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Luc Doyen Christophe Béné Michel Bertignac Fabian Blanchard Abdoul Ahad Cissé Catherine Dichmont Sophie Gourguet Olivier Guyader Pierre‐Yves Hardy Sarah Jennings Lorne Richard Little Claire Macher David Jonathan Mills Ahmed Noussair Sean Pascoe Jean‐Christophe Pereau Nicolas Sanz Anne‐Maree Schwarz Tony Smith Olivier Thébaud 《Fish and Fisheries》2017,18(6):1056-1072
Reconciling food security, economic development and biodiversity conservation is a key challenge, especially in the face of the demographic transition characterizing many countries in the world. Fisheries and marine ecosystems constitute a difficult application of this bio‐economic challenge. Many experts and scientists advocate an ecosystem approach to manage marine socio‐ecosystems for their sustainability and resilience. However, the ways by which to operationalize ecosystem‐based fisheries management (EBFM) remain poorly specified. We propose a specific methodological framework—viability modelling—to do so. We show how viability modelling can be applied using four contrasted case‐studies: two small‐scale fisheries in South America and Pacific and two larger‐scale fisheries in Europe and Australia. The four fisheries are analysed using the same modelling framework, structured around a set of common methods, indicators and scenarios. The calibrated models are dynamic, multispecies and multifleet and account for various sources of uncertainty. A multicriteria evaluation is used to assess the scenarios’ outcomes over a long time horizon with different constraints based on ecological, social and economic reference points. Results show to what extent the bio‐economic and ecosystem risks associated with the adoption of status quo strategies are relatively high and challenge the implementation of EBFM. In contrast, strategies called ecoviability or co‐viability strategies, that aim at satisfying the viability constraints, reduce significantly these ecological and economic risks and promote EBFM. The gains associated with those ecoviability strategies, however, decrease with the intensity of regulations imposed on these fisheries. 相似文献
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Report card on ecosystem‐based fisheries management in tuna regional fisheries management organizations 
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下载免费PDF全文 Maria José Juan‐Jordá Hilario Murua Haritz Arrizabalaga Nicholas K Dulvy Victor Restrepo 《Fish and Fisheries》2018,19(2):321-339
International instruments of fisheries governance have set the core principles for the management of highly migratory fishes. We evaluated the progress of tuna Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (tRFMOs) in implementing the ecological component of ecosystem‐based fisheries management (EBFM). We first developed a best case tRFMO for EBFM implementation. Second, we developed criteria to evaluate progress in applying EBFM against this best case tRFMO. We assessed progress of the following four ecological components: target species, bycatch species, ecosystem properties and trophic relationships, and habitats. We found that many of the elements necessary for an operational EBFM are already present, yet they have been implemented in an ad hoc way, without a long‐term vision and a formalized plan. Overall, tRFMOs have made considerable progress monitoring the impacts of fisheries on target species, moderate progress for bycatch species, and little progress for ecosystem properties and trophic relationships and habitats. The tRFMOs appear to be halfway towards implementing the ecological component of EBFM, yet it is clear that the “low‐hanging fruit” has been plucked and the more difficult, but surmountable, issues remain, notably the sustainable management of bycatch. All tRFMOs share the same challenge of developing a formal mechanism to better integrate ecosystem science and advice into management decisions. We hope to further discussion across the tRFMOs to inform the development of operational EBFM plans. 相似文献
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Ecological modelling tools are applied worldwide to support the ecosystem‐based approach of marine resources (EAM). In the last decades, numerous applications were attempted in the Mediterranean Sea, mainly using the Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) tool. These models were used to analyse a variety of complex environmental problems. Many applications analysed the ecosystem impacts of fishing and assessed management options. Other studies dealt with the accumulation of pollution through the food web, the impact of aquaculture or the ecosystem effects of climate change. They contributed to the scientific aspects of an ecosystem‐based approach in the region because they integrated human activities within an ecosystem context and evaluated their impact on the marine food web, including environmental factors. These studies also gathered a significant amount of information at an ecosystem level. Thus, in the second part of this review, we used this information to quantify structural and functional traits of Mediterranean marine ecosystems at regional scales as the illustration of further potentialities of EwE for an EAM. Results highlighted differential traits between ecosystem types and a few between basins, which illustrate the environmental heterogeneity of the Mediterranean Sea. Moreover, our analysis evidenced the importance of top predators and small pelagic fish in Mediterranean ecosystems, in addition to the structural role of benthos and plankton organisms. The impact of fishing was high and of a similar intensity in the western, central and eastern regions and showed differences between ecosystem types. The keystone role of species was more prominent in protected environments. 相似文献
