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1.
Major challenges in culture of Atlantic halibut larvae have been slow growth during the late larval stages and inferior juvenile quality due to pigmentation errors and incomplete eye migration during metamorphosis. The hypothesis of this study was that feeding on‐grown Artemia would alleviate these problems. Artemia were grown for 3–4 days on Origreen or Origo. The growth and nutrient composition of Artemia nauplii and on‐grown Artemia were analysed, and both Artemia types were fed to Atlantic halibut larvae, on‐grown Artemia from 15 days post‐first feeding (dpff). The body length of Artemia increased with 20%–70% in response to on‐growing. In all experiments, protein, free amino acids and the ratio of phospholipid to total lipid increased, while lipid and glycogen decreased. The fatty acid composition improved in some cases and not in others. The micronutrient profiles were not negatively affected in on‐grown Artemia. All these changes are thought to be beneficial for marine fish larvae. The final weight of Atlantic halibut postlarvae was similar, and 90% of the juveniles had complete eye migration in both groups. It is concluded that the present version of Artemia nauplii probably covers the nutrient requirements of Atlantic halibut larvae.  相似文献   

2.
Flatfish metamorphosis is initiated by the actions of thyroid hormones (TH) and iodine is an essential part of these hormones. Hence, an iodine deficiency may lead to insufficient levels of TH and incomplete metamorphosis. In this study, different iodine sources for enrichment of Artemia were evaluated and the levels of iodine obtained in Artemia were within the range of 60–350 μg g?1 found in copepods. Larval Atlantic halibut was fed Artemia enriched with either normal DC‐DHA Selco or DC‐DHA Selco (commercial enrichments) supplemented with iodine from days 9 to 60 postfirst feeding. There was no significant difference in growth, mortality or metamorphic development between the groups. The analyses showed that we were able to enrich Artemia with iodine. Further, the larvae‐fed iodine‐enriched Artemia had higher whole body iodine concentration compared to larvae‐fed Artemia without iodine enrichment.  相似文献   

3.
Atlantic halibut juveniles, which have been fed Artemia during larval development, frequently demonstrate malpigmentation and impaired eye migration. This is in contrast to the high percentage of normally developed larvae fed copepods, reared under similar conditions. Nutrition is therefore an important component influencing larval development. Analyses of the nutrient composition of Artemia and copepods show that Atlantic halibut larvae fed Artemia probably receive sufficient amounts of vitamin A by converting canthaxanthin, while iodine may be deficient, possibly leading to interrupted thyroid hormone synthesis. An unbalanced fatty acid composition, such as high levels of arachidonic acid and low levels of docosahexaenoic acid, can be another limiting factor in Artemia. Vitamin A, fatty acids and thyroid hormones have all been shown to affect pigmentation in flatfish. They are ligands to nuclear receptors, thyroid hormone receptors, retinoic acid receptors, retinoic X receptors and peroxisomal proliferator‐activated receptors, which are members of the superfamily of steroid hormone receptors. The receptors interact with each other to promote gene expression that modulates proliferation and differentiation of cells. Our hypothesis is that these interactions are important for development during flatfish metamorphosis. Very little data exist on the topic of impaired eye migration. However, energy limitation, iodine deficiency and an unbalanced fatty acid composition have been proposed as possible explanations. Here, we review the literature on development of pigment cells and the possible mechanisms behind the effects of vitamin A, fatty acids and thyroid hormone on pigmentation and eye migration during development of Atlantic halibut larvae.  相似文献   

4.
Larval Atlantic halibut fed Artemia has previously been shown to contain lower levels of Vitamin A compared to larvae fed zooplankton. The two types of live prey contain small or no amounts of vitamin A, but high levels of carotenoids that can be converted to vitamin A in other fish species. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of Atlantic halibut juveniles to convert β-carotene, astaxanthin and canthaxanthin to vitamin A. Three levels of each carotenoid and retinyl acetate were fed to Atlantic halibut juveniles for 60 days. A vitamin A and carotenoid deficient diet was fed in triplicate as control. A HPLC method modified from Nöll (1996) and validated for fish matrix was used to quantify both all-trans-retinol and 3,4-didehydro retinol. By comparing regression coefficients we observed that the increasing levels of carotenoids in the diets were reflected in increasing levels of vitamin A in both whole fish and liver samples. All carotenoids were converted to vitamin A, but to different degrees. Retinyl acetate and β-carotene resulted in whole fish vitamin A levels significantly higher than canthaxanthin and astaxanthin. 3,4-didehydro retinol was not detected when the overall level of all-trans-retinol was low. When 3,4-didehydro retinol appeared, it was always in lower levels than all-trans-retinol.  相似文献   

