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1.
This investigation evaluated the cardiopulmonary effects of medetomidine, ketamine, and butorphanol anesthesia in captive juvenile Thomson's gazelles (Gazella thomsoni). Butorphanol was incorporated to reduce the dose of medetomidine necessary for immobilization and minimize medetomidine-induced adverse cardiovascular side effects. Medetomidine 40.1 +/- 3.6 microg/kg, ketamine 4.9 +/- 0.6 mg/kg, and butorphanol 0.40 +/- 0.04 mg/kg were administered intramuscularly by hand injection to nine gazelles. Times to initial effect and recumbency were within 8 min postinjection. Cardiopulmonary status was monitored every 5 min by measuring heart rate, respiratory rate, indirect blood pressure, end-tidal CO2, and indirect oxygen-hemoglobin saturation by pulse oximetry. Venous blood gases were collected every 15 min postinjection. Oxygen saturations less than 90% in three gazelles suggested hypoxemia. Subsequent immobilized gazelles were supplemented with intranasal oxygen throughout the anesthetic period. Sustained bradycardia (<60 beats per minute, as compared with anesthetized domestic calves, sheep, and goats) was noted in eight of nine gazelles. Heart and respiratory rates and rectal temperatures decreased slightly, whereas systolic, mean, and diastolic blood pressure values were consistent over the anesthetic period. Mild elevations in end tidal CO2 and PCO2 suggested hypoventilation. Local lidocaine blocks were necessary to perform castrations in all seven of the gazelles undergoing the procedure. Return to sternal recumbency occurred within 7 min and return to standing occurred within 12 min after reversal with atipamezole (0.2 +/- 0.03 mg/kg) and naloxone (0.02 +/- 0.001 mg/kg). Medetomidine, ketamine, and butorphanol can be used to safely anesthetize Thomson's gazelles for routine, noninvasive procedures. More invasive procedures, such as castration, can be readily performed with the additional use of local anesthetics.  相似文献   

2.
Transrectal ultrasonography of a 35-yr-old captive female southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) with a history of chronic mucohemorrhagic vulvar discharge revealed right transmural uterine horn enlargement. Abdominal laparoscopic surgery, although extremely difficult because of inadequate instrumentation, permitted uterine visualization and biopsy. Standing anesthesia, incorporating butorphanol and azaperone together with local anesthetic infiltration, facilitated the laparoscopy. A leiomyoma was suspected on the basis of history, physical examination, ultrasonographic appearance, and histopathology. Prior rhinoceros laparoscopies have failed, primarily from limitations imposed by recumbency.  相似文献   

3.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of xylazine and ketamine for total i.v. anesthesia in horses. ANIMALS: 8 horses. PROCEDURE: Anesthetic induction was performed on 4 occasions in each horse with xylazine (0.75 mg/kg, i.v.), guaifenesin (75 mg/kg, i.v.), and ketamine (2 mg/kg, i.v.). Intravenous infusions of xylazine and ketamine were then started by use of 1 of 6 treatments as follows for which 35, 90, 120, and 150 represent infusion dosages (microg/kg/min) and X and K represent xylazine and ketamine, respectively: X35 + K90 with 100% inspired oxygen (O2), X35 + K120-(O2), X35 + K150-(O2), X70 + K90-(O2), K150-(O2), and X35 + K120 with a 21% fraction of inspired oxygen (ie, air). Cardiopulmonary measurements were performed. Response to a noxious electrical stimulus was observed at 20, 40, and 60 minutes after induction. Times to achieve sternal recumbency and standing were recorded. Quality of sedation, induction, and recovery to sternal recumbency and standing were subjectively evaluated. RESULTS: Heart rate and cardiac index were higher and total peripheral resistance lower in K150-(O2) and X35 + K120-air groups. The mean arterial pressure was highest in the X35 + K120-air group and lowest in the K150-(O2) group (125 +/- 6 vs 85 +/- 8 at 20 minutes, respectively). Mean Pa(O2) was lowest in the X35 + K120-air group. Times to sternal recumbency and standing were shortest for horses receiving K150-(O2) (23 +/- 6 minutes and 33 +/- 8 minutes, respectively) and longest for those receiving X70 + K90-(O2) (58 +/- 28 minutes and 69 +/- 27 minutes, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Infusions of xylazine and ketamine may be used with oxygen supplementation to maintain 60 minutes of anesthesia in healthy adult horses.  相似文献   

