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果蔬微孔膜气调包装模型与试验验证 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：3
建立微孔膜气调包装的理论模型是保证气调包装质量、进行微孔膜气调包装系统设计的关键。基于孔径与分子平均自由程的关系,应用Fick扩散定理,结合果蔬呼吸速率模型,建立微孔膜果蔬气调包装内外气体交换的数学模型。以香菇为对象,利用密闭系统法确定其呼吸速率;采用硬质罐加PE膜封合包装香菇并在25℃、50%RH下储藏50 h以上,测定不同初始气体组分、微孔孔数与孔径条件下包装内气体浓度变化,对香菇微孔膜气调包装模型进行试验验证。结果表明,模型预测值与试验数据吻合度较高,所建模型能较准确地预测香菇微孔膜气调包装内外气体交换过程。 相似文献
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果蔬气调包装理论研究进展 总被引：19，自引：4，他引：15
气调包装是一种可延长新鲜水果货架寿命的重要技术。气调包装的质量主要取决于包装内气体成分、温湿度的调节。建立气调包装的理论模型是保证气调包装质量、进行气调包装系统设计的关键。该文综述了国内外这方面的研究成果,着重论述了果蔬呼吸模型、呼吸速率的测定方法、包装内外气体交换模型、包装内温度与湿度变化数学模型,并分析了目前研究存在的不足,为果蔬气调包装的深入研究提供参考。 相似文献
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果蔬气调贮藏冷却阶段温度变化的数值模拟及验证 总被引：1，自引：4，他引：1
该文主要针对果蔬的气调贮藏的冷却阶段进行了研究，建立了果蔬气调冷却阶段传热过程数学模型。采用有限差分法，编制了计算程序，对气调库中果蔬的降温进行了数值计算。对果蔬冷却降温过程进行了试验研究，试验结果与编程计算结果吻合较好，模拟温度与试验温度的差值在2℃以内。结果表明，文中的数学模型可以用于预测果蔬在气调冷却过程中的温度变化，这有助于科学地运行制冷设备，同时为气调贮藏果蔬系统的优化设计提供了理论基础。 相似文献
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果蔬平衡调湿包装设计及试验验证 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了探究果蔬多孔膜包装内水分的传递规律,优化并控制包装内的适宜相对湿度条件,降低果蔬失水及袋内凝水对果蔬采后品质的影响,该文对果蔬冷藏期间的蒸腾及包装内水蒸气向膜外扩散的过程进行了分析,并根据Fick扩散模型对多孔膜平衡调湿包装进行设计计算,确定开孔面积与袋内相对湿度的关系,利用计算结果将开孔面积调节到一定范围,能够使包装内形成一个平衡的、且适合于果蔬保鲜需要的最佳相对湿度条件,既可避免包装袋透湿性过小导致凝水现象,又可防止透湿性过大造成的产品失水严重影响品质的问题,从而更好地保持产品品质。以250 g包装的双孢菇在2℃、80%相对湿度条件下贮藏对平衡调湿包装进行了试验验证,结果表明,适宜的开孔(11个直径2 mm的孔,孔的总面积约34.6 mm2)能够避免凝水的生成,且产品在贮藏10 d后的失重率为4.9%±0.2%,较好地保持产品的贮藏品质,保鲜期可达13 d,试验数据与模型预测值具有较高的吻合度,研究结果为采后果蔬平衡调湿包装的设计及实际应用提供了参考。 相似文献
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气调包装条件下果蔬呼吸强度模型的研究进展 总被引：11，自引：4，他引：11
该文综述了国内外近几十年来气调包装(MAP)条件下果蔬呼吸强度模型的研究情况。探讨了在一定的贮藏时间内果蔬呼吸强度与袋内氧气浓度、二氧化碳浓度和温度的关系以及利用计算机技术进行MAP的最佳设计等方面的问题，从而为MAP技术更好地应用于果蔬保鲜提供参考。 相似文献
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该文主要研究了不同气体比例组分的气调包装处理对冷藏鲳鱼贮藏期间品质变化及货架期的影响,从中找出能使鲳鱼冷藏货架期延长的适宜气体比例。将新鲜鲳鱼以冰藏方式快速运至实验室,将样品经去头、去尾、去内脏处理后,分别置于3种气体组分条件(MAP1:20%CO2/80%N2,MAP2:50%CO2/50%N2,MAP3:80%CO2/20%N2)的气调包装袋内冷藏(4±1)℃保鲜,以空气包装样品作为冷藏对照组(AIR),其中包装袋内的气体与样品体积比为3∶1,在12 d内隔天测定各组样品的感官指标、微生物指标(菌落总数)与化学指标(挥发性盐基氮值、K值、三甲胺值与p H值)变化。冷藏后的第4天,对照组与气调处理组的感官分值、菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮值与三甲胺值差异显著(P0.05),冷藏对照组样品的各项指标首先达到新鲜限值,其冷藏货架期仅为4-5d。经过气调处理后的鲳鱼样品,其菌落总数达到二级鲜度的速度明显缓于冷藏对照组,其他各项指标的变化也证实了气调包装的潜在优点。其中,80%CO2+20%N2处理组能明显延缓样品p H值、挥发性盐基氮值、菌落总数、三甲胺值与K值的升高(P0.05),较冷藏对照组相比,其冷藏货架期能延长6~8 d。同时,气调处理组贮藏期间的p H值未呈现先降后升的变化规律,表明p H值不适用于评价气调包装鲳鱼贮藏期间的品质变化。气调包装样品的菌落总数在贮藏前期略有下降,表明CO2对样品菌落总数的升高有较好的抑制作用。在CO2≤80%条件下,各项微生物与理化指标的测定结果显示出不同气体比例的气调包装处理对冷藏鲳鱼的保鲜效果,CO2浓度越高,其保鲜效果越显著,气调处理能使鲳鱼样品的冷藏保鲜期由4 d延长至6-12 d,其中80%CO2+20%N2的气调处理组对鲳鱼样品的冷藏货架期延长效果较佳。 相似文献
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气调包装冷却猪肉中假单胞菌生长概率模型的构建 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了延长冷却猪肉的货架期,以及为其气调包装组分选择提供依据,该文模拟实际生产情况,将气调保鲜冷却猪肉中优势腐败菌之一的假单胞菌接种到灭菌肉上,在(4±1)℃下,运用Logistic方程构建不同气调CO2比例下假单胞菌的生长概率模型,建立生长/不生长边界曲线,研究气调保鲜冷却猪肉中假单胞菌的生长概率。研究表明,假单胞菌在无CO2或低CO2体积分数的情况下,O2的体积分数和初期接种量的提高会使得假单胞菌生长概率变大;在高CO2体积分数情况下,假单胞菌生长概率会随之减小甚至为0,此时O2的体积分数和初期接种量对假单胞菌生长概率不构成影响。Logistic模型的拟合度较好,决定系数r2均高于0.85,实际观测值与模型预测值的决定系数R2均高于0.95,预测整体正确率为93.3%。文中定义了概率模型中模型预测的"有效-安全","有效-危险","无效-安全","无效-危险"等4种情况,进一步验证模型的有效性以及保证气调包装组分的安全选择。研究结果为气调保鲜肉制品生产中气体组分的选择提供技术依据。 相似文献
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In order to identify key adaptive traits which affect productivity in Mediterranean grain and forage legumes and simultaneously determine the agricultural potential of a wide range of Vicia species, germplasm collected from the wild throughout the eastern Mediterranean was grown under semi-arid conditions in Tel Hadya, Syria (313 mm growing season rainfall). These included species currently in use in Mediterranean agriculture, such as V. sativa L., as well as those more widely used in the past-such as V. ervilia L., but also a broad selection from Section Narbonensis (B. Fedtsch. ex Radzhi) Maxted, including V. narbonensis L, V. johannis Tamamsch., V. hyaeniscyamus Mout., V. serratifolia Jacq., and V. kalakhensis Khattab et al. V. faba, a near relative of the taxa