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1.
The genetic diversity and differentiation of sea trout were studied in three river basins in Lithuania: Akmena-Dane, Bartuva, and Nemunas. A total of 282 individuals were genotyped at eight microsatellite loci. A similar level of genetic diversity was found in all of the populations studied: mean allelic richness ranged from 3.64 to 5.03, and average expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.588 to 0.721. Significant genetic divergence was observed among the different river basins as well as between populations within the drainages. All pairwise F ST values were highly significant, ranging from 0.027 to 0.197. The analysis of molecular variance showed rather weak hierarchical population structuring within the Nemunas basin, which may be explained by extensive gene flow among different river basins or, alternatively, reflect the influence of artificial breeding. Information on genetic diversity and differentiation of the Lithuanian sea trout populations will be useful for future management decisions.  相似文献   

2.
The Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli, is a valuable and intensively exploited species in Korea. We discuss the genetic diversity and genetic structure of four Korean rockfish populations using eight microsatellite loci. In total, 161 different alleles from 138 individuals were observed. Average allele number per locus ranged from 2.5 to 23 and allelic richness varied from 13.38 to 14.63 within a population. Despite a long history of stocking practices, we found very high levels of polymorphism (mean heterozygosity = 0.810), which is comparable to other congeneric species. No significant difference in genetic diversity and molecular genetic variance (FST and RST) was observed among four local samples (P > 0.1). Little indication of contemporary inbreeding (FIS= 0.051) or population structure (K = 1) was detected. This absence of differentiation may reflect high levels of gene flow along the coast of Korea. Our study demonstrates that rockfish in Korea should be managed as a single unit. Currently, the species does not appear to be genetically threatened, but the potential for a rapid loss of genetic diversity remains. This information on the genetic characteristics of Korean rockfish populations has important implications for fisheries management and conservation efforts, and will aid in the sustainable exploitation of the fishing resources and the preservation of biodiversity.  相似文献   

3.
Genetic variation fuels selective change in natural and captive populations. In establishing a broodstock for selective improvement, the level of genetic diversity is an important consideration because it provides an indication of the scope for selective progress. Three domesticated strains of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), were examined at nine polymorphic microsatellite loci to assess detectable levels of allelic diversity and heterozygosity within and differentiation among the strains. A total of 126 alleles were observed to segregate into unique multilocus genotypes for each of the 152 individuals assayed. There was an average heterozygosity of 71.5% at these nine loci, and an average of 14 alleles at a locus. Each locus was represented by alleles unique to at least two of the three strains. Deviations from Hardy–Weinberg expectations of genotype frequencies were detected in each strain. Subsequent analysis indicated sub‐structuring within strains leading to Wahlund effects that caused these deviations. Significant differences in genotype frequencies and pairwise FST values demonstrated that all strains were unique. The overall FST of 0.089 provides additional evidence of unique genetic diversity present in each strain, and agrees well with the degree of genetic variation found in rainbow trout across broad geographical ranges. The genetic diversity contributed by each population suggests that there is greater scope for selective improvement of numerous traits within a synthetic strain combining these three strains than within any individual strain.  相似文献   

4.
Genetic diversity is vital for the maintenance of genetic pool in cultured shrimps. In order to estimate the current status of genetic diversity in Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp in Iran, as an exotic species, a total of 45 individuals from Amiri and Gorgeaj farms in Jask port of Hormozgan province and one hatchery in Gomishan city of Golestan province, were detected using four microsatellite loci. The number of alleles per locus was 5–10, and the mean effective number of alleles (N e) across populations and loci ranged from 4.834 to 5.148. The overall mean observed heterozygosity (H o) ranged from 0.450 to 0.479, which was lower than the expected one (0.789–0.794). There was nothing remarkable about any of the allele frequencies across populations or loci. The mean inbreeding coefficient (F IS) and pairwise genetic differentiation (F ST) among populations were 41.6 % and 0.133, respectively. The three studied populations departed from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). Analysis of molecular variance revealed 14 % variability among and 86 % within populations. However, considering departing from HWE and the high F IS and F, the moderate pairwise F ST values, importance of introducing genetically diverse broodstock and monitoring to control inbreeding is discussed.  相似文献   

