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1.
Frankia是一类能与非豆科树木共生结瘤固氮的放线菌。关于其属的分类目前比较确认 ,对于种水平的划分 ,虽然从可溶性蛋白类型 (张道海等 ,1 991 ;Bensonetal.,1 983;Gardesetal.,1 987a)、同功酶类型(Gardesetal.,1 987b ;张道海等 ,1 989)、脂肪酸 (Weeleretal.,1 986)、血清 (Bakeretal.,1 981 ;孙慧君等 ,1 991 )、宿主特异性 (Baker,1 987;Torreyetal.,1 989)、DNA同源性 (Fermamdexetal.,1 989;Akimovetal.,1 992 )、基因组 (Dobritsa ,1 985 )和质粒的限制酶切图谱 (Simonetetal.,1 985 )等诸多方面进行了分析 ,但由于研究的菌株数量有限 ,且培养过程中菌株的生物学特性易发生变异 ,因而迄今为止仍没有一种有效的种的分类方法。近年来 ,1 6SrDNA及其 1 6S～ 2 3SrDNA间隔序列作为一个分子标记 ,广泛应用于各种微生物的分子遗传差异和分类鉴定研究 (韦革宏等 ,1 999;冯瑞华 ,2... 相似文献
2.
毛白杨无性系木材基本密度遗传变异研究 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
在现代社会 ,杨树木材无论在实体木材还是纤维产品方面都发挥着越来越重要的作用。许多发达国家对杨属各树种木材材性遗传变异的研究非常重视 ,对美洲山杨 (Ｅｉｎｓｐａｈｒｅｔａｌ.,1 972 ;Ｒｅｄｄｙ ,1 983;Ｙａｎｃｈｕｋｅｔａｌ.,1 983;1 984)、美洲黑杨 (Ｆａｒｍｅｒｅｔａｌ.,1 968;Ｐｏｓｅｙｅｔａｌ.,1 969;Ｏｌｓｏｎｅｔａｌ.,1 985)等杨树树种木材材性的遗传变异都做了较为系统的研究。我国对于杨树材性性状的遗传变异研究起步较晚 ,只对山杨 (张立非等 ,1 993;杨自湘等 ,1 994;顾万春等 ,1 994)以及黑杨派、青杨派一些杨… 相似文献
3.
干旱胁迫对白桦实生苗保护酶活性及脂质过氧化作用的影响 总被引：70，自引：6，他引：70
目前 ,活性氧自由基与植物抗逆性关系的研究正在日益深入 (戴金平等 ,1 991 ;王以柔等 ,1 995 ;许长城等 ,1 993;Ｊｏｈｎ ,1 992 ;Ｍａｒｃｅｌａｅｔａｌ.,1 993;阎秀峰等 ,1 999) ,对水分亏缺下活性氧对植物的氧化伤害及植物防御系统的反应也作了大量的研究 (陈立松等 ,1 998;1 999;沈秀瑛等 ,1 995 ;吕庆等 ,1 996;王爱国等 ,1 990 ;许长城等 ,1 993;阎秀峰等 ,1 999;Ｍｉｓｈｒａｅｔａｌ.,1 993)。在正常情况下 ,植物体内活性氧产生与清除处于平衡状态 ,不会导致细胞伤害 ,氧自由基的清除剂可分为酶促和非酶促两大类 (蒋明义等 ,1 996… 相似文献
4.
土壤酶活性是催化各种生化过程的基本土壤成分,可用于评估土壤质量和健康。为了解祁连山不同草地类型的土壤理化性质和酶活性特征,研究了祁连山4种草地类型下的5种土壤酶活性和理化性质。结果表明：土壤酶活性和理化性质在不同草地类型下均差异显著。高寒草原、高寒草甸和高寒沼泽草甸相较于高寒荒漠,土壤pH值、总磷、脲酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性较低,含水率、有机碳、总氮、碱性磷酸酶活性、淀粉酶活性和纤维素酶活性较高,且高寒沼泽草甸和高寒荒漠土壤理化性质及酶活性特征差异显著;土壤酶活性(过氧化氢酶、脲酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶和碱性磷酸酶)与土壤理化性质(pH值、电导率、含水率、有机碳、总氮和总磷)呈极显著相关;表明土壤酶活性与理化性质密切相关。较差的植被覆盖情况下土壤碳、氮、磷含量较低,土壤pH值和电导率较高,同时土壤酶活性也较低。 相似文献
5.