5.
Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus (L.), eggs originating from one female were evenly distributed between four silos (4.8 m3) shortly prior to hatching. At days 30, 35, 40 and 44 after hatching [i.e. 200, 230, 260 and 290 day-degrees (dayso)], the larvae were successively collected and transferred to indoor start feeding tanks, and larvae were offered a diet of instar II Artemia nauplii which had been enriched short time (24 h). A significant correlation was found between the age of the larvae and onset of first feeding. The larvae transferred to start-feeding incubators at 290 dayso were able to capture Artemia only a few hours after transfer, whereas it took 6 days for the larvae transferred at 200 dayso to reach a corresponding ingestion level. Larval growth was also positively correlated to both larval age and prey consumption. However, there were no differences in survival between the larval groups.  相似文献   

6.
Atlantic halibut larvae were fed docosohexanoic acid- (DHA) selco enriched Artemia (RH-cysts) or wild zooplankton in duplicate tanks from first-feeding and 60 days onward. The zooplankton were collected from a fertilized sea water pond and consisted mainly of different stages of Eurytemora affinis and Centropages hamatus . There were no differences in survival, or in growth during the first 45 days of feeding, between larvae fed the two prey items, but the larvae fed Artemia showed much higher incidence of malpigmentation and impaired eye migration than larvae fed zooplankton. The prey organisms contained similar amounts of dry matter and protein, but Artemia was higher in lipid and glycogen than the zooplankton. Larvae fed Artemia were higher in both glycogen and lipid than the zooplankton-fed larvae towards the end of the feeding period. There were large differences between the prey organisms in the concentrations of essential fatty acids (% of total fatty acids) which was reflected in the fatty acid composition of the larval body. It is concluded that the macronutrient composition of Artemia in the present study was probably within the optimal range for promotion of growth and survival in young Atlantic halibut. The concentration of n-3 HUFA, and especially DHA, is however, very much lower in enriched Artemia than in copepods, and may be one of the factors triggering developmental errors in Atlantic halibut.  相似文献   

7.
Previous studies have indicated that natural zooplankton, the natural prey organisms of marine fish larvae, is superior to enriched Artemia spp. nauplii in supporting survival, growth and normal development of pigmentation and eye migration in Atlantic halibut larvae. The present study was designed to compare the amino acid dynamics in copepods harvested from a natural lagoon with that of enriched Artemia franciscana nauplii. The natural zooplankton in the present study was dominated by Temora longicornis, but varied in its developmental stage composition, apparent nutritional quality, amount and availability. The protein content in natural zooplankton varied from 31% to 54% of dry mass (DM) compared to 31% in enriched Artemia nauplii. The amount of free amino acids (FAA) in relation to protein was 14% in enriched Artemia nauplii and varied between 16% and 27% in zooplankton in two consecutive seasons. The FAA composition of zooplankton in 1996 was unaffected by stage and season, and showed a species-specific pattern. In response to starvation, two patterns in the amino acid dynamics of copepods were found. The first, exhibited by the major nonessential amino acids (NEAA), showed a continuous reduction in individual amount, while the second pattern, exhibited by the minor nonessential amino acids and all the essential FAA, had an initial increase followed by a reduction. It is suggested that the protein amount in DHA Selco™ (INVE)-enriched Artemia nauplii is too low in order to maximise the growth potential of some marine fish larvae as cod and halibut.  相似文献   

