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1.
Gerhard Sabastian Peter Kanowski Digby Race Emlyn Williams James M. Roshetko 《Agroforestry Systems》2014,88(2):257-268
Farm household characteristics determine the success of programs promoting agroforestry systems and practices. This paper reports household and farm factors affecting the adoption of timber management practices by smallholders in the Gunungkidul region, Central Java, Indonesia. The research used three logistic regression analysis models—based on each household and farm characteristic, and a composite of both together—to identify the key factors influencing farmers’ adoption and management decisions, and their relative importance. A sample of 152 farmers who managed their trees primarily for timber production was compared to a sample of 115 farmers with similar socio-economic characteristics who did not. The household condition and composite models identified both on-farm and off-farm gross incomes as significant factors affecting farmers’ decisions to manage timber trees. The models confirmed that farmers with larger farms, and with higher on- and off-farm incomes, were more likely to manage their trees for timber production. These results have implications for extension programs that promote adoption of commercial timber management by smallholders in the case study and similar regions. 相似文献
2.
Smallholder tree plantation, now on the increase in Indonesia, has long been practiced by rural farmers as a strategy to optimize the expected utility of land, labor and other constraints. Increasing demand for timber has driven a shift toward commercialization of smallholder forestry. However, smallholders face huge challenges when they seek for commercial markets in the form of complex regulatory frameworks applied to smallholder plantations. This paper discusses the case of smallholder plantations in Gunungkidul District (Indonesia), considered one of the most commercialized timber marketing hubs for local, national and international markets. It analyzes how opportunities and challenges, resulted from different regulatory frameworks, affect the competitiveness of smallholder forestry practices. In this paper, regulatory frameworks are defined as not only regulations issued by public administrators at the domestic (local and national) level, but also cover the emerging market-based regulatory frameworks, i.e. voluntary certification of sustainable forestry and mandatory timber legality verification. 相似文献
3.
Under Vision 2020, a target was set in 1997 for trebling the forestry plantation area in Australia by the year 2020. Government subsidies and
extension for plantation establishment have largely disappeared, hence forestry expansion is highly dependent on access to
private finance. Plantation expansions throughout Australia has occurred predominantly through managed investment schemes,
and to a lesser extent by joint venture schemes between landholders and government or private enterprise. Relatively small-scale
hardwood plantations have been established, designed to replace the hardwood timber from the native forests that will be protected
from further logging after 2024 under the Regional Forestry Agreements. Views on financing methods for forestry expansion
in Queensland were investigated through by an email survey of 12 forestry and finance professionals, followed by in-depth
personal interviews of the same group of key informants. Issues identified include lack of transparent information, inequitable
taxation system between Managed Investment Scheme (MIS) companies and small-scale forest owners, need for further R&D on all
aspects of the industry, and design of a strategic alliance model for forestry investors. Participants took the view that
adoption of a strategic alliance model would encourage further investment in small-scale forestry and argued that this model
could protect the interests of all the stakeholders through reducing investment risk and creating competitive advantage. The
potential introduction of a carbon trading scheme also attracted interest from investors, who look for recognisable structures
that may alleviate the risk of investing in an industry with which they are unfamiliar. The participants considered that further
R&D should be the main focus for government participation in small-scale forestry, although recognizing current difficulties
with information sharing. 相似文献
4.
This paper compares the financial attractiveness of forest and agroforestry plantations promoted by external organizations
with tree growing practices of Amazonian smallholders. Based on 80 case studies and interviews with 112 forestry professionals
from Brazil, Bolivia, Peru and Ecuador, the paper characterizes the economic, environmental and structural implications, and
identifies the respective financial costs and benefits. Six case studies provided data for in-depth financial analyses. The
results showed that the expectations of externally promoted smallholder tree and agroforestry plantations were not met. Despite
significant inputs, smallholders generated at best annual net incomes of US$200–$200–1,000 per ha from NTFP plantations, and up
to US$800–$800–1,000 from timber plantations in the year of harvest. This corresponded to around one-third of the initially expected
returns. Overall, only around 1% of the smallholders participating in such initiatives managed to produce and commercialize
any plantation products. Smallholders’ practices of complementary tree growing in conjunction with agriculture and managing
natural regeneration of timber and NTFP products were often underestimated by professionals. They required low input, didn’t
rely on external support, were highly flexible in risky environments, and some presented financial returns comparable to some
well functioning plantations. 相似文献
5.
