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1.
南疆骏枣黑斑病病原菌的分离、鉴定及控制研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《中国植保导刊》2015,(12)
对南疆骏枣黑斑病病原菌进行了分离、鉴定,并对其防治措施进行了研究。结果表明,骏枣黑斑病病原菌为链格孢菌(Alternaria alternata),光照不利于链格孢菌生长,其最适生长p H为6~8;RH为25%时,其菌落直径较小,为1.83cm,且生长缓慢;从鲜枣上分离、筛选的10个拮抗酵母菌中,J0对链格孢菌抑菌效果最佳,抑菌圈直径最大,为3.43 cm;7种中草药提取液对其链格孢菌的抑制作用,以黄连提取液抑菌效果最好。 相似文献
2.
2019年-2020年在北京地区桃园病害调研普查时发现一种桃树病害的新发症状-新叶坏死,主要症状表现为当年新生枝条顶端新叶和生长点腐烂坏死。为明确这种新叶坏死症状是否由病原菌侵染引起,从北京平谷2个乡镇3个桃园采集35份病梢样品,经病样组织分离和菌株纯化,选取12个代表性菌株进行形态学鉴定、系统进化分析以及致病性测定。结果显示,通过形态学鉴定和多基因(ITS,Alt a1,gpd)系统发育分析,以上分离株均鉴定为链格孢Alternaria alternata;3株代表性菌株的致病性测定验证了A.alternata是引起新叶坏死症状的病原菌,并且该病原菌也能导致桃枝条和果实发病,产生黑斑病症状。这是首次报道A.alternata除了引起桃果实黑斑症状之外,还可以引起桃树新叶坏死症状,结果进一步丰富了链格孢侵染桃树的症状多样性,为链格孢引起的病害的整体防控提供了理论基础。 相似文献
3.
河北和山东鸭梨果实上链格孢菌鉴定 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
为了查清造成鸭梨果实储藏期黑斑病的链格孢Alternaria的种类,从其产孢表型、分生孢子特征和分子生物学等方面对分离的链格孢菌进行了研究.经对分离到的188支Alternaria菌株的形态学鉴定,共确定了3个种,即链格孢Alternaria alternata、细极链格孢A.tenuissima和侵染链格孢A.infectoria,比例分别为41.0%、54.8%和1.6%.分子生物学研究结果表明,Altemaria大孢子种彼此间及大孢子种与小孢子种之间可以根据ITS和gpd序列差异明确区分;而供试的多数小孢子种在ITS和gpd序列上差异很小,无法区分. 相似文献
4.
引起油葵黑斑病的病原菌在我国一直采用向日葵链格孢Alternaria helianthi这个学名。然而国际上已更名为向日葵拟链格孢Alternariaster helianthi。2017年从陕西省华阴市采集到油葵黑斑病样品。通过单孢分离获得6株病原菌菌株,致病性检测后选取2个代表菌株进行形态学研究,并基于ITS和LSU基因进行系统发育分析。结果表明,2个病原菌菌株为小球腔菌科Leptosphaeriaceae拟链格孢属Alternariaster向日葵拟链格孢Alternariaster helianthi。 相似文献
5.
为了明确新疆阿克苏、和田地区不同枣树品种上枣果黑斑病的发生情况和病原菌(Alternaria alternata)对不同枣树品种的致病性差异,本研究采用五点取样法调查了该病害在田间枣树不同品种上的发生情况,并在室内采用菌饼、孢子悬浮液和菌丝等3种接种体对离体枣果进行致病性测定。田间调查结果表明:枣果黑斑病在‘骏枣’和‘壶瓶枣’上发生最为严重,发病率均高于30%;在‘圆脆枣’、‘马牙枣’和‘酸枣’上未发生。室内优选菌饼作为接种体对离体枣果的致病性测定结果显示,病原菌对‘骏枣’、‘壶瓶枣’的致病性最强,病情指数≥40,对‘灰枣’、‘冬枣’、‘赞皇枣’和‘马牙枣’的致病性最弱。研究结果为枣果黑斑病抗病品种的选育提供依据。 相似文献
6.