6.
八角林地土壤酶活性和养分的分布特点及其相关分析 总被引：12，自引：4，他引：8
研究了广西高峰林场和大明山自然保护区八角林地土壤酶活性(包括过氧化氢酶、转化酶、脲酶、蛋白酶和酸性磷酸酶)和养分的分布特点及土壤酶活性与土壤养分的关系。结果表明:(1)土壤养分含量和酶活性以表层土壤的最大,随土壤深度的增加逐渐下降;(2)坡位不同,土壤养分含量和主要酶活性也不同,呈现下坡>上坡的趋势;(3)土壤酶活性与土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、水解氮、速效磷和速效钾密切相关,不同的土壤酶活性之间存在极显著的相关性。因此,土壤酶活性可作为八角林地土壤肥力的指标之一。 相似文献
7.
郑州市公园绿地表层土壤酶活性与土壤理化性质的关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以郑州市6个公园绿地为研究对象,采集0～20 cm土层的108份土壤样品,测定其理化性质和土壤酶活性,并对其土壤酶活性及其与土壤理化性质进行相关性分析。结果表明,碧沙岗公园尿酶活性及磷酸酶活性最强,滨河公园过氧化氢酶活性最强,郑州绿博园多酚氧化酶活性最强;尿酶与速效钾呈正相关关系,与过氧化物酶呈负相关关系;过氧化氢酶与非毛管孔隙度、磷酸酶呈正相关关系,与速效磷、多酚氧化酶呈负相关关系;磷酸酶及蔗糖酶与土壤容重呈负相关关系,与非毛管孔隙度呈正相关关系;磷酸酶、蔗糖酶与水解性氮、阳离子交换量、有机质含量呈正相关关系;蔗糖酶与非毛管孔隙度呈正相关关系;多酚氧化酶与理化性质不相关。根据研究结果判断,土壤酶活性可以作为土壤肥力评价指标。 相似文献
8.
几株半知菌对马尾松落叶的分解——木质纤维素酶的活性动力学 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
应用固体发酵方法,研究Alternaria sp., Penicillium sp., Cephalosporium sp., Tricherderma sp., Pestalotiopsis sp.和Aspergillus fumigatus 6种土壤半知菌降解马尾松凋落叶片过程中产生的漆酶(Laccase)、木质素过氧化物酶 (LiP)、锰过氧化物酶 (MnP)、羧甲基纤维素酶 (CMCase) 和滤纸糖酶 (FPA)的动力学曲线,以及各种酶活性与底物降解的关系.结果表明:Pestalotiopsis sp. 能够产生相对较高的漆酶活性和引起底物的总有机物质(TOM)质量损失最大;Alternaria sp. 产生的MnP酶活性最高;Pestalotiopsis sp. 产生的CMCase和FPA酶活性也为最高.试验中6种菌前期的降解速率依赖于CMCase 和 FPA酶活性的高低,后期则由木质素酶和纤维素酶协同作用来决定.依据6种菌的酶生产动力学曲线、TOM 质量损失和降解速率,可将其划分为2种功能类型:功能群Ⅰ为纤维素分解菌,包括Alternaria sp., Penicillium sp., Cephalosporium sp.和Tricherderma sp. 4种;功能群Ⅱ为木质纤维素分解菌,包括 Pestalotiopsis sp.和Aspergillus fumigatus 2种.试验中也发现:Pestalotiopsis sp.产生漆酶的活性较高,同时是一株比较有效降解木质纤维素底物的菌种. 相似文献
9.