in Section Narbonensis, was included as a domesticated control. Where applicable, a representative range of subspecies was used. Accessions were chosen from a wide range of habitats in terms of latitude (31.02–40.72 decimalo), longitude (27.1–43.17 decimalo), altitude (20–1510 m), rainfall (180–1700 mm/yr) and soil depth (5–50 cm) in order to maximise diversity within species. Agricultural potential was determined by measuring seed, hay and biological yield, as well as agronomic traits such as harvest index, standing crop height, and seed size. The comparative influence of phenology and key agronomic traits such as plant habit and seed size on productivity varied tremendously between species, depending on their reproductive strategies. In V. sativa and V. ervilia, the smaller seed species which rely on long vegetative phases and growing seasons to accumulate sufficient biomass to set seed, and in which there was comparatively little agronomic variation, phenology had a large impact on yield. In early emerging taxa such as V. ervilia and V. s. subsp. sativa, with built-in long vegetative phases and growing seasons, seed yield was negatively correlated with flower ing (r = –0.86 to –0.88), whereas the opposite was the case for later emerging taxa such as V. s. subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. (r = 0.95). Within V. narbonensis and relatives, the larger seeded Vicia species which rely on more conservative reproductive strategies where high seedling vigour associated with large seeds enables the species to enter reproductive phases relatively early, phenology had a much smaller impact on yield than did variation of key traits such as seed weight, plant habit and pod shattering. Among the undomesticated germplasm harvest indices ranged from 0.09–0.31, hay yields from 0.1–3.4 t/ha, seed yield from 0–2.0 t/ha, and dry matter at maturity from 1.6–6.5 t/ha. Sub-specific taxonomy was crucial in determining agronomic potential. V. narbonensis var. aegyptiaca Kornhuber ex Asch. et Schweinf. showed the most potential, combining an upright habit, large seeds (212 mg) and tendency to retain intact pods after maturity, with the highest yield, harvest index and crop height of all the wild Vicia species. V. sativa subsp. sativa, V. ervilia and V. narbonensis var. narbonensis were less productive, but still showed agricultural potential. The smaller seeded V. narbonensis, var. affinis, var. jordanica H. Schäf. and var. salmonea (Mout.) H. Schäf., and their close relatives V. johannis, V. hyaeniscyamus, V. serratifolia and V. kalakhensis have little to offer Mediterranean agriculture on the basis of poor agronomy. 相似文献
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J. Renato de Freitas 《Pedobiologia》2000,44(2)
The effects of bacterial inoculants on the growth of winter wheat were studied in a growth chamber. Azospirillum brasilense, Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus polymyxa, Enterobacter cloacae, or a mixture of the four rhizobacteria were the inoculants tested. Inoculation effects on yield, yield components, and N-derived from fertilizer (Ndff) were assessed. The response of plants inoculated with individual bacteria was inconsistent and varied with treatment. At the first harvest (58 days after planting-DAP) plants inoculated with the mixture exhibited increases in plant dry weight, total-N and Ndff. At the second harvest (105 DAP), plants inoculated with A. brasilense and the mixture exhibited increases in shoot biomass, whereas at maturity (170 DAP), the inoculated plants showed no differences in total-N or shoot dry matter yield, as compared to the uninoculated controls. Inoculation with A. brasilense, however, increased the Ndff in the shoots, and B. polymyxa tended to enhance grain yield. Practical use of these rhizobacteria as inoculants for winter wheat may have limited value until such time as we better understand factors which influence rhizosphere competence of bacterial inoculants. 相似文献
