF后第3天将培养体系中的未受精卵及发育迟缓的2-细胞阶段胚胎剔除与否的不同胚胎培养模式对其后囊胚的产量和质量均无显著影响.  相似文献   

12.
In a previous study, a flavonoid-rich extract of Hypericum perforatum L. (FEHP) was prepared and its antioxidant activity was determined by a series of models in vitro. In this study, the hypocholesterolemic effects of FEHP in rats fed a cholesterol-rich diet were tested. Forty Wistar rats fed a standard laboratory diet or a cholesterol-rich diet for 16 weeks were used. The serum lipid levels, as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in serum and liver, were examined. Cholesterol-rich diet induced hypercholesterolemia was manifested in the elevation of serum lipid levels such as total cholesterol (TC), total triglycerides (TG), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Administration of middle-dose (75 mg/kg of BW/day) and high-dose (150 mg/kg of BW/day) FEHP significantly lowered the serum levels of TC, TG, and LDL-C, while increasing the serum level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Also, the content of MDA in serum and liver decreased significantly after oral administration of FEHP compared with those of rats fed a cholesterol-rich diet. In addition, FEHP increased the activity of SOD in serum and liver, but the activity of CAT was significantly elevated only in liver. These results suggested that the hypocholesterolemic effects of FEHP might be due to its abilities to lower serum TC, TG, and LDL-C levels as well as to slow the lipid peroxidation process and to enhance the antioxidant enzyme activity.  相似文献   

13.
Crop yields are primarily water-limited in dryland production systems in semiarid regions. This study was conducted in a catchment located in the “plateau central” of Burkina Faso to assess the impact of the space between stone lines on runoff and crop performance. The experimental design consisted of four plots in which stone lines were installed. The spacing between the lines was 100 m in the first plot, 50 m in the second, 33 m in the third, and 25 m in the last plot. The soil was a Ferric lixisol and the slope, which is characteristic of the area, was about 1–3%. Subplots placed at regular and fixed distances from the lines were used to monitor soil water content and crop yield. Runoff from all plots was measured using a water discharge recorder. It was found that 31% of rainfall was lost through runoff in plots without stone lines. The efficiency of stone lines in checking runoff and in improving soil water storage increased with reduced stone line spacing (runoff was reduced by an average of 5% on plots where the space between the lines was 33 m, but was reduced by 23% when the stone line spacing was 25 m). Soil water content decreased with increasing distance from the stone line. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) performance was greatly affected by stone line and plant straw and grain yield were doubled in plots with stone lines compared with those of plots without stone lines. At an area of about 6 m from the stone lines (upslope), where organo-mineral sediments were collected, sorghum grain yields were 60% greater than that obtained at 19 m from stone lines. The stone line technique seems to be a sound option to mitigate water stress during dry spells.  相似文献   

14.
Abstract

Optimum crop production depends, among other things, on the maintenance of adequate plant nutrients in the root zone. The objective of this study was to find a reliable index for assessing needs for supplemental phosphorus (P) in soils of Morogoro District, Tanzania. Six indices of P availability, namely: Bray and Kurtz No. 1 (BK1), Bray and KurtzNo.2 (BK2), Mehlich 1, Mehlich 3, Olsen and ammonium bicarbonate‐DTPA (AB‐DTPA), were evaluated. Evaluation of the P indices involved relating extractable P contents by different methods with crop response data expressed as relative yields. The response data was obtained from pot trials with soil samples from ten repesentative soils designated as benchmark soils of the district. Treatments were absolute control, 0, 10, 20, and 30 mg P kg‐1 of soil. Correlation of maize relative yields with soil test values by the six indices of P availability resulted in correlation coefficients ranging from 0.65 to 0.90. The Olsen method gave the highest r value suggesting that it was superior to the others. However, using the Cate and Nelson approach, the Olsen and ammonium bicarbonate‐DTPA methods were found to be at par and superior to the others. They each accounted for 76% of the variations observed in maize relative yields, respectively. The critical P levels for the indices were 10.50 mg P kg‐1 for Olsen and 2.80 mg P kg‐1 for the AB‐DTPA method. Phosphorus fertility categories were delineated in relation to Olsen extractable P as: low (<6.50 mg P kg‐1), medium (6.50 to 23.0 mg P kg‐1), and high (>23.0 mg P kg‐1). Based on this classification it was determined that 16%, 25 %, and 59% of the surveyed area had low, medium, and high P levels, respectively. About 40% of the surveyed area may, therefore, require fertilization with P for optimum yields.  相似文献   