马铃薯早疫病病原菌鉴定及其对不同药剂的敏感性 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
为了明确马铃薯早疫病病原菌及其对不同药剂的敏感性,2009~2011年从河北省5个县采集180个早疫病样,以常规方法进行分离与纯化。根据病原菌的形态特征和致病性,结合其rDNA-ITS区域的序列分析对病原菌进行鉴定,并采用菌丝生长速率法测定病原菌对不同药剂的敏感性。结果分离到两种菌（A、B）,分离比例为4:6。致病性测定证实分离菌A和B均为马铃薯早疫病病原菌。经形态学鉴定,初步认定A为茄链格孢（Alternaria solani）,B为链格孢（Alternaria alternata）。采用通用引物ITS1/ITS4对病原菌A和B的rDNA-ITS序列区扩增并测序,通过与GenBank数据库比对,A与A.solani同源性为98%,B与A.alternata 的同源性达100%。两种病原菌对咯菌腈、吡唑醚菌酯、啶酰菌胺、苯醚甲环唑等药剂的敏感性差异极显著,而对异菌脲的敏感性差异不显著。因此,将河北省马铃薯早疫病菌鉴定为茄链格孢（A.solani)和链格孢（A.alternata）,二者对同一药剂的敏感性不同。 相似文献
7.
为明确近年来在香榧Torreya grandis果实上出现的一种新病害——褐斑病的病原菌,通过分离物致病性测定、形态学观察、rDNA-ITS序列分析及病原菌生物学特性进行鉴定,并对苯醚甲环唑、嘧菌酯、甲基硫菌灵、咪鲜胺、肟菌酯及吡唑醚菌酯6种防治药剂进行了初步筛选。结果表明,从病样中分离到的菌株XF01在回接试验出现的症状与田间自然感病症状一致,证明菌株XF01为香榧果实褐斑病的致病菌。该病原菌菌丝初为灰白色,后为深灰色或青褐色;分生孢子梗单生或簇生,无分枝,淡褐色;分生孢子多倒梨形或卵形,大小平均为19.258μm×9.048μm,横、纵隔膜分别为1~7个和0~3个,无喙或具柱状短喙,形态特征与链格孢菌Alternaria alternata一致。该菌ITS序列(Gen Bank登录号为KU525533)与链格孢菌株ITS序列(Gen Bank登录号为KR864893.1)同源性为100%,并聚为一簇,分子鉴定结果与形态学鉴定结果一致,确定引起该病害的病原菌为链格孢菌。该病菌菌丝生长、产孢和孢子萌发的最佳温度均为28℃,最适生长pH均为7。室内毒力测定结果显示,咪鲜胺对该菌菌丝生长的抑制效果最好,EC50为0.065μg/mL;吡唑醚菌酯对其孢子萌发的抑制效果最好,EC50为0.002μg/mL,表明这2种药剂可用于香榧果实褐斑病的田间防治。 相似文献
8.
为明确从宁波空港口岸入境旅客携带苹果上截获的1株明孢盘菌属菌株60017的分类地位,通过形态学特征观察、内转录间隔区(ITS)和β-微管蛋白基因(β-tubulin)序列比对分析以及致病性测定,对该菌株进行了种类鉴定。结果表明:菌株60017在PDA培养基上的菌落为圆形,边缘整齐,呈乳白色,气生菌丝较少,可产生大量分生孢子;基于ITS和β-tubulin序列构建的系统发育树中,菌株60017和苹果牛眼果腐病菌Neofabraea kienholzii处于同一分支;菌株60017接种苹果后,在接种部位能引起褐腐症状,与原发病症状一致。结合形态学特征、致病性测定结果以及分子鉴定结果,最终将该菌株鉴定为苹果牛眼果腐病菌N. kienholzii。 相似文献
9.