High-quality seedlings are a prerequisite for successful forestry and agroforestry expansion in developing countries. Unfortunately, in the central Philippines, as supplies of timber from native forest have diminished in recent years, the expansion in planting of timber trees has been retarded by sub-optimal production of seedlings from small-scale nurseries. To address this problem, an extension program supported by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) has attempted to improve the quality of seedlings produced in home nurseries, by assisting smallholders to raise and out-plant seedlings. A complementary program undertaken as part of the Community Agricultural Technology Program (CATP) has attempted to provide community workers and managers of small-scale nurseries with the benefit of recent ACIAR nursery research. Extended assistance in the ACIAR program addressed smallholders’ low self-efficacy in nursery technology and was successful in assisting them to grow high quality seedlings. A limited program of assistance was relatively unsuccessful. Evaluation of the CATP program showed that prior to the training, CATP participants were unfamiliar with some aspects of basic nursery technology. Consequently, they may have been unable to provide competent advice to smallholders. This implies that—as with the ACIAR training—extended training and follow-up assistance may be the key to improving the quality of seedlings for forestry and agroforestry expansion in the central Philippines. 相似文献
6.
Ahmad Maryudi Ani A. Nawir Dewi A. Sekartaji Purnomo Sumardamto Ris H. Purwanto Ronggo Sadono Priyono Suryanto Emma Soraya Djoko Soeprijadi Agus Affianto Rohman Rohman Slamet Riyanto 《Small-Scale Forestry》2017,16(1):119-131
Smallholder timber plantations may offer opportunities for farmers to increase their income. Nonetheless, such opportunities are often lost largely due to unfavorable regulations imposed on harvesting and marketing of timber. Adverse impacts are worsened because the regulations are not effectively communicated to smallholder farmers. We assessed the level of smallholder knowledge of existing regulations and found it very low. In part, this correlated to their socio-demographic characteristics. Poor literacy skills and a low level of education make it difficult for older farmers’ to increase their knowledge. This is compounded by the limited information channels that can reach the farmers. Improving smallholders’ knowledge by providing information concerning markets and regulations in a timely and clear manner could help smallholders exercise coping strategies and priorities when selling their timber that would in turn reduce the negative impacts of regulations. The roles of village authorities could be crucial. They are close to the smallholders and could channel the information. The government could provide training and incentives for them to be more active in communicating the regulations to the smallholders. 相似文献
7.
Eric L. Hyman 《Agroforestry Systems》1983,1(3):225-243
Following the model of a credit program for pulpwood production and agroforestry by smallholders in another region of the Philippines, the World Bank financed a similar scheme to produce fuelwood for the small-scale tobacco-curing industry in the Ilocos region. This project proved to be unsuccessful due to local cultural attitudes toward borrowing money, inadequate forestry extension services, and the dispersed characteristics of the fuelwood market. 相似文献
8.
Guiding Principles for Small-Scale Forestry in a Watershed of the Venezuelan Andes: Constraints and Opportunities 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
In the Venezuelan Andes, some small-scale forest plantations have become an important resource basis for forest management.
In this paper, the forestry management progress in the Mucujún river watershed is analyzed. Constraints and opportunities
for sustainable management within national policies, local regulations, environmental features and social benefits are also
examined. Plantation assessment, and biophysical, legal and socioeconomics information, are used for guiding small-scale forestry
practices in this watershed, with emphasis on the main principles of landscape management. These plantations have become an
important part of the socio-ecological landscapes with potential for wood production—in the context of low intensity and low
environmental impact environmental services and amenity—because of the two protected areas within the watershed. Current forest
stand conditions, however, reflect that management requires improvement. Furthermore, the analysis suggests that improvement
of local livelihoods may be achieved with a small-scale forestry approach, taking properly into account the basic criteria
of social involvement and management of planted forests, while maintaining ecosystem services including biodiversity and water
supply. 相似文献
9.
