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1.
为了深入研究大穗型小麦的遗传基础,利用细胞学和SSR方法对从普通小麦与六倍体小黑麦杂交后代中选育的大穗型小麦-黑麦材料7-25进行了鉴定.结果表明,品系7-25的根尖细胞染色体数目为2n=42,花粉母细胞减数分裂中期I(PMC MI)绝大多数细胞内可观察到21个二价体,平均染色体构型2n=20.94Ⅱ 0.11Ⅰ,它与中国春杂种F1的多数花粉母细胞染色体构型为2n=20Ⅱ 2Ⅰ,因此表明品系7-25 是一个小麦-黑麦的二体异代换系.使用位于黑麦1R～3R、5R～7R染色体上的黑麦特异的20对SSR引物,其中有2对引物SCM268和SCM120能在7-25品系中稳定地扩增出黑麦特异染色体片段.SCM268、SCM120分别位于黑麦5R染色体的短臂和长臂上.综合细胞学和SSR分析结果,进一步确定品系7-25为小麦-黑麦5R代换系. 相似文献
2.
具有6MV染色体(偏凸山羊草)的代换系材料细胞学及白粉病抗性的初步研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了扩充小麦抗白粉病基因种质资源,对具有普通小麦特征的中国春×硬偏麦六倍体杂种F6代稳定株系9606217、9606117、9606233、9606324和9606344进行苗期室内白粉病抗性鉴定和细胞学观察.发现5个株系染色体数目均为42,在9606217、9606117和9606233中都带有1对臂比值约为4.44的近端着丝粒染色体,与原始亲本之一偏凸山羊草6MV染色体相似,而9606324和9606344没有这对近端着丝粒染色体,9606117和9606233缺少1对随体染色体6B;9606117的花粉母细胞减数分裂染色体可构成21个二价体,9606117与中国春杂交的F1减数分裂染色体构成20个二价体和2个单价体;白粉病抗性鉴定表明,9606217、9606117和9606233对低毒力1号病小种和高毒力315号小种免疫,9606324对1号和315号小种均感病,9606344对1号小种免疫而对315号小种感病.可以初步判断,9606117为6MV/6B染色体代换系,9606217、9606117和9606233对白粉病的优良抗性与6MV染色体有关. 相似文献
3.
利用细胞学和RAPD技术鉴定抗条锈病小滨麦易位系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了了解来自八倍体小滨麦与普通小麦杂种后代的小滨麦种质系山农0096的染色体构型和抗锈性,在农艺性状综合评价的基础上,对该系进行了细胞学和RAPD鉴定。结果表明,山农0096对条锈病免疫,其根尖细胞染色体数为2n=42,花粉母细胞减数分裂中期 (PMCMI)染色体构型为2n=21 ;与小麦亲本的杂种F1PMCMI染色体构型平均值为2n=19 1 ;100个多聚体核苷酸随机引物中,有3个引物在山农0096中扩增出滨麦草的特异DNA带,它们分别记为S241250、S38750、S42640,初步确定山农0096是一个小滨麦易位系。 相似文献
4.
普通小麦与Elymus rectisetus衍生后代的细胞遗传学和形态学研究 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
披碱草（Elymus rectisctus,以下简写为E．rectiselus)具有二倍性无融合生殖特性,为了获得小麦-E．rectisetus稳定的异附加系或异代换系,对(小麦-E．rectiselus)BC2F2衍生后代的细胞学和形态学进行了研究。结果表明,在BC2F5～BC2F7镜栓的单株中,体细胞染色体数目在22～50条之间,其中42条和44条染色体所占的比例最大,分别占鉴定植株总数的38．0％和35．9％。三个2n=42=21″的稳定株系与普通小麦Fukuhokomugi杂交F1的花粉母细胞染色体构型为2n=18″ 6′,表明有三对E．rectiselus染色体代换到普通小麦中;三个2n=44=22″的稳定株系与Fukuhokomugi杂交F1的花粉母细胞染色体构型为21″ 1′,表明它们为二体异附加系。此外,衍生后代的形态学特征趋向于普通小麦。 相似文献
5.
小麦的蓝粒性状可作为表型标记用于小麦育种和遗传学研究,来自中间偃麦草的蓝粒种质材料尚鲜见报道。本研究通过八倍体小偃麦中5 (2n=8x=56, AABBDDXX)与中国春缺-四体系列材料杂交,在中5×N4BT4A和中5×N7BT7D杂交组合后代中获得了两份蓝粒材料,编号分别为Zh5-a2-1和Zh5-c13-2。利用细胞遗传学和分子标记方法对这两份蓝粒材料进行了染色体组成分析。以中间偃麦草基因组DNA为探针的GISH分析显示,这两份蓝粒材料的染色体数均为2n=42,包括40条小麦染色体和两条中间偃麦草染色体。利用重复序列探针pSc119.2和pAs1进行的FISH分析表明,Zh5-a2-1和Zh5-c13-2均为二体代换系,被代换的一对小麦染色体分别为4B和4D。通过用St、E~e和E~b基因组DNA作探针进行GISH分析,证明这两份蓝粒代换系中的中间偃麦草染色体均为St组染色体,但与中5中的中间偃麦草染色体比较发现这对St组染色体的短臂端部发生了缺失。利用二倍体长穗偃麦草E~e基因组的SNP标记分析证明,两份蓝粒代换系中的中间偃麦草染色体与长穗偃麦草的4E~e染色体同源,即Zh5-a2-1和Zh5-c13-2分别为4St(4B)和4St(4D)代换系,命名为SubZh5-4St(4B)和SubZh5-4St(4D)。同时说明,中间偃麦草的4St染色体上带有蓝粒基因。通过对450个小麦SSR标记进行筛选,获得了4个可跟踪鉴定4St染色体的特异SSR标记。研究结果可用于蓝粒小麦品种的培育和中间偃麦草蓝粒基因的遗传学研究。 相似文献
6.