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Eastern boundary upwelling ecosystems are highly productive and sustain the world’s largest fisheries, usually dominated by sardine and anchovy species. Stock size is highly variable from year to year due to the impact of the unstable physical environment on fish early stages. Biophysical models of early life‐stage dispersal of marine organisms have been built by coupling (i) hydrodynamic models and (ii) life history models (i.e. egg and larva stages), and are therefore useful tools to investigate physical–biological interactions. Here, we review biophysical models of anchovy and sardine ichthyoplankton dispersals developed in the Benguela, Humboldt and Canary Current upwelling ecosystems. We also include a similar study conducted in the California Current upwelling on zooplankton. We then integrate this information into a comparative analysis of sardine and anchovy reproductive strategies in the different systems. We found that the main spawning periods match the season of (i) maximal simulated ichthyoplankton retention over the continental shelf in the northern Benguela, southern Humboldt and Canary (for sardine); (ii) maximal food concentration in the southern Benguela, California and Canary (for anchovy); and (iii) maximal shelf retention of ichthyoplankton and food concentration in the northern Humboldt (for both anchovy and sardine). This specificity of the northern Humboldt ecosystem could explain why it sustains the largest small pelagic fish stock. Finally, the possible effects of climate change on these patterns are discussed. 相似文献
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Alida Bundy Ratana Chuenpagdee Jennifer L Boldt Maria de Fatima Borges Mohamed Lamine Camara Marta Coll Ibrahima Diallo Clive Fox Elizabeth A Fulton Ayse Gazihan Astrid Jarre Didier Jouffre Kristin M Kleisner Ben Knight Jason Link Patroba P Matiku Hicham Masski Dimitrios K Moutopoulos Chiara Piroddi Tiit Raid Ignacio Sobrino Jorge Tam Djiga Thiao Maria Angeles Torres Konstantinos Tsagarakis Gro I van der Meeren Yunne‐Jai Shin 《Fish and Fisheries》2017,18(3):412-439
Fisheries have had major negative impacts on marine ecosystems, and effective fisheries management and governance are needed to achieve sustainable fisheries, biodiversity conservation goals and thus good ecosystem status. To date, the IndiSeas programme (Indicators for the Seas) has focussed on assessing the ecological impacts of fishing at the ecosystem scale using ecological indicators. Here, we explore fisheries ‘Management Effectiveness’ and ‘Governance Quality’ and relate this to ecosystem health and status. We developed a dedicated expert survey, focused at the ecosystem level, with a series of questions addressing aspects of management and governance, from an ecosystem‐based perspective, using objective and evidence‐based criteria. The survey was completed by ecosystem experts (managers and scientists) and results analysed using ranking and multivariate methods. Results were further examined for selected ecosystems, using expert knowledge, to explore the overall findings in greater depth. Higher scores for ‘Management Effectiveness’ and ‘Governance Quality’ were significantly and positively related to ecosystems with better ecological status. Key factors that point to success in delivering fisheries and conservation objectives were as follows: the use of reference points for management, frequent review of stock assessments, whether Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) catches were being accounted for and addressed, and the inclusion of stakeholders. Additionally, we found that the implementation of a long‐term management plan, including economic and social dimensions of fisheries in exploited ecosystems, was a key factor in successful, sustainable fisheries management. Our results support the thesis that good ecosystem‐based management and governance, sustainable fisheries and healthy ecosystems go together. 相似文献
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气候变化对海洋渔业资源的影响 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
气候变化问题是近年来国际社会关注的热点,海洋是气候系统储存能量的主要载体,气候变化给生活于其中的鱼类带来的影响不可忽视。气候的变化影响着各大洋低频气候变化模式以及海洋环境要素的变化,这些变化通过对鱼类个体的直接作用或生态系统食物链传递的间接作用影响海洋鱼类,包括鱼类的生理(生长、繁殖、洄游)、物候、资源量以及分布等,并形成了对海洋生态系统的影响,最终影响人类对渔业资源的管理。本文通过收集国内外相关文献,侧重从海洋鱼类资源量、分布变化以及海洋生态系统和渔业资源管理4个方面,综述了气候变化对渔业资源产生的影响,为应对气候变化、实现对渔业资源开发的可持续发展研究提供基础。 相似文献
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C. R. C. Sheppard K. Matheson J. C. Bythell P. Murphy C. Blair Myers B. Blake 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》1995,5(4):277-298
- 1 The nature and distribution of the coastal and shallow marine habitats of Anguilla in the Caribbean were examined using aerial photography coupled with extensive ground truth information.
- 2 The objective was to develop an accurate method of marine habitat mapping for the analysis of the marine ecosystem in order to develop a procedure for marine and coastal resource management.
- 3 This paper describes the method which was adopted as well as the biological results.
- 4 It is concluded that the management and sustainable use of the natural resources may be improved as a result of accurate habitat mapping.