Tek Narayan Maraseni Geoff Cockfield Tim Cadman Guangnan Chen Jiansheng Qu 《Agroforestry Systems》2012,86(3):451-462
In the 1990s, an expansion of small-scale (farm) forestry in medium to low rainfall areas was considered to be an important part of increasing the national forest estate but it remains a very minor source of timber, largely confined to the higher rainfall areas. In most areas, returns from timber are much less than for alternative land uses, even with low discount rates. If however, there are additional returns from plantation grazing and carbon sequestration and there are other potential management gains, multiple use plantations may be more attractive. The goal of this study is to estimate the net present values of multiple use spotted gum plantations in a medium rainfall area of southeast Queensland. For the case study, production, carbon sequestration and emissions data were supplemented by formal and informal interviews with landholders, sawmill staff and government extension personnel. Forest inventory, biomass and soil sampling, and stakeholder interviews were used as sources of primary data. The costs and benefits data were converted into monetary terms and discounted to produce net present values. Evaluations in this study identify the optimal rotation age of plantations to be 33–34?years. This is the case if including carbon and stock values, and using either farm- or factory-gate timber prices. The net present value increases significantly however if farmers harvest the trees themselves. In addition, at harvesting age, it was found that carbon and stock had the potential to account for 19.2 and 11.4?% respectively of the total returns from spotted gum plantations. Policy initiatives to support the farm forestry sub-sector should include pricing greenhouse gas emissions and developing and strengthening farmers co-operatives and marketing institutions to enhance farmers’ bargaining power. 相似文献
10.
Huong Nguyen John Herbohn David Lamb Jessica Clendenning John Meadows 《Small-Scale Forestry》2018,17(1):105-123
There is growing interest in using multi-species plantation systems when undertaking reforestation for timber production. Such plantations can have ecological and socio-economic advantages over those of traditional monocultures. Despite increasing evidence about the functional advantages of increasing species richness in reforestation, there are few silvicultural guidelines to assist in the design and management of multi-species plantings. This paper presents the results of a systematic assessment of previous studies of mixed-species plantings with a particular focus on their advantages and disadvantages for meeting the needs of rural smallholders and communities in tropical regions. Research on mixed-species plantations has increased in recent years. Many earlier studies were concerned with the capacity of mixed-species plantings to improve productivity or the nutritional impacts of mixtures. Many of these studies emphasised young plantations and mixtures of a few relatively fast-growing Acacia, Eucalyptus and Pinus species. More recent studies have explored a wider range of outcomes arising from using mixtures including on the supply of ecosystem services. Issues deserving further study concern the economic advantages or disadvantages of mixed-species plantations, how these plantations might be designed to suit various environmental and socio-economic situations, and how to manage older mixed-species plantations where the interactions between species may be different to those in younger plantations. There is also a need to explore how increased species richness may affect the capacity of new plantations to withstand damage from insect pests or disturbances such as storms or wildfire. 相似文献
11.
This paper presents a case of planting and management of natural regeneration of shihuahuaco (Dipteryx spp.) by recent migrants in a Peruvian Amazonian logging frontier. We interviewed residents of three communities of smallholders in Irazola District, Province of Padre Abad, Region of Ucayali, located within the historic and actual boundaries of an active logging concession, and conducted growth studies of shihuahuaco trees planted in two mixed-species agroforestry fields, over a period of 3 years. We found that the majority of landholders were managing the natural regeneration of valuable hardwood timber trees, and planting seedlings on their lands. Growth of shihuahuaco trees in agroforestry fields was comparable to growth rates in managed silvicultural plantations, which suggests the potential for local smallholders activities to contribute to conservation of genetic stock and eventual renewal of populations depleted by logging. We recommend greater recognition and inclusion of local people, with their innovative and productive silvicultural practices, in efforts to remediate the impacts of selective logging of high-value timber species. 相似文献
12.