5.
采用微卫星标记技术分析不同世代三疣梭子蟹选育家系的遗传结构。利用16个多态性微卫星位点分析了三疣梭子蟹家系F1到F4 4个选育家系的遗传结构与遗传多样性变化情况。结果显示,随着选育的进行,4个世代家系遗传多样性指标值逐渐下降,F1到F4 16个微卫星位点的平均多态信息含量从0.675 3下降到0.406 1,平均等位基因数从3.500 0下降到2.133 3,平均观测杂合度从0.643 5下降到0.4774,平均等位基因纯合率从0.566 9下降到0.402 4。对各个位点进行H-W检验,每个世代出现不同程度的平衡偏离。对各家系进行F-检验,结果表明,各家系存在不同程度的遗传分化,19.07%的遗传分化来自群体间,80.93%的遗传分化来自群体内。另外,对FIS值的计算显示,4个家系在整体上均表现为一定程度的杂合子缺失,其中F4有12个位点、F3有6个位点、F2有3个位点、F1有8个位点处于杂合子缺失状态。遗传距离逐渐增加,相邻世代间的遗传相似性逐步升高。经过连续4代的选育,选育群体的遗传基础逐步得到纯化,基因型逐渐趋向纯合、稳定,经进一步的选育可望获得较稳定的品系。  相似文献   

6.
利用筛选的13对草鱼多态性微卫星标记,开展了2011至2015年长江中游草鱼亲本增殖放流对野生群体遗传多样性的影响评估。通过对各位点的遗传多样性分析,13个微卫星位点的多态信息含量为0.8622(0.657~0.950),基因多样度为0.8555(0.675~0.936)。15个群体的有效等位基因数为7.4503~10.1536,等位基因丰度为11.483~15.204,说明15个草鱼群体的遗传多样性水平总体较高。遗传分化指数分析表明,群体间不存在显著遗传分化(FST5%)。通过贝叶斯聚类分析和主成分分析可将草鱼群体分为4个组群,根据分组结果以及来源划分分别对草鱼群体进行AMOVA分析,发现遗传变异大部分来自于群体内个体间,组间及组内群体间的分化水平较低(FCT5%,FSC5%),与FST分析结果一致。研究表明,当前草鱼亲本增殖放流模式对野生群体遗传结构影响不明显。  相似文献   

7.
The escape or release of cultured and domesticated organisms into the wild poses a threat to the genetic integrity of natural populations. Based on data from 17 microsatellite loci, the genetic differentiation between wild and hatchery Oujiang color common carp Cyprinus carpio var. color was investigated, and its potential application for identifying the escapees of hatchery strains was assessed using Bayesian genetic assignment. No significant differences were observed between pooled hatchery and pooled wild populations in terms of allelic richness (A R), observed heterozygosity (H O), and inbreeding coefficient (F IS). Analysis of molecular variance and pairwise F ST comparisons suggested significant genetic differentiation between hatchery strains and between hatchery and wild populations, which was further confirmed by principal components analysis and Bayesian clustering analysis. Bayesian genetic alignment showed high self-assignment accuracy (ranging from 86.0 to 96.0%) in the original populations, demonstrating the ability of this technique to identify hatchery Oujiang color common carp escapees in the wild population.  相似文献   

8.
The genetic variations of rohu (Labeo rohita, Hamilton) sampled from five hatchery populations (Arabpur, Brahmaputra, Comilla, Kishorganj and Natore) and three major river populations (the Halda, the Jamuna and the Padma) were analysed by allozyme electrophoresis. Ten enzymes encoded by 11 loci were screened, and six were polymorphic. Alleles at three loci (Est‐1*, Gpi‐1* and Gpi‐2*) proved variable for hatchery and river populations, and the Mdh‐2* locus exhibited heterozygous genotypes for river populations only. Polymorphic loci per population (27.3±5.3%), heterozygous loci per individual (15.5±1.2%) and relative gene diversity (0.27±0.08) in river populations were higher than those for hatchery populations (25.5±1.8%, 10.7±1.6% and 0.25±0.01 respectively). Also, the observed heterozygosity (Ho) and expected heterozygosity (He) (0.09±0.03 and 0.14±0.04 respectively) in river populations were higher than those in hatchery populations (0.08±0.01 and 0.11±0.01 respectively). The lower levels of genetic variability in hatchery populations suggested the occurrence of inbreeding and/or genetic drift. The pairwise population differentiation (FST) values showed a lower level of genetic differentiation between hatchery and river population pairs. The unweighted pair‐group method with arithmetic mean dendrogram of Nei's genetic distances showed a relationship between the genetic distance and geographic distance. The populations were clustered into three groups: the Padma in one group, the Halda in second group and the Jamuna, including five hatcheries, in the third group. Highly diversified rohu individuals were observed in the Padma and Halda Rivers, whereas less genetically variable individuals were found in the Jamuna River and five hatcheries. These findings can be useful for rohu hatchery propagation to enhance the sustainable aquaculture production.  相似文献   