正黑斑病是三七栽培生产中常见的一大病害,叶片受害产生近圆形或不规则水浸状病斑,常导致成株落叶、幼苗生长点及茎秆顶端腐烂枯死。其病原一般认为是链格孢属真菌人参链格Alternaria panax Whetzel~([1,2]),也有相关研究证明黑斑病病原为细链格孢Alternaria tenuis Nees~([3]),后定名为链格孢Alternaria alternata Keissl~([4])。本研究利用ITS序列和histone 3部分编码序列的PCR鉴定,结合形态学鉴定,分析三七主产区黑斑病菌的组成和分布情况及几种病原菌的致病力差异,以期为三七黑斑病防治提供理论依据。 相似文献
10.
新疆枣果黑斑病发生规律及温湿度对其的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为明确新疆枣果黑斑病的发生规律,于2012—2014年在新疆和田、阿克苏地区的枣园定点观察,采用常规组织分离法分离培养采集自枣树不同组织中的病菌,依据枣树不同部位病菌的分离率分析枣果黑斑病菌的主要越冬场所及方式、发病时间和致病关键因子等。结果表明:枣果黑斑病菌主要以分生孢子的形式在树皮和落叶上越冬;病菌整年存在于主干树皮上,分离率达80%~100%;病菌于5月中旬开始侵染枣花,分离率最高达83%~86%;一年生枝条和叶片均在6月初被侵染,分离率分别为71%~84%和85%~95%;6月下旬病菌开始侵染枣果,分离率为50%~58%;枣果上病菌的分离率与空气中的温湿度呈正相关,在枣果膨大期和白熟期,当温度达到25~28℃、相对湿度高于70%并持续2周时,枣果中病菌的分离率急剧增加。 相似文献
11.
H. A. Van Hoof H. Huttinga A. Knaap H. P. Maas Geesteranus W. H. M. Mosch D. G. J. De Raay-Wieringa 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1979,85(3):87-98
In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten. 相似文献
12.
Takeshi Toda Toshihiro Hayakawa Joseph Mwafaida Mghalu Shigeharu Yaguchi Mitsuro Hyakumachi 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2007,73(6):379-387
Isolates of an unidentified Rhizoctonia sp. (UR isolates) were obtained from creeping bentgrass and Kentucky bluegrass with reddish brown sheath and foliar rots.
Because the UR isolates anastomosed with isolates of three varieties of Waitea circinata (var. oryzae, var. zeae, and var. circinata), colony morphology, hyphal growth rate at different temperatures, pathogenicity, sequence analysis of the internal transcribed
spacers (ITS) region of ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) were compared. The colony color of mature UR isolates was distinct from
isolates of the other three varieties of W. circinata. In pathogenicity tests on creeping bentgrass, the severity of the disease caused by UR isolates was significantly higher
than that caused by the three varieties of W. circinata. Sequence similarities of the rDNA-ITS region between UR isolates and between isolates within each variety were high (97–100%),
but they were lower among isolates from UR and the varieties of W. circinata (88–94%). In a phylogenetic tree based on the rDNA-ITS sequences, UR isolates formed a cluster separate from each of the
clusters formed by the three varieties of W. circinata. These results indicate that the UR isolates clearly differ from the three varieties of W. circinata. We therefore propose that the UR isolates be classified as new Rhizoctonia sp. that are closely related to W.
circinata and that the disease on creeping bentgrass should be called Waitea reddish-brown patch disease (Sekikasshoku-hagusare-byo
in Japanese). 相似文献
13.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies 总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18
David R. Jones 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2003,109(3):195-219
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text. 相似文献
14.