8.
T Næss  Ø Lie 《Aquaculture Research》1998,29(12):925-934
Six groups of Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus L., larvae were offered calanoid cope-pods at different periods from days 11 to 25 after first feeding (1.13-3.20 mm myotome height) in order to establish at which stage normal pigmentation was determined. Artemia nauplii enriched with an oil emulsion were used prior to and after the copepod period. Control groups were fed on copepods or Artemia only. The Artemia diet initiated an earlier intake of food and higher initial growth compared to the copepod diet. After 50 days of feeding, the average dry weights of the fish fed on Artemia and copepods were quite similar to the copepod-fed fish, while the Artemia-fed fish were the smallest in size. The lowest frequency of normally pigmented juveniles was found in the Artemia-fed group (66.4%), while the copepod group showed almost 100% normal pigmentation. A significantly higher frequency of pigmentation was found in juveniles given a copepod diet close to the initiation of metamorphosis than those provided with an earlier copepod period of equal duration. A high degree of eye migration was found in all groups, but was lowest in the Artemia-fed group. The initial stage of eye migration was found to occur at a larger body size in fish given Artemia and copepods, or a copepod diet than in fish fed on Artemia alone. There was no significant correlation between eye migration and growth rates prior to metamorphosis, although the largest individuals exhibited the most complete eye migration. High pigmentation frequencies were obtained in fish with a low 22:6n-3:20:.5n-3 (DHA:EPA) ratio (< 1.0).  相似文献   

9.
Fatty acids, vitamin A and thyroid hormone have all been shown to affect development of flatfish larvae and they are ligands to nuclear receptors that participate in the control of development. Our hypothesis was that one of these factors or an interaction between them may be the cause of abnormal development of flatfish larvae. Atlantic halibut larvae were fed either DHA-selco-enriched Artemia or copepods from first feeding. In fish that had been fed Artemia, only 7% had normal pigmentation and 10% normal eye migration. The numbers for fish fed copepods were 68% and 88%, respectively. Malpigmented fish fed Artemia were depigmented, while those fed copepods had ambicoloration. The differences in development were probably nutrient dependent, since all other conditions were similar for the two groups. Larvae fed copepods had markedly higher body levels of docosahexanoic acid (DHA, 22:6n−3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n−3) and lower levels of arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4 n−6) than larvae fed Artemia. The DHA/EPA ratio was similar in the two groups, but the EPA/ARA ratio was more than four times higher in larvae fed copepods than in larvae fed Artemia. Larvae fed copepods had higher body levels of total retinol than larvae fed Artemia, but the difference was due to higher levels of the storage forms, retinyl esters, whereas the levels of free retinol and retinal were similar in the two groups. The level of iodine was 700 times higher in copepods than in Artemia and 3–4 times higher in larvae fed copepods than in larvae fed Artemia. There was a significantly higher level of T4 in larvae fed copepods during the “window of opportunity”, 15–30 days after first feeding. In an experiment where Atlantic halibut larvae were fed Artemia enriched in iodine up to the levels found in copepods, there was a significant effect on the body level of iodine and a non-significant tendency of higher levels of thyroid hormone, but no effect on pigmentation or eye migration. It is concluded that Artemia probably offers a sufficient access to vitamin A precursors to meet the larval requirement. More research should be done to elucidate possible effects of iodine on development of Atlantic halibut larvae. Fatty acid composition is still the most likely candidate for causing abnormal development in Atlantic halibut larvae.  相似文献   

10.
Failing to initiate first feeding during the transition from endogenous nutrition to exogenous feeding will lead to starvation of fish larvae. However, little is known about the mechanism of first feeding selection of fish. Golden mandarin fish larvae (3 d after hatch, 2.05 ± 0.03 mg) were fed with four different foods for 7 d, including the following: M – Megalobrama amblycephala (prey fish larvae as natural food); S – surimi of M. amblycephala; A – Artemia (zooplankton); and MA –mixed M. amblycephala with Artemia (mixed food). Larvae fed with the mixed food achieved an appropriate balance between high survival and good growth through elevating the expression of growth genes (GH, IGF‐I, and IGF‐II) and fatty acid synthesis genes (FAD and ELO). Growth performance of fish fed with MA reared at different salinities (0, 5, and 10 ppt) was examined. The salinity of 5 ppt produced the best growth performance of the three salinity levels tested. Fish larvae adapted to high‐ or low‐salinity environments through increasing the expression of lipolysis genes (HSL, LPL, and HL). Therefore, both food type and salinity affect the growth, survival, and lipometabolism of golden mandarin fish larvae during initial feeding stage, and mixed food and 5 ppt salinity improved its survival and growth.  相似文献   