9.
The microsatellite DNA technique was used to detect the genetic variations between wild and cultured populations of Kuruma prawn Marsupenaeus japonicus Bate 1888. All the six microsatellite loci screened in this study showed high polymorphism for their PIC (0.6701–0.8989), which was much more than the standard value of 0.5. A total of 73 alleles were observed over six loci from 93 shrimps. The mean number of allele locus ranged from 9.83 (cultured) to 11.83 (wild). The number of effective alleles varied from 6.86 (cultured) to 8.58 (wild). The average of observed heterozygosity (Ho) of populations varied from 0.6935 (cultured) to 0.7370 (wild), and that of expected heterozygosity (He) was 0.8169 (wild) and 0.8209 (cultured). Tests of Hardy–Weinberg showed that these loci deviated significantly or highly significantly in one or both populations. Compared with the wild population, the cultured population showed little reduction in genetic variation. The total number of alleles (71, 59) was not significantly (P=0.296) different between wild and cultured populations. The paired‐samples t test of observed heterozygosity and expected heterozygosity implied that there was no significant difference (P=0.572 and 0.891 respectively) between wild and cultured populations. However, some rare allele loss might have occurred in the cultured population. A total of 14 unique alleles were found in the wild population, but only two unique alleles were observed in the cultured population. Therefore, there is a need to monitor genetic variability of cultured population, and to improve the hatchery program for the conservation of wild Kuruma prawn resources.  相似文献   

10.
Macrobrachium rosenbergii, known as the giant freshwater prawn or Malaysian prawn, is the sixth largest aquaculture species in Asia. Knowledge of genetic diversity of M. rosenbergii is important to support management and conservation programmes, which will subsequently help in sustainable production of this economically important species. This study aimed to analyse the genetic diversity and population structure of five M. rosenbergii populations using 11 microsatellite loci. In analysing 240 samples, the number of alleles, observed heterozygosity (HO) and expected heterozygosity (HE) ranged from 3 to 20, from 0.250 to 0.978 and from 0.556 to 0.944 respectively. The five stocks of M. rosenbergii displayed high level of genetic diversity. Both the FST and amova analyses showed that there was significant genetic differentiation among all populations. The UPGMA dendrogram based on Nei's genetic distance matrix revealed that the Narmada and Mahi populations were in one cluster and Mahanadi and Subarnarekha populations in another single major branch, whereas the Kerala population clearly showed a separate cluster. This information on genetic variation will be useful for genetic improvement and conservation of Indian populations of giant freshwater prawn M. rosenbergii.  相似文献   

11.
Primers were designed for eight microsatellite loci from Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis. Microsatellites were used to characterize three wild populations from the China coast of the Yellow and Bohai Seas (HB), and the west coast (KX) and south coast of the Korean Peninsula (KN). A total of sixty‐one alleles were obtained, and the average observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.660 to 0.756. Six of the 24 population‐locus cases showed a significant departure from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, three of them from population KN, two from KX and one from HB. The Fst values indicated that genetic variation was greater within populations than between populations. Analysis using unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean showed that the relationship between populations HB and KX was closer than between KN and the other two populations. Polymorphic information contents of the eight microsatellites ranged from 0.598 to 0.918. These results indicated that all eight microsatellite loci would be useful for the analysis of genetic variation in Chinese shrimp (F. chinensis) populations.  相似文献   

12.
Sea trout, Salmo trutta L., populations in the Slupia River basin have been affected by mass stocking with smolts and fry. This work is focused on a small‐scale differentiation in sea trout populations from one basin with a strong emphasis on the relationship between wild and hatchery origin fish. A total of 216 sea trout were genotyped at 10 microsatellite loci. Global FST obtained by amova was low at 0.0165. Pairwise FST were significant for all tests except wild and stocked adults. The highest pairwise difference was found between the hatchery sample and Kwacza (FST = 0.038). Analysis of the genetic structure revealed micro‐geographical differentiation with four subpopulations. The quality of the artificial spawning was found not to be adequate with a high risk of adverse effects to the whole population. All future stocking actions in the basin should consider the existing population structures.  相似文献   