Ikuo Ota 《Small-Scale Forestry》2002,1(1):25-37
About 80% of annual wood fiber consumption in Japan is imported. Even though most of the land surface is covered by forests
in Japan, the domestic forestry and forest industry are threatened by such imports flooding the local market. Fragmented land
ownership, steep terrain, rapid growth of weeds, and high labor costs have all contributed to the decline of domestic forestry.
Further, the purchasing power of the Japanese Yen has become very strong in recent years, and the decreasing prices of imported
timber have depressed the prices of domestic timber, eroding profitability and discouraging small-scale forestry. In spite
of these difficult circumstances, there are several interesting new developments in Japanese forestry. One is the revision
of the Basic Forestry Law of 1964, through which the Japanese government is steering forest policy from timber production towards environmental services.
Because of this change, new ways to assist rural forestry activities will become available in the near future. Another change
is the certification movement, where recent examples of Japanese companies acquiring ISO 14001 and Forest Stewardship Council
(FSC) forest certifications provide hope to depressed domestic forestry activities. In particular, FSC group certification
is useful in motivating small-scale forest owners to implement and maintain sustainable forestry practices.
This paper is based on the presentation at IUFRO Group 3.08.00 Symposium at Joensuu, Finland 2001. The original article, ‘The
economic situation of small-scale forestry in Japan’, is in Niskanen and Vayrynen (2001). 相似文献
13.
In the Philippines, smallholder farmers have become major timber producers. But the systems of timber production practiced
have several limitations. In intercropping systems, the practice of severe branch and/or root pruning reduces tree-crop competition
and increases annual crop yields, but is detrimental to tree growth and incompatible with commercial timber production. In
even-aged woodlots, lack of regular income and poor tree growth, resulting from farmers’ reluctance to thin their plantations,
are major constraints to adoption and profitable tree farming. In the municipality of Claveria, Misamis Oriental, the recent
practice of planting trees on widely spaced (6–8 m) contour grass strips established for soil conservation suggests ways to
improve the adoptability (i.e., profitability, feasibility and acceptability) of timber-based agroforestry systems. Assuming
that financial benefits are the main objective of timber tree farmers, we develop a simple linear programming (LP) model for
the optimal allocation of land to monocropping and tree intercropping that maximizes the net present value of an infinite
number of rotations and satisfies farmers’ resource constraints and regular income requirements. The application of the LP
model to an average farmer in Claveria showed that cumulative additions of widely spaced tree hedgerows provides higher returns
to land, and reduce the risk of agroforestry adoption by spreading over the years labour and capital investment costs and
the economic benefits accruing to farmers from trees. Therefore, incremental planting of widely spaced tree hedgerows can
make farm forestry more adoptable and thus benefit a larger number of resource-constrained farmers in their evolution towards
more diverse and productive agroforestry systems. 相似文献
14.
Previous research on European forestry service markets is scarce and mainly focused on analysing external market environment and modelling of timber selling behaviour of non-industrial forest owners (NIPFs). In this study, we aim to create a broader understanding about business perspectives of forestry service markets covering the whole array of market and institutional based services offered to the NIPFs in case of Finland. The more specific empirical objective of the paper is to describe market drivers and underlying challenges in existing and potential service business models based on the concepts of service-dominant logic and dynamic capabilities. Using a qualitative approach and 22 thematic expert interviews in service organisations, we strive to analyse the drivers and opportunities for creating new services within the NIPF market and also build insight in possible barriers for new service value creation. According to our results, the ongoing structural changes offer new opportunities to change traditional mindsets and search for new types of offerings that support the renewal of this traditional forestry sector. As one of the major barriers for new innovations we identified the dominant role of established organisations securing their current positions, mainly driven by the forest industry timber procurement needs. From a managerial perspective, the changing institutional base of the current service organisations may facilitate new innovative business start-ups in addition to enhancing the strategic capabilities and competitiveness of the established firms in Finnish forestry sector. 相似文献
15.