4.
Chemical immobilization of wildlife often includes opioids or cyclohexamines. These substances are problematic as a result of their required storage, handling, and record-keeping protocols. A potentially useful alternative sedation protocol includes a combination of butorphanol, azaperone, and medetomidine (BAM: 0.43 mg/kg butorphanol, 0.36 mg/kg azaperone, 0.14 mg/kg medetomidine). One risk of wildlife immobilization with any drug combination is hypoxemia. This may be of particular importance when using an alpha 2 agonist such as medetomidine because of its powerful vasoconstrictive effect. In this prospective study, the BAM combination was evaluated for chemical immobilization of white-tailed deer. Additionally, selected physiologic parameters associated with BAM immobilization, including oxygen saturation via pulse oximetry and arterial blood gas measurement, with and without nasal insufflation of oxygen at a relatively low flow of 3 L/min, were evaluated. The BAM combination resulted in a predictable onset of sedation, with a mean induction time to lateral recumbency of 9.8 +/- 3.6 min. All deer recovered smoothly within a range of 5-20 min after reversal with intramuscular administration of naltrexone, atipamazole, and tolazoline (NAT). Clinically relevant decreases in arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) and oxygen saturation (SpO2) were observed in animals not receiving supplemental oxygen, while both parameters significantly improved for oxygen-supplemented deer. Pulse oximetry with this protocol was an unreliable indicator of oxygen saturation. In this study, altitude, recumbency, hypoventilation, butorphanol- and medetomidine-specific effects, as well as the potential for alpha 2 agonist-induced pulmonary changes all may have contributed to the development of hypoxemia. Overall, capture of white-tailed deer with the BAM/NAT protocol resulted in excellent chemical immobilization and reversal. Because the BAM combination caused significant hypoxemia that is unreliably detected by pulse oximetry but that may be resolved with nasal oxygen insufflation, routine use of oxygen supplementation is recommended.  相似文献   

5.
White rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum) anesthetized with etorphine combinations develop severe pathophysiologic changes, including hypoventilation, hypoxemia and metabolic acidosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the addition of butorphanol to the immobilizing mixture on the cardiopulmonary effects in free-ranging white rhinoceroses darted from the helicopter. In the control group (n=15), the rhinoceroses were anesthetized with etorphine, azaperone, detomidine, and hyaluronidase administered intramuscularly. In the treatment group (n=16), 10-20 mg of butorphanol was added to the combination. Within 10 min of becoming immobile, vital parameters (heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature) and blood gas analyses were taken, and measurements were repeated after 10 (treatment group) and 20 min (control group). Both groups showed respiratory and metabolic acidosis, hypoxemia, and hypercapnia. In the control group, the arterial partial pressure of oxygen was significantly higher and the alveolar-to-arterial oxygen pressure gradients were significantly lower in all body positions compared with the butorphanol group. Oxygen hemoglobin saturation in the control group was higher than in the butorphanol group only in the lateral position. Improvements in arterial oxygen levels were observed in all animals when placed in sternal recumbency. There were no significant differences in the mean induction times between groups, but the distance the butorphanol group ran was significantly less after darting than in the control group. By adding butorphanol to the immobilizing mixture, no benefits in ventilation were seen; although, size differences make comparisons difficult. Running for a shorter distance during induction could be beneficial in the prevention of severe acid-base imbalances and capture myopathy.  相似文献   

6.
Anesthesia was induced in 14 greyhounds with a mixture of diazepam or midazolam (0.28 mg/kg) and ketamine (5.5 mg/kg), and maintained with halothane. There were no significant differences in weight, age, or duration of anesthesia between the treatment groups. Time to intubation with diazepam-ketamine (4.07 +/- 1.43 min) was significantly longer than with midazolam-ketamine (2.73 +/- 0.84 min). Heart rate, respiratory rate, PaCO2, and arterial pH did not vary significantly during anesthesia in either treatment group. Arterial blood pressures, PaO2, halothane vaporizer setting, and body temperature changed significantly from baseline values in both treatment groups during anesthesia. Times to sternal recumbency and times to standing were not significantly different. These data suggest that both diazepam-ketamine and midazolam-ketamine are useful anesthetic combinations in greyhounds. In combination with ketamine, midazolam offers little advantage over diazepam.  相似文献   