由栽培二粒小麦和沙融山羊草形成的双二倍体，再和高大山羊草一起，替换了普通小麦细胞质，形成代换系。这个代换系的后代携带两个新的Ｇｃ基因，Ｃ－－带分析表明：一个基因位于高大山羊草５Ｓ＾１染色体或类似５Ｓ＾１的染色体上，而另一个基因，位于沙融山羊草的４Ｓ＾１染色体上。 相似文献
7.
普通小麦×提莫菲维小麦杂种后代中抗病染色体代换 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
借助于染色体染色分带方法C-带法,对四倍体提莫菲维小麦和密利提奈小麦参与杂交的普通小麦的渗入杂交系进行染色体分析.结果表明,所有杂交品系均含有提莫菲维小麦的遗传物质,染色体数2n=6x=42,并且染色体组份稳定.被研究的品系基因代换数目控制在1～3个.同时还观测到染色体代换的光谱差异.品系146—155T、CMT3O、CMT34、CMT37和CMT45的抗白粉病和时锈病的染色体组型发生部分6B(6G)染色体代换.这表明在普通小麦品系的代换基因中有抗病原体的提莫菲维小麦6G染色体存在. 相似文献
8.
为了给小麦-大麦异代换系的进一步利用奠定基础,观察分析了三个小麦-大麦2H二体异代换系2H(A)、2H(B)和2H(D)花粉母细胞减数分裂中期的染色体构型。结果表明,三个代换系的染色体构型均为2n=21Ⅱ,含有一对大麦Betzes 2H染色体,在细胞学上是稳定的;三个代换系具有21Ⅱ的频率依次为92.56%、94.12% 和95.41%。同时,在花粉母细胞减数分裂后期观察到了落后染色体、染色体桥及不同步分裂等现象,其出现的频率为2H(A)大于2H(B)和2H(D)。从各代换系的生活力、不育率和其他农艺性状看,大麦2H染色体导入小麦背景后,对小麦2B、2D的补偿能力好于2A。 相似文献
9.
小麦-冰草二体附加系的细胞学稳定性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了研究小麦-冰草二体附加系的细胞学稳定性,采用细胞遗传学技术,对20个小麦-冰草二体附加系开放授粉后代的染色体数目进行了分析。结果表明,在所检测的20个二体附加系后代中,细胞学稳定性存在较大的差异：在10份材料中检测到2n=44植株的平均频率为74．78％,传递率为33．3％～100％;在10份材料的后代植株中没有检测到2n=44的植株,通过GISH分析,在这些后代中检测到1个代换系5111—1和1个易住系5112-4。说明在二体附加系后代中2n=42的个体,并不一定表示冰草染色体的完全丢失,而可能以其它形式(如代换、易位等)存在于小麦核背景中。同时,还讨论了冰草属P基因组在小麦族中的地位。 相似文献
10.
为准确快速地建立小麦-华山新麦草杂交后代的分子标记鉴定方法,利用180条长度为10bp的随机引物R1～R180对小麦-华山新麦草全套(1Ns～7Ns)二体附加系及其亲本华山新麦草和普通小麦7182共9个材料进行了RAPD分析。结果表明,R131在华山新麦草和小麦-华山新麦草2Ns二体附加系中可以扩增出特异条带。将该特异条带回收并测序,发现其全长为1 126 bp,对其进行序列比对分析后设计SCAR引物S131,然后利用S131重新对9份材料进行了SCAR分析。结果显示,S131只在华山新麦草和小麦-华山新麦草2Ns二体附加系中扩增出特异性条带,表明RAPD标记R131已成功转化为可靠、特异的SCAR标记S131。这个新的SCAR标记可用于检测普通小麦背景下华山新麦草2Ns染色体。 相似文献
11.
12.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
13.
Lakshman Lal 《Potato Research》1987,30(2):329-334
Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong
(1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage,
sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over
45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield
of a subsequent crop. 相似文献
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15.
Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
16.
M. I. Siri P. Villanueva M. J. Pianzzola L. Franco Fraguas G. Galván M. Acosta F. Ferreira 《Potato Research》2004,47(3-4):127-138
Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results
for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin
presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear
relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins
and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds. 相似文献
17.
Alejandro Carlos Tozzini María Fernanda Ceriani María Verónica Saladrigas H. Esteban Hopp 《Potato Research》1991,34(3):317-324
Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets
that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and
slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging
toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta.
Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X1 (also called RXact). 相似文献
18.
Rita Favas Janaína Morone Rosrio Martins Vitor Vasconcelos Graciliana Lopes 《Marine drugs》2022,20(3)
The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O2•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O2•− scavenging, (IC50 = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC25 = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC50 = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC50 = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O2•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms. 相似文献
19.
Alejandro M. S. Mayer Abimael D. Rodríguez Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati Nobuhiro Fusetani 《Marine drugs》2013,11(7):2510-2573
The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories. 相似文献
20.
Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase). 相似文献