15.
Grains from 14 corn inbreds and 4 single cross hybrids were inoculated with 3 isolates of Gibberella zeae to determine their inhibition of zearalenone production. The corn hybrids: Pa762 x A632 (50 mg/kg zearalenone production), A619 x A632 (17 mg/kg zearalenone production), H95 x Mo17 (132 mg/kg zearalenone production), and B73 x MO17 (33 mg/kg zearalenone production) appear to have less resistance than the inbreds to toxin formation. Inbred H95 (64 mg/kg zearalenone production) supported the highest toxin production of all inbreds. The remaining 13 inbreds did not exceed 15 mg/kg zearalenone production. The inbreds A632 (4 mg/kg zearalenone production) and Pa762 (2 mg/kg zearalenone production) demonstrated some resistance; the resulting cross, hybrid Pa762 x A632 (50 mg/kg zearalenone production), does have greater resistance than hybrid H95 x Mo17 (132 mg/kg zearalenone production). Analysis of variance indicated highly significant variation between corn varieties and fungal isolates. The coefficient of variation for 29 fermentations run in duplicate on inoculated control corn to produce zearalenone (212 mg/kg) was 37%, which would include variation in both the fermentation and analysis. Isolate and variety interaction is not significant.  相似文献   

16.
  【目的】  超富集植物与经济作物间作是实现重金属污染农田边生产边修复的有效措施。为此，研究八宝景天 (Hylotelephium spectabile) 和柑橘间作对柑橘重金属吸收累积的影响，为柑橘生产提供安全、经济有效的栽培措施。  【方法】  以早熟和晚熟柑橘、八宝景天为试材进行盆栽试验，以全Cd含量为0.92 mg/kg的污染土壤和0.06 mg/kg的清洁土壤为供试土壤。分别设置早熟和晚熟柑橘单作、八宝景天单作、早熟和晚熟柑橘–八宝景天间作和柑橘–八宝景天限制性间作，共7个处理，限制性间作采用半透膜根际袋将八宝景天和柑橘根系分开。在植株生长74天 (7月) 和218天 (12月)时采样，调查植株生物量和Cd含量，分别测定根际土壤全Cd和有效态Cd含量。  【结果】  与柑橘单作相比，与八宝景天间作柑橘的叶片Cd含量降低了26.7%，与清洁土壤种植的柑橘叶片Cd含量 (0.011 mg/kg) 相近。间作条件下，柑橘根际土壤中全Cd含量由0.92 mg/kg降低至0.75 mg/kg，有效态Cd含量由单作处理的0.82 mg/kg降低至0.78 mg/kg，低于柑橘单作处理；柑橘–八宝景天间作柑橘根际土壤中全Cd的减少量是柑橘–八宝景天限制性间作柑橘根际土壤全Cd减少量 (6.52%) 的2.83倍。柑橘–八宝景天间作中八宝景天对土壤Cd的年提取量、年去除率分别达1.40 mg/pot、3.34%，与其单作 (1.50 mg/pot、3.73%) 相比，去除效率降低了10.6%，其主要原因是间作降低了八宝景天的生物量。  【结论】  尽管柑橘–八宝景天间作影响八宝景天对镉的去除效率，但显著降低了柑橘根际全Cd和有效态Cd含量，进而将柑橘叶片Cd含量降低到与清洁土壤下近似的水平，实现了边修复边安全生产的目标，因此，柑橘–八宝景天间作可作为中低度Cd污染农田土壤修复的重要生物措施。  相似文献   

17.
Colorectal tumor risks could be reduced by polyphenol-rich diets that inhibit cell growth. Here, apple polyphenols were studied for effects on the survival of colon adenoma (LT97) and carcinoma-derived (HT29) cell lines. Three apple extracts (AEs) from harvest years 2002-2004 were isolated (AE02, AE03, and AE04) and fermented in vitro with human fecal flora. Extracts and fermentation products were analyzed for polyphenols with HPLC. The cells were treated with AEs (0-850 microg/mL) or fermented AEs (F-AEs, 0-9%), and survival was measured by DNA staining. All AEs contained high amounts of polyphenols (311-534 mg/g) and reduced cell survival (in LT97 > HT29). AE03 was most potent, possibly because it contained more quercetin compounds. Fermentation of AEs resulted in an increase of short chain fatty acids, and polyphenols were degraded. The F-AEs were approximately 3-fold less bioactive than the corresponding AEs, pointing to a loss of chemoprotective properties through fermentation.  相似文献   