11.
Performance of phyllosoma of thesouthern rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii)was examined after feeding Artemia-baseddiets. Survival and growth of newly-hatchedlarvae cultured to Stage III were lower(p < 0.05) when fed 0.8 mm Artemia than1.5 mm or 2.5 mm Artemia alone or 1.5 mmArtemia in combination with pieces ofmussel (Mytilus edulis planulatus) gonad.This could not be attributed to deficiencies inthe composition of fatty acids but appeared tobe due to the inability of larvae to capturesufficient appropriate-sized, enrichedArtemia for their nutritional requirements.There was an indication that survival andgrowth were higher between Stages III and Vwhen fed 2.5 mm Artemia than 1.5 mmArtemia alone or in combination with musselpieces. However, Stage VI larvae grew to asimilar size at Stage VIII when fed 1.5 mm or2.5 mm Artemia. Unexpectedly, larvae fedthe combination of 1.5 mm Artemia plusmussel supplement had lower survival than foundpreviously, and generally lower than when fed 1.5 mm Artemia alone. This was despitean apparent nutritional profile (lipid contentand fatty acid composition) of mussel more akinto that of newly-hatched phyllosoma thanenriched Artemia. On the other hand,survival and growth to Stage VIII were higherwhen larvae were fed alginate pelletscontaining Artemia than when fed 1.5 mmor 2.5 mm Artemia alone.  相似文献   

12.
Incomplete eye migration is one of the major problems in intensive production of juvenile Atlantic halibut. More than 60% of an average juvenile population reared according to best practice suffers from this abnormality. In commercial production, these fish are discharged and represent a substantial economic loss and a large welfare problem. In the present investigation it is demonstrated that by controlling diurnal light and darkness periods together with a meal based feeding regime, incomplete eye migration can be dramatically reduced in production systems for Atlantic halibut.Control groups were reared under continuous light conditions, whereas the experimental groups were given 7 h of darkness and 17 h of light during a 24 hour cycle, in a period lasting from 12 to 35 days post first-feeding. Otherwise both groups were reared under continuous light conditions. All larvae were fed short time enriched Artemia supplied two times daily.The experimental conditions did not affect the overall growth or survival up to day 85 after first feeding. However, 27 ± 3% of the fry reared under continuous light conditions had complete eye migration, whereas in juveniles reared under shifting light and darkness conditions, complete eye migration was 85 ± 7%. These results represent a major improvement in production systems for Atlantic halibut juveniles.  相似文献   

13.
The effects of partial replacement of fish meal (FM) with meal made from northern krill (Thysanoessa inermis), Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) or Arctic amphipod (Themsto libellula) as protein source in the diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) on growth, feed conversion, macro‐nutrient utilization, muscle chemical composition and fish welfare were studied. Six experimental diets were prepared using a low‐temperature FM diet as control. The other diets included northern krill where 20, 40 or 60% of the dietary FM protein was replaced with protein from northern krill, and two diets where the FM protein was replaced with protein from Antarctic krill or Arctic amphipod at 40% protein replacement level. All diets were iso‐nitrogenous and iso‐caloric. Atlantic salmon grew from 410 g to approximately 1500 g during the 160 day experiment, and Atlantic halibut grew from 345 g to 500–600 g during the 150 day experiment. Inclusion of krill in the diets enhanced specific growth rate in salmon, especially during the first 100 days (P < 0.01), and in a dose–response manner in halibut for over the 150 day feeding period (P < 0.05). Feed conversion ratio did not differ between dietary treatments, and no difference was found in dry matter digestibility, protein digestibility and fish muscle composition. Good growth rates, blood parameters within normal ranges and low mortalities in all experimental treatments indicted that fish health was not affected either Atlantic salmon or Atlantic halibut fed the various zooplankton diets.  相似文献   

14.
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of enriched Artemia by fish and soybean oils supplemented with vitamin E on growth performance, lipid peroxidation, lipase activity and fatty acid composition of Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) larvae. For this purpose, five experimental diets including non‐enriched Artemia (control diet), Artemia enriched with soybean oil supplemented with 15% and 30% vitamin E (S15 and S30 diets) and fish oil supplemented with 15% and 30% vitamin E (F15 and F30 diets) were used. The larvae were fed to apparent satiation four times per day for 22 days. The results indicated that fish fed enriched Artemia had no significant differences compared with those fed non‐enriched Artemia in terms of growth and survival, but increase in vitamin E levels from 15 to 30% improved growth performance of larvae. Vitamin E content in fish fed S15 and S30 diets was significantly higher. Fish fed non‐enriched Artemia had significantly higher thiobarbituric acid and lower lipase activity. The highest HUFA and n‐3/n‐6 ratio were observed in fish fed F15 and F30 diets. Our results demonstrated that fish oil can completely replace with soybean oil in larval diets. Therefore, using S30 diet is recommended for feeding of Persian sturgeon larvae.  相似文献   