7.
ObservationsA 26-year-old male white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum), weighing approximately 2000 kg was anesthetized for an exploratory celiotomy. Sedation was achieved with intramuscular butorphanol (0.04 mg kg?1) and detomidine (0.025 mg kg?1) and induction of anesthesia with intravenous glyceryl guaiacolate (50 g) and three intravenous boluses of ketamine (200 mg, each); the trachea was then intubated and anesthesia maintained with isoflurane in oxygen using a circle breathing system. Positioning in dorsal recumbency for the surgery and later in sternal recumbency for the recovery represented challenges that added to the prolonged anesthesia time and surgical approach to partially correct an impaction. The rhinoceros recovered uneventfully after 10.4 hours of recumbency.ConclusionsAnesthetic management for an exploratory celiotomy with a midline approach is possible in rhinoceroses, although planning and extensive staff support is necessary to adequately position the patient.  相似文献   

8.
Seven captive male African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) weighing 25-32 kg each, were anesthetized by i.m. injection via hand syringe with a combination of 1.5 mg/kg ketamine, 40 microg/kg medetomidine, and 0.05 mg/kg atropine. Following endotracheal intubation, each animal was connected to a bain closed-circuit system that delivered 1.5% isoflurane and 2 L/min oxygen. Atipamezole (0.1 mg/kg i.v.; 0.1 mg/kg i.m.) was given at the end of each procedure (60 min following injection of medetomidine/ketamine/atropine). Time to sternal recumbency was 5-8 min. Times to standing after atipamezole administration were 8-20 min. This anesthetic regimen was repeated on three separate occasions (September 2000, February 2002, and October 2002) on all males to perform electroejaculation procedures. Each procedure was <80 min from injection to standing. Dogs showed excellent muscle relaxation during the procedures. Arterial blood samples were collected at 10-min intervals for blood gases in one procedure (September 2000). Separate venous samples were taken from each dog during each procedure for hematology and biochemistry. These values were within the normal range for this species. Arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2) and heart rate (HR) were monitored continuously in addition to other anesthesia monitoring procedures (body temperature, respiratory rate [RR], capillary refill time, blink response, pupil position, deep pain perception reflex). All dogs maintained relatively stable SpO2 profiles during monitoring, with a mean (+/-SD) SpO2 of 92% +/-5.4%. All other physiological variables (HR, RR, body temperature, blood pressure) were within normal limits. Following each procedure, normal behavior was noted in all dogs. All the dogs were reunited into the pack at completion of their anesthetic procedures. An injectable medetomidine-ketamine-atropine combination with maintenance by gaseous isoflurane and oxygen provides an inexpensive, reliable anesthetic for captive African wild dogs.  相似文献   

9.
A new inhalant anaesthetic, sevoflurane, was used to maintain anaesthesia in 40 animals (2 mules and 38 horses of 9 breeds) presented for various surgical procedures. Eighteen mares, 11 stallions and 11 geldings underwent 6 orthopaedic and 34 soft tissue operations. Induction of anaesthesia was achieved with combinations of xylazine (0.5–1.1 mg/kg), diazepam (0.03–0.1 mg/kg), butorphanol (0.02 mg/kg), guaifenesin (50–84 mg/kg) and ketamine (1.1 mg/kg). Following tracheal intubation, a surgical plane of anaesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane in oxygen delivered from a precision vaporiser. Temperature, ECG, arterial blood pressure and expired gas composition were monitored. Mechanical ventilation was used in most animals (n=37) because of hypoventilation (PaCO2 > 7.31 kPa [55 mmHg]). Following surgery, horses were moved to a recovery room and allowed to recover alone (n=36) or with assistance (n=4). Time to sternal recumbency, standing, the time when satisfactory coordination was present (after standing) and the number of attempts to stand were recorded. The quality of recovery was scored on a 1 (best) to 6 (worst) scale. Mean blood pressures at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 min of anaesthesia were 72, 73, 74, 75 and 72 mmHg, respectively. Systolic and diastolic pressures at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 min of anaesthesia were 97, 97, 94, 96, 93 and 59, 63, 64, 68, 67 mmHg, respectively. Dobutamine was used in 23 horses to maintain mean arterial blood pressure > 60 mmHg. Mean heart and respiratory rates at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 min of anaesthesia were 36, 38, 39, 38 and 38 beats/min, and 9, 8, 8, 8 and 8 breaths/min. Mean duration of anaesthesia was 121 rnin (sd: 56 min), mean time to sternal recumbency was 27 min (sd: 13 min), average time to standing (all horses) was 33 min (sd: 12 min) and time to satisfactory coordination was 44 min (sd: 13 min). Most horses (n=37) received xylazine during recovery (mean dose 0.18 mg/kg iv). The median number of attempts to sternal recumbency and standing were 1.0 (range; 1–7) and 2.0 (range; 1–20), respectively, while the median recovery score was 1.5 (range; 14). The ‘depth’ of anaesthesia was easy to control and recoveries were generally very satisfactory.  相似文献   