During a survey conducted from 1998 to 2002, Fusarium proliferatum was found associated with young and adult palms belonging to the genera Chamaerops, Phoenix, Trachycarpus and Washingtonia showing symptoms of wilt and dieback. The fertility and toxicological profile of 36 strains representing different locations and hosts were studied. All of them except two, which were infertile, belonged to mating population D. Both mating types (MATD-1 and MATD-2) were isolated from the same host species, showing a high potential of genetic recombination in the field. Additionally, eight strains were fertile once crossed as female. Toxin analysis showed differences in the ability of strains to produce fumonisin B1, moniliformin, beauvericin, fusaric acid and fusaproliferin. Only 17 of them produced all the toxins analyzed. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on Phoenix dactylifera and P. canariensis using nine F. proliferatum Spanish strains and two reference strains from Saudi Arabia. Eight months after inoculation all strains caused disease, with palms showing lesions on the bases of leaves and development of wilt symptoms similar to those originally observed in affected plants. This is the first report on the occurrence of F. proliferatum on P. dactylifera in Spain and also the first report of this pathogen on C. humilis, P. canariensis, P. reclinata, T. fortunei, W. filifera and W. robusta. 相似文献
15.
R. Rabbinge G. W. Ankersmit G. A. Pak 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1979,85(5):197-220
The epidemiology ofSitobion avenae and its natural enemies in winter wheat was studied in 1975, 1976 and 1977. Immigration was important until the end of flowering. The alate immigrants had apterous offspring. These became the driving force in population growth. Their offspring were mostly alatae which usually left the field. A model of the epidemic was developed. Quantitative relations between the aphids and their environment were obtained from literature or established in laboratory trials. The model simulated population development and population composition from the beginning of June till the population peak at the end of June or early in July. Because quantitative data on relations between aphids and their natural enemies and pathogens are scarce, and since the knowledge on wing formation is still limited, the population collapse could not be predicted. In the future, prognosis over a period of three weeks seems possible.Samenvatting De toenemende betekenis van graanbladluizen (vooralSitobion avenae) gepaard gaande met een sterke toename van het gebruik van insecticiden op granen maakte verbetering van de prognose over het schadelijk optreden wenselijk. Door gedetailleerde tellingen in het veld (Fig. 1–7) werden gegevens verkregen over het verloop van de epidemie en het optreden van natuurlijke vijanden in 1975, 1976 en 1977.Een immigratieperiode tot in de bloei kon worden vastgesteld. Daarna lijkt de aantrekkelijkheid van het gewas voor alate luizen te verminderen. De alate immigranten krijgen aptere nakomelingen. Deze vormen de stuwende kracht van de populatiegroei. De nakomelingen van apteren zijn merendeels alaat. Zij verlaten het gewas.Een model van de populatieontwikkeling gedurende de epidemie werd opgesteld. De relatiediagrammen Fig. 9 en 10 laten groei en ontwikkeling vanS. avenae en een predator (Syrphus corollae) zien. Kwantificering van de betrekkingen werd mogelijk door literatuurgegevens en laboratoriumexperimenten.Met het model kon de populatieontwikkeling vanS. avenae vanaf begin juni tot aan de populatiepiek in 1975, 1976 en 1977 vrij goed worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 12). Ook de populatieopbouw kon worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 14). De teruggang van de populatiedichtheid blijkt moeilijker te voorspellen door het ontbreken van gegevens over natuurlijke vijanden.Het lijkt waarschijnlijk dat in de toekomst met het model een prognose over de piek van de bladluispopulatie circa 3 weken tevoren mogelijk zal zijn. 相似文献
16.
M. Fortass S. Diallo 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1993,99(4):219-226
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes. 相似文献
17.
Barley yellow dwarf disease is one of the most important problems confronting cereal production in Iran. Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV) and Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPV (CYDV-RPV) are the predominant viruses associated with the disease. One isolate of BYDV-PAV from wheat (PAV-IR) and one
isolate of CYDV-RPV from barley (RPV-IR) were selected for molecular characterisations. A genome segment of each isolate was
amplified by PCR. The PAV-IR fragment (1264 nt) covered a region containing partial genes for coat protein (CP), read through
protein (RTP) and movement protein (MP). PAV-IR showed a high sequence identity to PAV isolates from USA, France and Japan
(96–97%). In a phylogenetic analysis it was placed into PAV group I together with PAV isolates from barley and oats. The fragment
of RPV-IR (719 nt) contained partial genes for CP, RTP and MP. The sequence information confirmed its identity as CYDV. However,
RPV-IR showed 90–91% identity with both RPV and Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPS (CYDV-RPS). Phylogenetic analyses suggested that it was more closely related to RPS. These data comprise the first attempt
to characterise BYD-causing viruses in Iran and southwest Asia.