16.
《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(2-3):91-156
An overview of the forestry sector in Costa Rica was undertaken to determine whether the existing management practices of timber resources hold the potential to meet the country's demands for timber in the immediate decades to come, and to identify changes that might be needed in the management of forested lands. To meet these goals, we examined the present status and potential future contribution of the two newest forest sectors: the management of natural forest and plantation forestry. Rcsults indicate that the present management of Costa Rica's timber resources does not hold the potential to meet the country's demands for timber for more than the next ten years without severe loss of its forests. Substantial progress is occurring, but at an insufficient rate. Moreover, despite the considerable headway made in conservation in recent years, the rate of deforestation remains high. A number of factors limit advancement in natural forest management and plantation forestry, both of which have the potential to deaccelerate deforestation. In natural forest management, constraints are the rate at which forests are being brought under management, lack of budgetary provisions for fiscal incentives to private owners who alone cannot be expected to bear the cost of benefits of natural forest management that are national or even global in their distribution, and the weak infrastructure, extension services and research support to meet management goals. In the case of plantation forestry, the capability of this sector to produce commercial timber is not known. Moreover, inadequate management and extension services together with the misuse of the incentive system by private owners is likely to limit the potential of plantations. Institutional constraints include outdated legal and bureaucratic framework, market interventions, absence of clear policy toward natural forest management and plantation forestry, poor investment in infrastructure, extension and research support, and inadequate interaction among various agencies responsible for the development of the forestry sector. Such institutional constraints have allowed the proliferation of disincentives against the development of a sustainable timber sector. If the Costa Rican government's objective is to encourage sustainable forestry, it must first clearly articulate the policy and then create the appropriate legal, economic and institutional framework for implementation of the policy. Costa Rica, with its enlightened public administration system, vast technical and scientific knowledge about its forest ecosystem and extensive assistance from international organizations, must succeed, otherwise prospects for sustainable forestry in thc less fortunate tropical countries would be bleak. 相似文献
17.
Deforestation and degradation of productive lands are serious threats to the sustainability of forestry/agricultural practices
in Kenya. In the last two decades farm forestry (FF) has been promoted through pilot projects among local communities as an
example of sustainable land use. However adoption of FF is limited outside the project locations because FF improvement measures
focused mainly on biological (e.g. succession, biodiversity and traditional industrial timber production) and technical concerns
(e.g. material input delivery such as providing free tree seedlings for field planting) rather than local values, and interests
and the constraints facing farmers. This study examined the local farm priorities and constraints and the prospects for the
wider implementation of farm-level tree planting in four communities in Rachuonyo District. Using interviews with 597 randomly
selected household heads, the study assessed farmer’s production assets and activities, land tenure, priority tree species
and the constraints to growing trees on farms. Results show that farm labour is represented by a young population, 56.3% under
the age of forty. They are mainly engaged in small-scale mixed cropping integrated with multipurpose trees and some livestock.
Tree products contribute about 32% to household cash income, more than any other source (agricultural products, labour sales,
etc). Females were more often household heads and had considerable influence over productive activities, making them an important
target group in FF development. Farmers preferred exotic tree species due to their ability to provide short-term cash income,
fuel and shade. Farmers’ concerns included population pressure on limited farmlands and the problem of credit for agricultural
inputs. Given the feeling of secured tenure arrangement and influence of tree products on the household economy, farmers are
likely to invest more in efficient land uses such as FF if consideration is given to local priorities. 相似文献
18.