13.
邢德  李琪  张景晓 《水产学报》2017,41(12):1838-1846
为了探讨壳白长牡蛎人工选育对群体遗传变异的影响,实验利用4个多重PCR组合共10个微卫星标记分析了连续3代壳白长牡蛎人工选育群体和野生群体及基础群体的遗传多样性。结果发现,6个群体的平均等位基因数量为7.2~12.6,等位基因丰度为6.8~11.0,期望和观测杂合度分别为0.672~0.769和0.486~0.542;与野生群体相比,3代选育群体的平均等位基因数显著降低,但平均期望杂合度并无显著差异。哈迪—温伯格平衡检验结果显示,在60个群体—位点组合中有39个群体—位点组合显著偏离哈迪—温伯格平衡,近交系数F_(is)范围为0.215~0.342。群体间遗传分化指数F_(st)范围为0.005~0.076,处于中—低等的遗传分化水平。研究表明,虽然连续选育对群体的遗传多样性和遗传分化造成了一定程度的影响,但人工选育群体依然表现为较高的遗传多样性,仍可以一定的选择压力对选育群体进行人工选育。  相似文献   

14.
Abstract – Local genetic differentiation may potentially arise in recently fragmented populations. Brown trout is a polytypic species exhibiting substantial genetic differentiation, which may evolve in few generations. Movement (semi‐)barriers in rivers may cause fragmentation, isolation and genetic differentiation in fish. In the Måna River (28 km) flowing from the alpine Lake Møsvatn to the boreal Lake Tinnsjø, construction of four hydropower dams during the period 1906–1957 have fragmented the previously (since last Ice Age) continuous wild resident brown trout population. Samples from the two lakes (N = 40) and six sites in the river (N = 30) isolated at different times were analysed at nine microsatellite loci. All populations showed substantial genetic variation (mean number of alleles per locus 5.3–8.9, observed heterozygosity 0.57–0.65 per population, overall Fst = 0.032). Pairwise multilocus Fst estimates indicated no significant differentiation between populations in the two lakes, and no or little differentiation in the lower river (Fst = 0.0035–0.0091). The microgeographic differentiation among wild resident trout at these sites was less than expected based on similar previous studies. However, results from the upper river, in particular the site immediately below the Lake Møsvatn outlet and dam, indicated isolation (Fst > 0.035). Calculation of genetic distances and assignment tests corroborated these results, as did a significant correlation between years of isolation (since dam construction) and Fst. The population structuring is most likely a result of fragmentation by dams, which has increased overall genetic diversity. This increased local differentiation may be caused by natural selection, but more likely by genetic drift in small, recently fragmented populations. Increased local genetic diversity by genetic drift does not justify conservation measures aiming at preserving genetic diversity.  相似文献   

15.
为改良马氏珠母贝养殖群体性状,2010年4月,从马氏珠母贝选育系F3选择性腺成熟个体为亲本,建立了36个家系,按照常规技术进行幼体培育和海区养成.2010年11月,从36个家系中随机选取4个家系,每个家系取样30个个体,利用13对微卫星引物进行家系遗传结构和系谱鉴别分析.结果显示,(1) 13个微卫星引物在4个家系中共检测到39个等位基因,每个位点的等位基因数为2～5,4个家系的平均观测杂合度(Ho)为0.531 ～0.597,平均期望杂合度(He)为0.474 ～0.507;(2)根据子代基因型成功地推断出4个家系的亲本基因型,据此鉴别各个家系;用UPGMA法对120个样本进行聚类分析,98.3％的同一家系的子代个体能够聚到一起,分类结果与系谱来源基本一致.结果说明,这4个家系具有较高的遗传多样性和家系间具有明显的遗传分化;微卫星标记能有效地为马氏珠母贝群体的系谱分析提供技术支持.  相似文献   