10.
Tiletamine (12.5 mg), zolazepam (12.5 mg), ketamine (20 mg), and xylazine (5 mg) (TKX; 0.25 ml, IM) combination was evaluated as an anesthetic in 22 male and 67 female adult feral cats undergoing sterilization at high-volume sterilization clinics. Cats were not intubated and breathed room air. Oxygen saturation (SpO(2)), mean blood pressure (MBP), heart rate (HR), respiration rate (RR), and core body temperature were recorded. Yohimbine (0.25 ml, 0.5 mg, IV) was administered at the completion of surgery. TKX produced rapid onset of lateral recumbency (4+/-1 min) and surgical anesthesia of sufficient duration to complete surgical procedures in 92% of cats. SpO(2) measured via a lingual pulse oximeter probe averaged 92+/-3% in male cats and 90+/-4% in females. SpO(2) fell below 90% at least once in most cats. MBP measured by oscillometry averaged 136+/-30 mm Hg in males and 113+/-29 mm Hg in females. MBP increased at the onset of surgical stimulation suggesting incomplete anti-nociceptive properties. HR averaged 156+/-19 bpm, and RR averaged 18+/-8 bpm. Neither parameter varied between males and females or over time. Body temperature decreased significantly over time, declining to 38.0+/-0.8 degrees C at the time of reversal in males and 36.6+/-0.8 degrees C at the time of reversal in females. Time from anesthetic reversal to sternal recumbency was prolonged (72+/-42 min). Seven cats (8%) required an additional dose of TKX to maintain an adequate plane of anesthesia at the onset of surgery, and this was associated with significantly longer recovery times (108+/-24 min).  相似文献   

11.
White rhinoceros anaesthetised with etorphine and azaperone combination develop adverse physiological changes including hypoxia, hypercapnia, acidosis, tachycardia and hypertension. These changes are more marked in field-anaesthetised rhinoceros. This study was designed to develop a technique to improve safety for field-anaesthetised white rhinoceros by tracheal intubation and oxygen insufflation. Twenty-five free-ranging white rhinoceros were anaesthetised with an etorphine and azaperone combination for translocation or placing microchips in their horns. Once anaesthetised the rhinoceros were monitored prior to crating for transportation or during microchip placement. Physiological measurements included heart and respiratory rate, blood pressure and arterial blood gas samples. Eighteen rhinoceros were intubated using an equine nasogastric tube passed nasally into the trachea and monitored before and after tracheal insufflation with oxygen. Seven rhinoceros were not intubated or insufflated with oxygen and served as controls. All anaesthetised rhinoceros were initially hypoxaemic (percentage arterial haemoglobin oxygen saturation (%O2Sa) = 49% +/- 16 (mean +/- SD) and PaO2 = 4.666 +/- 1.200 kPa (35 +/- 9 mm Hg)), hypercapnic (PaCO2 = 8.265 +/- 1.600 kPa (62 +/- 12 mm Hg)) and acidaemic (pHa = 7.171 +/- 0.073 ). Base excess was -6.7 +/- 3.9 mmol/l, indicating a mild to moderate metabolic acidosis. The rhinoceros were also hypertensive (systolic blood pressure = 21.861 +/- 5.465 kPa (164 +/- 41 mm Hg)) and tachycardic (HR = 107 +/- 31/min). Following nasal tracheal intubation and insufflation, the %O2Sa and PaO2 increased while blood pHa and PaCO2 remained unchanged. Tracheal intubation via the nose is not difficult, and when oxygen is insufflated, the PaO2 and the %O2Sa increases, markedly improving the safety of anaesthesia, but this technique does not correct the hypercapnoea or acidosis. After regaining their feet following reversal of the anaesthesia, the animals' blood gas values return towards normality.  相似文献   