Policies Affecting Forestry Entrepreneurship 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Anssi Niskanen Anders Lunnan Ikuo Ota Keith Blatner John Herbohn Lyndall Bull Ian Ferguson Gordon M. Hickey 《Small-Scale Forestry》2007,6(3):233-255
Many demand and supply-side policies impede or foster forestry entrepreneurship. A study was conducted to consolidate existing knowledge on policies influencing forestry entrepreneurship
in Finland, Norway, Japan, Australia, the Philippines and the USA, and to draw conclusions on these impeding and fostering
factors. From the country studies it was difficult to find common structures on policies affecting forestry entrepreneurship.
This is understandable because most policies in forestry are aimed at supporting sustainable forest management, wood production
and ecological services of the forests rather than entrepreneurship as such. Despite the high variety of policies applied
in the study countries, it can be concluded that strict public control on forests’ use and management potentially impedes
forestry entrepreneurship. While these policies assist to correct market failure and to promote sustainability of forest management,
they may also result into unnecessary and ineffective regulations that limit the opportunities for forestry entrepreneurship.
A common feature promoting the demand for forestry entrepreneurship in some of the countries studied is the strong emphasis
on forestry cooperatives, which were important institutions to support small-scale forestry entrepreneurship. In many study
countries, different ad hoc programs are implemented to find new economic and entrepreneurial opportunities aside from the
current use of wood and forests. Subsidies and tax incentives are commonly applied to reduce risks from making forestry investments
or otherwise increase the economic return from timber production. 相似文献
19.
Syed Ajijur Rahman Terry Sunderland James M. Roshetko Imam Basuki John R. Healey 《Small-Scale Forestry》2016,15(4):433-442
This paper investigates the types of agroforestry system that exist in Gunung Salak Valley, West Java, Indonesia in order to characterize the differences in their basic structure and associated crop plant diversity. Data were collected through rapid rural appraisal, field observation and focus groups, followed by household survey of a sample of 20 agroforestry farmers. Five main agroforestry systems (homegardens, fruit tree system, timber tree system, mixed fruit–timber system, and cropping in the forest understory) exist in the study area, and all of them exhibit a noticeable diversity in terms of both species composition and utilization. Products from farming accounted for an average 24 % of household income. They comprised agroforestry products which contributed IDR 3.25 million/year and other agricultural products contributing IDR 1.66 million/year. The observed agroforestry systems include not only a form of forest dominated by ‘cultivated trees’, but also an anthropogenic vegetation formation derived from agricultural antecedents. In land-use classifications agroforestry systems are not recognized as forestry, but like forests they provide tree products and services. Classification will always be disfunctional if a binary system is applied, thus a more sophisticated approach should be adopted that incorporates the economic and environmental characteristics of a wider range of systems. 相似文献
20.
Isabel Solís-Guillén Mariana Chaires-Pacheco Juan Juárez-Gómez Aileen O’Connor-Sánchez Yuri J. Peña-Ramírez 《Small-Scale Forestry》2017,16(4):521-534
Tree planters of the Yucatan peninsula in México are mostly first-generation small-scale forest owners. As a consequence of the lack of a management plan, trees employed for plantations are currently produced without any traceability or genetic improvement protocol, resulting in the reduced quality and heterogeneity of established materials. Recently, the Mexican government published a law to force planters to reverse this situation through the initiation and operation of germplasm management and traceability programs within each physiographic sub-province. Thus, planters located in the “Campeche Karts sub-provenance” now need to select superior trees for plant production, provenance assays, and orchard establishment. As a reference for the improvement goals in this work, we developed a model ideotype tree and qualification tool based on a weight-free selection index to compare trees in established plantations to enable the effective selection of superior trees to be used as seed sources and as a starting population for genetic improvement programs. The tool presented here is easy to use by planters, requiring a very basic computer or smartphone to run a spreadsheet where simple morphometric evaluation are captured, trees are qualified in comparison to the ideotypic values of each parameter with the aid of common field equipment. When this tool was applied to individuals from two different plantations, the qualification methodology ranked the individuals, allowing for the selection of superior trees in a more robust way, in contrast to the use of parameters mostly based on price and driven by wood volume. 相似文献