16.
Muskellunge, Esox masquinongy, is an important recreational freshwater fish native to North America. Since muskellunge populations are often maintained through stocking efforts, advances in muskellunge reproductive technologies are of direct relevance to fishery enhancement. We evaluated the efficiency of inbreeding through induced meiotic diploid gynogenesis. Eggs from six female muskellunge were manually stripped and activated using ultra violet‐irradiated yellow perch, Perca flavescens, sperm. Hydrostatic pressure shocking regimes (48 263 kPa) were then applied to the eggs to prevent second polar body expulsion producing unambiguous meiotic gynogens. Six female dams and samples of 12–20 of their gynogenetic progeny were genotyped at seven polymorphic microsatellite loci. Chromosomal recombination frequencies of microsatellite loci based on retention of heterozygosity among gynogens ranged from 0.043 to 0.839 (0.576 ± 0.237). There were no statistical differences in recombination frequency among females at any of the loci. The average inbreeding coefficient (F‐value) ranged from 0.581 to 0.979, equivalent to three to fourteen generations of full‐sibling crosses respectively. The average F‐value overall was 0.712, equivalent to between five and six generations of full‐sibling crosses. Centromere map distances of the seven microsatellite loci ranged from 2.15 to 41.95 cM and meiotic gynogenesis was useful in eliminating heterozygosity at loci proximal to the centromere, but not distal. Since the age at maturity of female muskellunge is approximately 5 years, gynogenesis may pose an expeditious alternative to traditional breeding strategies for creation of homozygous pedigrees for some loci that may be outcrossed to introduce positive heterozygosity effects in the offspring.  相似文献   

17.
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18.
为了加强良种选育工作,切实做好亲本遗传管理,防止近交衰退的发生,利用20个微卫星分子标记对白梭吻鲈(Sander lucioperca)新疆野生群体及山东和苏州2个养殖群体的遗传结构进行检测。结果表明,20个微卫星标记中18个有扩增产物,14个呈现多态性;每个位点的等位基因数为2~6个,平均等位基因数为3.6个,3个群体的平均等位基因数为2.57~3.36,平均观测杂合度为0.5085~0.5621,平均多态性信息含量为0.3931~0.4764,表明3个白梭吻鲈群体的遗传多样性处于中等偏低水平,遗传多样性大小为:新疆群体苏州群体山东群体。群体的Fst为0.1798,表明群体间有一定的遗传分化。在白梭吻鲈人工繁殖与养殖过程中,必须加强亲本遗传结构监测并维持一定数量的亲本规模,以利于其产业的持续发展。  相似文献   

19.
In this study, we screened 103,050 gene sequences of Pinctada fucata and identified 1450 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) distributing in 1355 sequences, in which 97 have sufficient flanking sequences for primer design, and 25 novel microsatellite loci were stable and polymorphic with Na which varied from 2 to 6. Six microsatellite loci were found in the open reading frame of their corresponding sequences. With the 25 SSR loci, five breeding populations and a wild population, a total of 240 individuals from wild population (W), three consecutive selected populations (G1, G2, and G3), and two backcross populations (Do, Dr) (40 individuals per population) were assayed. In these populations, we detected 108 alleles of 111 bp to 362 bp. Each population had mean Ho of 0.5718–0.7366 and mean He of 0.5830–0.6954. Except the Fst = 0.0697 (W vs. G3), pairwise Fst values ranged from 0.0131 to 0.0473, the genetic identity coefficients varied from 0.8688 to 0.9663, and genetic distance ranged from 0.0343 to 0.1307, all of these suggested that the breeding populations had genetic differentiation but at a low level generally. Besides, all the genetic index values, backcross populations (Do, Dr) were higher than corresponding G3 values, indicating that backcross could make the offspring incline to the recurrent parents.  相似文献   

20.
利用7个微卫星标记分析了6个凡纳滨对虾家系的亲本（G0）及其后代（G1）的基因型分离情况,同时对G0和G1的所有座位期望杂合度进行配对比较分析,并且通过对G1群体每个位点的F-statistics分析检验群体的遗传分化,以期对凡纳滨对虾育种进行遗传监测。结果表明：共检测到44个等位基因。G0和G1的平均每个座位的等位基因数目分别为6.14和6.27,平均期望杂合度为0.786和0.733,平均多态性信息含量为0.709和0.695。7个微卫星座位的累计排除概率为0.99,并且在有亲本存在的情况下,能够将6个家系分开。G0与G1的所有座位期望杂合度的配对比较分析结果表明G0平均期望杂合度要显著高于G1(P<0.01)。G1各座位的遗传分化指数FST在0.270 3～0.465 4,平均分化系数为0.358 4。说明亚群间属于高度遗传分化。最后,根据6个家系的遗传距离,利用UPGMA法对G1个体聚类分析,结果表明亲缘关系较近的家系A和B以及C和D的相似系数很高分别各聚为一类,E和F分别聚为一类。  相似文献   

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