12.
OBJECTIVE: To determine sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of dexmedetomidine alone and in combination with butorphanol or ketamine in cats. DESIGN: Randomized crossover study. ANIMALS: 6 healthy adult cats. PROCEDURES: Cats were given dexmedetomidine alone (10 microg/kg [4.5 mg/lb], IM), a combination of dexmedetomidine (10 microg/kg, IM) and butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg [0.09 mg/lb], IM), or a combination of dexmedetomidine (10 microg/kg, IM) and ketamine (5 mg/kg [2.3 mg/lb], IM). Treatments were administered in random order, with > or = 1 week between treatments. Physiologic variables were assessed before and after drug administration. Time to lateral recumbency, duration of lateral recumbency, time to sternal recumbency, time to recovery from sedation, and subjective evaluation of sedation, muscle relaxation, and auditory response were assessed. RESULTS: Each treatment resulted in adequate sedation; time to lateral recumbency, duration of lateral recumbency, and time to recovery from sedation were similar among treatments. Time to sternal recumbency was significantly greater after administration of dexmedetomidine-ketamine. Heart rate decreased significantly after each treatment; however, the decrease was more pronounced after administration of dexmedetomidine-butorphanol, compared with that following the other treatments. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements decreased significantly from baseline with all treatments; 50 minutes after drug administration, mean blood pressure differed significantly from baseline only when cats received dexmedetomidine and butorphanol. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggested that in cats, administration of dexmedetomidine combined with butorphanol or ketamine resulted in more adequate sedation, without clinically important cardiovascular effects, than was achieved with dexmedetomidine alone.  相似文献   

13.
The quality and duration of anaesthesia, cardiorespiratory effects and recovery characteristics of a morphine, medetomidine, ketamine (MMK) drug combination were determined in cats. Six healthy, adult female cats were administered 0.2 mg/kg morphine sulphate, 60 microg/kg medetomidine hydrochloride, and 5 mg/kg ketamine hydrochloride intramuscularly. Atipamezole was administered intramuscularly at 120 min after MMK administration. Time to lateral recumbency, intubation, extubation and sternal recumbency were recorded. Cardiorespiratory variables and response to a noxious stimulus were recorded before and at 3 min and 10 min increments after drug administration until sternal recumbency. The time to lateral recumbency and intubation were 1.9+/-1.2 and 4.3+/-1.2 min, respectively. Body temperature and haemoglobin saturation with oxygen remained unchanged compared to baseline values throughout anaesthesia. Respiratory rate, tidal volume, minute volume, heart rate, and blood pressure were significantly decreased during anaesthesia compared to baseline values. One cat met criteria for hypotension (systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg). End tidal carbon dioxide increased during anaesthesia compared to baseline values. All but one cat remained non-responsive to noxious stimuli from 3 to 120 min. Time to extubation and sternal recumbency following atipamezole were 2.9+/-1.1 and 4.7+/-1.0 min, respectively. MMK drug combination produced excellent short-term anaesthesia and analgesia with minimal cardiopulmonary depression. Anaesthesia lasted for at least 120 min in all but one cat and was effectively reversed by atipamezole.  相似文献   