4种人工林土壤酶活性与养分的相关性研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
以长沙市城乡交错带4种人工林为研究对象,对不同林分下不同层次土壤的理化性质及脱氢酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶、磷酸酶、纤维素酶的活性进行了分析,并对其相关性进行了研究,结果表明:土壤容重自上而下逐渐增加,但差异不明显;土壤pH、有机质及各土壤养分含量均随土层加深而减小;杉木林的土壤肥力状况最好,樟树林较差;不同林分下土壤酶活性均表现出随土层深度增加而减弱的变化规律,杉木林酶活性最高,枫香林酶活性最低;各林分土壤酶活性的高低与土壤容重、含水率没有相关性,土壤磷酸酶、脱氢酶、纤维素酶活性与pH呈显著负相关(P0.05),土壤中5种酶的活性与土壤主要养分因子间均存在极显著或显著的正相关关系。 相似文献
10.
《林业科学研究》2021,34(2)
[目的 ]研究不同森林类型中模拟N沉降对土壤酶活性的影响,旨在为N素对区域森林土壤酶活性及土壤活动相关研究提供理论依据。[方法 ]以滇中磨盘山典型森林云南松(Pinus yunnanensis Franch.)林、高山栎(Quercus semecarpifolia Smith)林、华山松(Pinus armandii Franch.)林和常绿阔叶(Evergreen broad-leaf)林为研究对象,于2018年1月—2018年12月设置:对照(CK,0 g N·m-2·a-1)、低N(LN,5 g N·m-2·a-1)、中N(MN,15 g N·m-2·a-1]和高N(HN,30 g N·m-2·a-1)4种N处理,测定不同施N水平4种林地0～5、5～10和10～20 cm土层蔗糖酶、淀粉酶、脲酶、天门冬酰胺酶、酸性磷酸酶、蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶活性。[结果 ]表明:土壤深度对4种森林类型中8种土壤酶活性的影响均表现为10～20 cm土层土壤酶活性低于5～10 cm土层,降幅最高达76.8%,常绿阔叶林与云南松林土壤过氧化氢酶和高山栎林与云南松林土壤多酚氧化酶活性则在0～5 cm土层受到抑制,活性最低时仅为5～10 cm土层活性的15.4%;施N水平对土壤酶活性影响较为显著,LN显著抑制了高山栎林土壤蔗糖酶与淀粉酶活性;各N处理对脲酶、蛋白酶无显著影响;除常绿阔叶林外,LN处理显著提高了0～10 cm土层天门冬酰胺酶和酸性磷酸酶活性,各N处理抑制了华山松林土壤过氧化氢酶活性和各林分土壤多酚氧化酶活性,促进了高山栎林、云南松林土壤过氧化氢酶活性;森林类型对土壤蔗糖酶、淀粉酶、脲酶、天门冬酰胺酶、酸性磷酸酶、蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶影响显著(P 0.01)。[结论 ]森林类型和土壤深度是影响N沉降下土壤蔗糖酶、淀粉酶、脲酶、天门冬酰胺酶、酸性磷酸酶、蛋白酶和过氧化氢酶活性变化差异的重要因素;土壤多酚氧化酶对施N水平反应敏感,对森林类型反应较不敏感;8种土壤酶中,天门冬酰胺酶对不同土壤深度、不同施N水平和不同森林类型三者交互作用的响应最为敏感。 相似文献
11.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
12.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
13.
Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and
also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the
amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter
bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K
was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed
significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week−1 for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week−1 for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed
during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly
between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species
provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient
enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
Astra Zaluma Lauma Bruna Darta Klavina Natalija Burnevica Kristine Kenigsvalde Andis Lazdins Talis Gaitnieks 《Forest Pathology》2019,49(6)
Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered. 相似文献
15.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):118-130
The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions. 相似文献
16.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
17.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
18.
本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献
19.
Steven Maranz Amadou Niang Antoine Kalinganire Djeneba Konaté Bocary Kaya 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(3):231-239
Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional
data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral
contents and B1 and B2 vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising
germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B1 88 mg 100 g−1, B2 187 mg 100 g−1, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal
diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties
to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations. 相似文献
20.
《Wood material science & engineering》2013,8(2):76-84
Abstract Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists. 相似文献