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Garnett Erin Jonsson Lena M. Dighton John Murnen Katherine 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2004,40(6):421-426
We investigated the influence of three concentrations of water extracts of three leaf litter species (pitch pine, huckleberry and white oak) and a mixture of all litters on the germination of pitch pine seeds and initial seedling growth in a microcosm experiment. All three plant species are important components of the pine barrens ecosystems in New Jersey, where it has been seen that pine seedling recruitment occurs only after stand replacing fire or in disturbed sites, where surface organic soil horizons and leaf litter have been removed. Leaf litter extracts did not influence seed germination, but significantly reduced seedling growth at high concentrations. There was little difference between the leaf litter species in growth suppression. As charcoal is a natural residue on the forest floor following fire, its influence on growth suppression was examined; it has been shown to immobilize polyphenols. Charcoal removed the inhibitory effect of leaf litter extracts and allowed the fertilizer effect of nutrients leached from the leaves to enhance seedling growth, particularly at the higher concentration of litter extract used. Responses to litter extracts were compared to four pure phenolic compounds, catchecol, p-coumaric acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and tannic acid. None of these compounds suppressed pine seedling growth, suggesting that these phenolics are not allelopathic to pine seedlings. The results are discussed in the context of fire as a driving factor in these oligotrophic and seasonally dry ecosystems and the interactions between nutrient supply and allelopathic chemistry of different leaf litters. 相似文献
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D. Minoo V. N. Jayakumar S. S. Veena J. Vimala A. Basha K. V. Saji K. Nirmal Babu K. V. Peter 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2008,55(3):459-470
Vanilla is naturally distributed in Mexico and parts of Central America and the history of origin of cultivated vanilla suggests
that the entire stock outside Mexico may be from a single genetic source. In the present study, RAPD polymorphism was used
to estimate the level of genetic diversity and interrelationships among different collections of Vanilla planifolia Andr., and few related species, including both leafy and leafless types such as V. tahitensis J.W.Moore, V. andamanica, Rolfe, V. pilifera Holtt., and V. aphylla Blume. Studies revealed that there are very limited variation within collections of V. planifolia, indicative of its narrow genetic base, and of the related species we tested, V. tahitensis is nearest to V. planifolia. The species studied are diverse and have a similarity ranging from 1.2 to 57.3 %. Of the sampled taxa, V. andamanica is the most divergent and there is also reasonable variability within its collections, indicating the possibility of natural
seed set. A total of 82 polymorphic bands expressed in the RAPD profiles were used to generate a genetic distance matrix,
which was then used in cluster analysis. Specific groupings were revealed by the cluster analysis whereby the leafless forms
(V. aphylla, V. pilifera and the new species) and V. andamanica formed separate clusters. This is the first report of species interrelationship studies, including both cultivated and wild
vanilla species. 相似文献
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Massimo Romani Efisio Piano Luciano Pecetti 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2002,49(4):341-349
Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium. 相似文献
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Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value. 相似文献