14.
Carfentanil citrate was given orally to five adult brown bears (Ursus arctos) on 14 separate occasions during the winter and summer to determine effective anesthetic dosages and how season may alter these dosages. Lower blood urea nitrogen:creatinine ratios, depressed appetite, and decreased activity levels in the winter versus summer were reflective of different metabolic states, even though bears were not hibernating in the winter. Doses of carfentanil citrate between 6.0 and 15.2 microg/kg were mixed with 5-10 ml of honey, which the bears licked voluntarily from a spoon. During each anesthetization, respiratory and heart rates, hemoglobin saturation, temperature, electrocardiogram, blood gas values, and level of consciousness were monitored and utilized to determine effective dosages. Mean (+/- SE) dose requirements in the winter were 7.6 +/- 0.4 microg/kg, whereas a greater mean dose of 12.7 +/- 0.5 microg/kg was required in the summer (P < 0.05). After ingestion began, sternal recumbency occurred in an average of 7.5 min (range: 4-11 min), and full restraint and safe handling was achieved in 21 min (range: 8-40 min). At the end of each procedure, naltrexone was given as the reversal agent at a ratio of 100 mg naltrexone per 1 mg carfentanil, with 25% of the dose given i.v. or i.m. and 75% given s.c. Mean reversal time was 6 min after injection of naltrexone (range: 4-9 min). Rapid induction and recovery times and ease of oral administration make carfentanil citrate an effective anesthetic agent for use in brown bears. However, hypoventilation and respiratory acidosis were noted in all bears, and oxygen insufflation is recommended.  相似文献   

15.
Objective  To evaluate the induction and maintenance of anaesthesia using alfaxalone following pre-anaesthetic medication with romifidine and butorphanol in ponies undergoing castration in the field.
Study design  Prospective clinical study.
Animals  Seventeen male ponies weighing 169 ± 29 kg.
Methods  The ponies were sedated with romifidine and butorphanol intravenously (IV). Induction time was recorded following administration of alfaxalone 1 mg kg−1 and diazepam 0.02 mg kg−1 IV. If movement during surgery occurred, alfaxalone 0.2 mg kg−1 was administered IV. The quality of anaesthetic induction, and recovery were scored on a subjective scale of 1 (good) to 5 (poor). The number of attempts to attain sternal recumbency and standing, quality of recovery and times from induction to end of surgery, first head lift, sternal recumbency and standing were recorded.
Results  Induction quality was good [median score (range) 1 (1–3)] with a mean ± SD time of 29 ± 6 seconds taken to achieve lateral recumbency. Ten ponies required incremental doses of alfaxalone during surgery. Mean times to the end of surgery, first head lift, sternal recumbency and standing were 26 ± 9 minutes, 31 ± 9 minutes, 33 ± 9 minutes and 34 ± 9 minutes respectively. The number of attempts to attain sternal recumbency was 1(1–1) and to attain standing was 1(1–2). Quality of recovery was good, with a recovery score of 1(1–2).
Conclusions and clinical relevance  Alfaxalone provided smooth induction and recovery characteristics and was considered suitable for maintenance of anaesthesia for castration in ponies.  相似文献   

16.
The use of 0.025 +/- 0.012 mg/kg (median +/- interquartile range) thiafentanil with 0.15 +/- 0.03 mg/kg xylazine (TX) and 0.011 +/- 0.0015 mg/kg carfentanil with 0.25 +/- 0.093 mg/kg xylazine (CX), with dosages based on estimated bodyweight, was used in the anesthesia of 37 Tibetan yak (Bos grunniens) housed within a drive-through animal park setting. The median time to lateral recumbency was 5 and 7 min for each group, respectively. With the addition of propofol in 8 CX animals and 17 TX animals, the anesthetic plane was suitable for a wide range of procedures. The median time to standing recovery following administration of naltrexone was 4 +/- 3.5 min with TX and 7 +/- 1.5 min with CX. There was one fatality and one case of renarcotization in the TX group. Overall, the dosages used in the study provided a reliable and useful anesthetic induction protocol, with TX animals demonstrating a more rapid induction and recovery with less cardiac depression than CX animals.  相似文献   

17.
OBJECTIVE: To determine minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane in green iguanas and effects of butorphanol on MAC. DESIGN: Prospective randomized trial. ANIMALS: 10 healthy mature iguanas. PROCEDURE: in each iguana, MAC was measured 3 times: twice after induction of anesthesia with isoflurane and once after induction of anesthesia with isoflurane and IM administration of butorphanol (1 mg/kg [0.45 mg/lb]). A blood sample was collected from the tail vein for blood-gas analysis at the beginning and end of the anesthetic period. The MAC was determined with a standard bracketing technique; an electrical current was used as the supramaximal stimulus. Animals were artificially ventilated with a ventilator set to deliver a tidal volume of 30 mL/kg (14 mL/lb) at a rate of 4 breaths/min. RESULTS: Mean +/- SD MAC values during the 3 trials (2 without and 1 with butorphanol) were 2.0 +/- 0.6, 2.1 +/- 0.6, and 1.7 +/- 0.7%, respectively, which were not significantly different from each other. Heart rate and end-tidal partial pressure of CO2 were also not significantly different among the 3 trials. Mean +/- SD heart rate was 48 +/- 10 beats/min; mean end-tidal partial pressure of CO2 was 22 +/- 10 mm Hg.There were no significant differences in blood-gas values for samples obtained at the beginning versus the end of the anesthetic period. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that the MAC of isoflurane in green iguanas is 2.1% and that butorphanol does not have any significant isoflurane-sparing effects.  相似文献   