15.
This study aimed at (1) evaluating the efficacy of live food organisms (Artemia and natural zooplankton) and an artificial diet in the larval rearing of African carp Labeo parvus and (2) determining appropriate rearing conditions. After yolk sac resorption, the larvae were separated into five different feeding trials with two replicates. At the end of the larval rearing period (28 days post‐hatching), the highest (94.6%) and the lowest (53.7%) cumulative survival rates were found when larvae were fed with natural zooplankton for 7 days followed by Nippai food for 21 days, and when larvae were fed from the beginning of exogenous feeding with Nippai food only respectively. The significant highest body weight (351.6 mg), total length (34.4 mm) and specific growth rates (15.5%day?1) were recorded when the larvae were fed with Artemia nauplii for 14 days followed by Nippai food for 14 days. The lowest growth performance (body weight and specific growth rates) were obtained when larvae were fed exclusively Nippai food. These results indicate that L. parvus can be successfully cultured in indoor nursery systems from hatching to the early juvenile stage.  相似文献   

16.
Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) achieve a mature gastrointestinal tract approximately 2 months after first feeding (12 °C). The immature digestion may be the reason that compound diets fail to sustain growth and survival in first feeding halibut larvae and in larvae of other marine fish species. On the other hand, larvae fed with live feeds are capable of extraction of sufficient quantities of nutrients to sustain high growth rates. A lower availability of the protein in formulated diets compared with live prey is considered to be an important reason for the low performance of formulated diets. One approach to increase dietary protein availability is supplementation of pre‐digested proteins. Experiments using tube fed individual larvae show that halibut larvae are able to utilize hydrolysed protein more efficiently than intact protein. However, Atlantic halibut in culture did not respond well to dietary supplementation of hydrolysed protein, in contrast to some other species. One reason may be extensive leaching of pre‐hydrolysed proteins from the microparticulate feed. Atlantic halibut are slow feeders and may thus suffer more from nutrient leaching than species eating more rapidly. Feed formulation techniques affect dietary protein leaching, and in this paper, different techniques and their impact on feed properties are described. Microbound diets are most widely used in larval rearing, but show high rates of nutrient leaching. Lipid‐based capsules seem to have the best potential to prevent leaching, however, they are not able to deliver a complete diet. The high need for improvements in larval feed formulation techniques are clearly stated, and some suggestions are given. Among these are production of complex particles, where small lipid‐based capsules or liposomes containing the low molecular weight water‐soluble nutrients are embedded. In such feed particles the water‐soluble molecules are protected from leaching. Techniques for delivery of water‐soluble nutrients that are needed in large quantities, i.e. free amino acids or hydrolysed and water‐soluble protein, remain to be developed.  相似文献   

17.
The first attempts to rear Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus L., larvae were carried out in Norway in the period from 1974 to 1980, when ripe adult specimens of Atlantic halibut were net-caught, and stripped for eggs and milt. Both incubation of yolk-sac larvae and first-feeding were carried out in large submerged plastic bags and the larval food consisted of natural zooplankton collected from surrounding lagoon water. This semi-extensive production method was further developed and led to the establishment of several commercial production trials by the end of the 1980s. During recent years, research has been focused on intensive methods for first-feeding and the combined effort of several research institutes has resulted in a reliable production method. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, the main research activity was focused on the biology of and rearing techniques for eggs and yolk-sac larvae. These techniques provided satisfactory yields for several years. However, during the past few years, a certain decrease in survival through the yolk-sac stage has been experienced at several hatcheries. Since the early 1990s, the first-feeding period has represented the bottleneck in the development of a reliable rearing method. The main effort has been concentrated on system configuration and on improving live prey quality. In the future, new feeding strategies including further improvement of live prey (i.e. Artemia), the use of copepods and early weaning onto a formulated diets should be emphasized. Further research on hygiene and technological improvements is needed to increase growth and survival through metamorphosis.  相似文献   