18.
Lunasin, a unique 43 amino acid, 4.8 kDa cancer-chemopreventive peptide initially reported in soybean and now found in barley and wheat, has been shown to be cancer-chemopreventive in mammalian cells and in a skin cancer mouse model against oncogenes and chemical carcinogens. To identify bioactive components in traditional herbal medicines and in search for new sources of lunasin, we report here the properties of lunasin from Solanum nigrum L. (SNL), a plant indigenous to northeast Asia. Lunasin was screened in the crude extracts of five varieties of the medicinal plants of Solanaceae origin and seven other major herbal plants. An in vitro digestion stability assay for measuring bioavailability was carried out on SNL crude protein and autoclaved SNL using pepsin and pancreatin. A nonradioactive histone acetyltransferase (HAT) assay and HAT activity colorimetric assay were used to measure the inhibition of core histone acetylation. The inhibitory effect of lunasin on the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (Rb) was determined by immunoblotting against phospho-Rb. Lunasin isolated from autoclaved SNL inhibited core histone H3 and H4 acetylation, the activities of the HATs, and the phosphorylation of the Rb protein. Lunasin in the crude protein and in the autoclaved crude protein was very stable to pepsin and pancreatin in vitro digestion, while the synthetic pure lunasin was digested at 2 min after the reaction. We conclude that lunasin is a bioactive and bioavailable component in SNL and that consumption of SNL may play an important role in cancer prevention.  相似文献   

19.
Polygonum tinctorium Ait. is a herbaceous subtropical annual plant, belonging to the family Polygonaceae. Within the cells of its leaves P. tinctorium accumulates large amounts of a colorless glycoside, indican (indoxyl beta-d-glucoside), from which the blue dye indigo is synthesized. P. tinctorium is well-known in Japan, where it had been cultivated to produce natural indigo for textile dyeing, whereas it represents a potentially interesting new crop in Europe. To better understand the effects of environmental parameters on P. tinctorium crop production and indigo yield, field experiments were carried out in central Italy under temperate climate. Three lines were tested during the 2001 and 2002 growing seasons, and plant/leaf yields as well as indican contents were evaluated. The results showed that P. tinctorium grown in temperate climate conditions can be harvested three times a year. Yields of 82 and 120 t ha(-1) of fresh plant yield were obtained in 2001 and 2002, respectively. The contrasting weather conditions between the two years significantly affected biomass production, which was higher in the 2002 season, characterized by wet weather conditions. The cycle length from sowing to the last harvest was accomplished in 229-238 days when plants had accumulated 2017-2018 degrees C. Green leaves accounted for 40-45% by weight of fresh plant tissue and contained 11-20 g kg(-1) indican. The three lines did not significantly differ in the main productive parameters or in fresh leaf indican content (14.1 g kg(-1) mean value). Photosynthetic active radiation influences indican leaf production according to the model y = 0.0004x + 8.566 (P < 0.01, correlation coefficient = 0.818). Indican content ranged from 12 to 25 g kg(-1) of fresh leaves with PAR daily values from 10000 to 40000 mEinstein m(-2) (recorded in May and at the end of July-beginning of August, respectively). The results indicate that in nonlimiting rainfall conditions a very high indican content and a potentially high indigo yield can be obtained by cultivating P. tinctorium in this pioneer geographical area.  相似文献   

20.
This work describes the development and utilization of a plant cell culture production approach to biosynthesize and radiolabel phytoene and phytofluene for prostate cancer cell culture studies. The herbicide norflurazon was added to established cell suspension cultures of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. VFNT cherry), to induce the biosynthesis and accumulation of the lycopene precursors, phytoene and phytofluene, in their natural isomeric forms (15-cis-phytoene and two cis-phytofluene isomers). Norflurazon concentrations, solvent carrier type and concentration, and duration of culture exposure to norflurazon were screened to optimize phytoene and phytofluene synthesis. Maximum yields of both phytoene and phytofluene were achieved after 7 days of treatment with 0.03 mg norflurazon/40 mL fresh medium, provided in 0.07% solvent carrier. Introduction of 14C-sucrose to the tomato cell culture medium enabled the production of 14C-labeled phytoene for subsequent prostate tumor cell uptake studies. In DU 145 prostate tumor cells, it was determined that 15-cis-phytoene and an oxidized product of phytoene were taken up and partially metabolized by the cells. The ability to biosynthesize, radiolabel, and isolate these carotenoids from tomato cell cultures is a novel, valuable methodology for further in vitro and in vivo investigations into the roles of phytoene and phytofluene in cancer chemoprevention.  相似文献   

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