18.
Central venous pressure measurements were made in 74 horses and ponies free from clinical evidence of cardiopulmonary disease. Using the sternal manubrium as the zero reference point, the mean value obtained was 12 cm H2O (S.D. +/- 6). There was a significant correlation with body weight (r=0.6, p less than 0.001) but there was none with age, sex, breed or type. During halothane anaesthesia, using the same reference point, the mean value was 24.5 cm H2O (S.D. +/- 6) in 28 animals in right lateral recumbency, 29 cm H2O (S.D. +/- 8) in 17 animals in left lateral recumbency and -6 cm H20 (S.D. +/- 4) IN 27 supine animals. The use of the sternal manubrium as zero reference point did not allow comparison of values in standing and recumbent animals and it was considered that serial measurements were of more value than isolated determinations in assessing the circulatory state of an animal.  相似文献   

19.
Seven (three male and four female) 4-7-yr old captive servals (Felis serval) weighing 13.7 +/- 2.3 kg were used to evaluate the cardiopulmonary and anesthetic effects of combined intramuscular injections of medetomidine (47.4 +/- 10.3 microg/kg), ketamine (1.0 +/- 0.2 mg/kg), and butorphanol (0.2 +/- 0.03 mg/kg). Inductions were smooth and rapid (11.7 +/- 4.3 min) and resulted in good muscle relaxation. Significant decreases in heart rate (85 +/- 12 beats/min) at 10 min after injection and respiratory rate (27 +/- 10 breaths/min) at 5 min after injection continued throughout the immobilization period. Rectal temperature and arterial blood pressure did not change significantly. The PaO2 decreased significantly, and PaCO2 increased significantly during immobilization but remained within clinically acceptable limits. Hypoxemia (PaO2 < 60 mm Hg) was not noted, and arterial blood oxygen saturation (SaO2) was greater than 90% at all times. Relative arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) values, indicated by pulse oximetry, were lower than SaO2 values. All animals could be safely handled while sedated. Administration of atipamezole (236.8 +/- 51.2 microg/kg half i.v. and half s.c.), an alpha2 antagonist, resulted in rapid (4.1 +/- 3 min to standing) and smooth recoveries.  相似文献   

20.
The sedative effect induced by administering xylazine hydrochloride or detomidine hydrochloride with or without butorphanol tartrate to standing dairy cattle was compared in two groups of six adult, healthy Holstein cows. One group received xylazine (0.02 mg/kg i.v.) followed by xylazine (0.02 mg/kg) and butorphanol (0.05 mg/kg i.v.) 1 week later. Cows in Group B received detomidine (0.01 mg/kg i.v.) followed by detomidine (0.01 mg/kg i.v.) and butorphanol (0.05 mg/kg i.v.) 1 week later. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and arterial blood pressure were monitored and recorded before drugs were administered and every 10 minutes for 1 hour after drug administration. The degree of sedation was evaluated and graded. Cows in each treatment group had significant decreases in heart rate and respiratory rate after test drugs were given. Durations of sedation were 49.0 +/- 12.7 minutes (xylazine), 36.0 +/- 14.1 (xylazine with butorphanol), 47.0 +/- 8.1 minutes (detomidine), and 43.0 +/- 14.0 minutes (detomidine with butorphanol). Ptosis and salivation were observed in cows of all groups following drug administration. Slow horizontal nystagmus was observed from three cows following administration of detomidine and butorphanol. All cows remained standing while sedated. The degree of sedation seemed to be most profound in cows receiving detomidine and least profound in cows receiving xylazine.  相似文献   

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