18.
The digestive tract of many marine fish larvae undergoes numerous morphological and functional changes during ontogeny that can substantially influence larval survival under culture conditions. Increasing our knowledge of the digestive capacity and nutritional requirements of the larvae of new candidate species for aquaculture will aid in the development of optimal feeding protocols and greatly improve production under hatchery conditions. In this study, we assess the proteolytic capacity of California halibut (Paralichthys californicus) larvae using biochemical and histological analyses. Newly hatched larvae were reared in a semiclosed recirculating system and fed with highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA)–enriched rotifers from hatching until 19 d posthatch (dph) and HUFA‐enriched Artemia nauplii thereafter. Total and specific activity of trypsin and leucine‐aminopeptidase (LAP) and acid and alkaline protease activities were assessed throughout development using spectrophotometric techniques. Trypsin‐like activity and LAP and alkaline protease activities were detected shortly after hatching and before the opening of the mouth. Acid protease activity was not detected until 36–40 dph, concomitant with the development of the gastric glands. The specific activity of trypsin and LAP showed two distinct peaks at 8 and 20 dph. The second peak coincided with the shift from rotifers to Artemia. Hence, newly hatched California halibut larvae possess alkaline proteolytic activity before first feeding. Based on the digestive capacity evaluated in this study and the timing of the development of the functional stomach, we propose that California halibut can be adequately weaned to formulated microdiets around 36 dph.  相似文献   

19.
An alternative larval shrimp feeding regime, in which umbrella‐stage Artemia were constituting the first zooplankton source was evaluated in the culture of Litopenaeus vannamei. In a preliminary experiment, umbrella‐stage Artemia were fed to larvae from zoea 2 (Z2) to mysis 2 (M2) stages to identify the larval stage at which raptorial feeding starts and to determine daily feeding rates. The following experiment evaluated the performance of two feeding regimen that differed during the late zoea/early mysis stages: a control treatment with frozen Artemia nauplii (FAN), and a treatment with frozen umbrella‐stage Artemia (FUA). The ingestion rate of umbrella‐stage Artemia increased from nine umbrella per larvae day?1 at Z2 stage to 21 umbrella per larvae day?1 at M2. A steep increase in ingestion and dry weight from Z3 to M2 suggests a shift to a raptorial feeding mode at the M1 stage. Treatment FUA exhibited a significantly higher larval stage index (P < 0.05) during the period that zoea larvae metamorphosed to the mysis stage, and a higher final biomass, compared with treatment FAN. Based on these results and on practical considerations, a feeding regime starting with umbrella‐stage Artemia from Z2 sub‐stage can be recommended for L. vannamei larvae rearing.  相似文献   

20.
This study aimed to establish feeding strategies covering the whole larval period of the forktail blenny, Meiacanthus atrodorsalis, based on the standard hatchery feeds of rotifers and Artemia. Three purposely designed experiments were conducted to determine the appropriate times and techniques to transition larvae from rotifers onto Artemia nauplii of a Great Salt Lake (GSL) strain, and a specialty AF strain, as well as subsequent transition onto enriched metanauplii of GSL Artemia. With a 3‐day co‐feeding period, larvae adapted well to a transition from rotifers to newly hatched GSL Artemia nauplii as early as 5 days posthatching (DPH), and as early as 3 DPH when fed the smaller AF Artemia nauplii. However, prolonging the rotifer‐feeding period up to 11 DPH did not negatively affect survival. Larvae fed Artemia nauplii of the AF strain showed 17–21% higher survival, 24–33% greater standard length and body depth, and 91–200% greater dry weight, after 20 days relative to those fed nauplii of the GSL strain. Meanwhile, enriched Artemia metanauplii of the GSL strain were shown to be an acceptable alternative to AF Artemia nauplii for later larvae, producing similar survival and growth when introduced from 8 DPH. Based on our findings, we recommend feeding M. atrodorsalis larvae rotifers as a first food between 0 and 2 DPH, introducing AF Artemia nauplii from 3 DPH, followed by enriched GSL Artemia metanauplii from 8 DPH onward, with a 3‐day co‐feeding period between each prey change.  相似文献   

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