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The phylogenetic relationships within the genus Actinidia and among 3 allied genera Clematoclethra, Saurauia, and Sladenia have been very controversial. In order to understand the systematic implication of foliar trichomes in those genera, the micromorphological characteristics of foliar trichomes from 34 taxa were examined by means of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The observed micromorphological characteristics were classified into eight main types. A phylogenetic analysis of Actinidia and related genera based on 15 micromorphological characters of foliar trichomes was conducted using Wagner parsimony method and Sladenia celastrifolia, Rhododendron hybridum and R. simsii as a complex outgroup. In the resulting phylogenetic tree, Actinidia is shown to be a monophyletic group, and Clematoclethra and Saurauia form another monophyletic group. This study also presents the phylogenetic relationships among 4 sections within the genus Actinidia: the monophyly of sect. Leiocarpae and of sect. Strigosae, and polyphyly of sect. Maculatae and of sect. Stellatae. 相似文献
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Summary Pot-culture studies were carried out to examine the response of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and Glomus versiforme, singly and/or in combination, under varying levels of nitrogenous [(15NH4)2SO4] and soluble phosphatic (single superphosphate) fertilizers. The interaction between both the endophytes led to increased growth and nutrition of the barley plants. Roots from plants inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense and Glomus versiforme exhibited very low acetylene reduction activity. N2 fixation in the plants increased with the increase in plant growth but the mycorrhiza alone gave a low level of N2 fixation in the plants compared to combined inoculation with both the endophytes. 相似文献
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Ontogenic variation in nitrogen fixation and accumulation of nitrogen in mungbean,blackgram, cowpea,and groundnut 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Ontogenic variations in N2 fixation and accumulation of N by the mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek), blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.), and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) were studied by a 15N-dilution technique. Pots filled with 7 kg of red yellow podzolic soil were used. Samples were taken 20, 40, 60, and 80 days after emergence which approximately corresponded to preflowering, flowering, early/mid-pod filling and late pod filling stages, respectively. During early growth (up to 40 days after emergence), the carryover of seed N accounted for a considerable fraction of the total plant N in the legumes, the highest being in the groundnut. With a correction for carryover, the groundnut derived over 45% of its N content from the atmosphere 20 days after emergence whereas the corresponding figures were 33% for the blackgram and about 28% for the cowpea and mungbean. Between flowering and early pod fill, there was a rapid increase in N2 fixation in all legumes except in groundnut which showed highest fixation from 60 to 80 days after emergence. In the mungbean, N2 fixation and uptake of soil N were insignificant 60 days after emergence while in other legumes these processes continued beyond this time. All legumes derived about 90% of their N from atmosphere by 80 days after emergence. However, due to considerable interspecific differences in total N yield the final amount of N2 fixed showed an appreciable variation among legumes. It was highest in the groundnut (443 mg N plant-1) followed by the cowpea (385), blackgram (273), and mungbean (145), respectively. The groundnut maintained nodules until the late pod filling stage while in other legumes, nodules senesced progressively following the mid-pod filling stage. During pod filling there was a net mobilization of N from vegetative tissues to developing pods in the mungbean, which amounted to about 20% of N in seeds. This mobilization was not evident in other legumes. 相似文献