The nucleotide sequence data reported appear in the EMBL, GenBank and DDBJ Nucleotide Sequence Databases under the accession
numbers AY450425 and AY450454 相似文献
18.
H. Ishihara G. Ponciano J. E. Leach S. Tsuyumu 《Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology》2003,63(6):329-338
The phytopathogens Xanthomonas oryzae pathovar (pv.) oryzae and Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri each contain several avrBs3/pthA family genes. Structural features of these genes important for avirulence and/or virulence functions include a central region of multiple direct repeats and three nuclear localization signals (NLSs) and an acidic activation domain (AAD) at the 3′ end. To identify other regions critical to function in the 3′ ends of these genes, we constructed several chimeras using apl1 and apl2 from X. axonopodis pv. citri and avrXa10 and avrXa7 from X. oryzae pv. oryzae and evaluated their functions by inoculation to citrus and rice. The apl1 and avrXa7 genes are major virulence determinants in citrus and rice, respectively, while the contributions of apl2 and avrXa10 to virulence are negligible or not measurable. Constructs that contained a 417 bp HincII-SphI fragment from the 3′ end of apl1 in combination with the repeats from avrXa7, avrXa10, and apl1 caused a canker phenotype on citrus. Interchange of the HincII-SphI fragment between avrXa7 and avrXa10 abolishes avrXa7 avirulence function and reduces its virulence but it does not affect avrXa10 avirulence function in rice. avrXa7 caused a hypersensitive response (HR) in citrus and replacement of it's 3′ end with that of apl1 resulted in loss of canker and induction of HR. Thus, the HincII-SphI fragment of the avrBs3/pthA gene family is important for avirulence and virulence functions in two different plant species, Oryza sativa and Citrus natsudaidai HAYATA. 相似文献
19.
G. J. Bollen D. Volker A. P. Wijnen 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1989,95(Z1):19-30
Samples of heavily infested crop residues were incorporated in static compost heaps (2.5–4.6 m3) of the Indore type. Temperature increased to 50–70°C within 6 days depending on the type of crop residues used and the location within the heap. The heat phase (>40 °C) lasted 2–3 weeks and was followed by a c. 5-months maturation phase (<40 °c).=" among=" the=" 17=" pathogens=" tested,=">Olpidium brassicae and one of the four formae speciales ofFusarium oxysporum that were tested survived composting, but also their inoculum was greatly reduced.Survival during specific phases of composting was studied by incorporation and retrieval of samples at various stages of the process.F. oxysporum f. sp.melonis was completely inactivated andO. brassicae andPlasmodiophora brassicae were almost completely inactivated during the short heat phase. The three pathogens survived the long-lasting maturation phase without loss of viability. Heat evolved during composting was found to be the most important factor involved with sanitation of crop residues. The possible involvement of fungitoxic conversion products and microbial antagonism is discussed. 相似文献
20.
P. Oyarzun M. Gerlagh A. E. Hoogland 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1993,99(1):23-33
Research on root rot pathogens of peas in the Netherlands has confirmed the prevalence ofFusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Pythium spp.,Mycosphaerella pinodes andPhoma medicaginis var.pinodella. Aphanomyces euteiches andThielaviopsis basicola were identified for the first time as pea pathogens in the Netherlands. Other pathogens such asRhizoctonia solani andCylindrocarpon destructans were also found on diseased parts of roots.
F. solani existed in different degrees of pathogenicity, and was sometimes highly specific to pea, dwarf bean of field bean, depending on the cropping history of the field.A. euteiches was specific to peas, whereasT. basicola showed some degree of physiological specialization. 相似文献