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Nils Olav Handegard Louis du Buisson Patrice Brehmer Stewart J Chalmers Alex De Robertis Geir Huse Rudy Kloser Gavin Macaulay Olivier Maury Patrick H Ressler Nils Chr Stenseth Olav Rune Godø 《Fish and Fisheries》2013,14(4):605-615
Assessment of open‐ocean ecosystems relies on understanding ecosystem dynamics, and development of end‐to‐end ecosystem models represents an approach that addresses these challenges. These models incorporate the population structure and dynamics of marine organisms at all trophic levels. Satellite remote sensing of ocean colour and direct at‐sea measurements provide information on the lower trophic levels of the models, and fisheries studies provide information on top predator species. However, these models suffer from a lack of observations for the so‐called mid‐trophic levels, which are poorly sampled by conventional methods. This restricts further development, and we argue that acoustic observations from a range of platforms (e.g. buoys, moorings) can be linked to the ecosystem models to provide much‐needed information on these trophic levels. To achieve this, the models need to be tailored to incorporate the available acoustic data, and the link from acoustic backscatter to biologically relevant variables (biomass, carbon, etc.) needs attention. Methods to progress this issue are proposed, including the development of observation models and focal areas for ground truthing. To ensure full use of the potential of acoustic techniques, we argue that a systematic and long‐term strategy incorporating the following elements is required: development of metadata standards and automated data analysis, inclusion of acoustic sensors in large‐scale observatory programmes, improvement of observation‐model links, and efficient sampling strategies. Finally, these elements should be tied together in an observation‐modelling framework, coordinated by international organizations, to improve our understanding and quantification of open‐ocean ecosystem dynamics. 相似文献
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Laurence J. McCook Jiansheng Lian Xinming Lei Zhu Chen Guifang Xue Put Ang Xiong Zhang Hui Huang 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2019,29(Z2):33-43
- ensuring that marine systems are not overwhelmed within the new national jurisdiction, and maintaining and enhancing marine capacity;
- increased resourcing, supported by comprehensive and systematic economic valuations of ecosystem goods and services and natural capital;
- upgraded enforcement of existing environmental laws and regulations, combined with further refinement and development, especially around cumulative impact management;
- a particular focus on major reduction in water pollution in all forms;
- integration of marine management between Hong Kong SAR and surrounding Guangdong Province; and
- enhanced community engagement, participation and education.
- Finally, much greater, collaborative engagement by the international community with Chinese marine management and conservation would bring major, and very mutual, benefits.
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以底拖网为代表的深海底层渔业对深海脆弱海洋生态系统的危害受到国际社会的热切关注。2003年以来联合国大会多次通过决议,呼吁各国各自并通过RFMO/As采取行动,根据预防性原则,采用基于生态系统的管理方法,评估深海底层渔业对脆弱海洋生态系统的影响,若评估表明确有重大不利影响,则应采取有效措施限制深海底层渔业以降低这种影响;FAO主要从技术角度制定了《公海深海渔业管理国际指南》,为管理公海深海渔业和保护脆弱海洋生态系统提出了技术标准和管理框架;RFMO承担着具体执行深海底层渔业管理措施和监督管理的责任,在北大西洋、地中海、南太平洋的公海和南极水域,相关RFMO已采取了暂停部分区域底拖网渔业活动、收集数据、评估底拖网对脆弱海洋生态系统的影响等措施,在北太平洋,新成立的北太平洋渔业管理委员会将公海底层渔业管理作为首要目标。环保非政府组织和部分科学家呼吁禁止公海深海底层渔业,但各国对此的立场尚不一致,产业界大多持反对立场。近期来看,尚难以全面禁止公海的深海底层渔业。中国正在发展公海大洋渔业,需对此密切关注,加强跟踪研究以支撑决策,并应发展和使用选择性渔具和对生态环境无害的作业方式,防止对脆弱海洋生态系统产生损害性影响。 相似文献
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Understanding the effects of fishing fleets on both target and non‐target species and managing these effects are essential to achieve Good Environmental Status (GES) for marine ecosystems. The use of high resolution fishing effort data in environmental studies has allowed significant scientific progress with respect to the environmental impacts of real fishing fleets and provided a more realistic perspective on the wider ecological consequences of fishing disturbance. A new EU council regulation and its interpretation, aimed at protecting the confidentiality rights of individual fishers, are currently hampering scientific access to this high‐resolution effort data and thus are endangering the provision of management advice based on best available knowledge. This study argues that the withholding of this information will seriously undermine the quality and accuracy of scientific output and ultimately damage fishers' livelihoods through poorly advised management. Furthermore, the council regulation runs contrary to the EU's initiative for greater transparency and its commitment to implement an ecosystem approach to fisheries management and the preservation of ecosystem services. The interpretation of the new EU council regulation by local administrations can thus only be viewed as a significant step back from these aims. Ultimately, while trying to protect fishers' rights it may work to their disadvantage and that of society. 相似文献
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The emerging fisheries science paradigm may be drifting in what some applied fisheries scientists consider an intractable assignment – Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management (EBFM) or the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries (EAF). In this paper I suggest that the lack of progress in implementing EBFM-EAF is partly psychological and that the multidisciplinary approach to it should include psychology, a discipline that has largely ignored the overwhelming problems of fisheries management. 相似文献
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The tenets of ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF) now occupy centre stage in our efforts to maintain the sustainability of fisheries and rebuild marine ecosystems. The paper discusses how an EAF can be adopted for data limited fisheries and uses the northern South China Sea fishery as an example to demonstrate the selection and use of indicators for determining the states of the fishery and its relevant ecosystem to provide advice on management. Implementing EAF management requires indicators and models that address the impact of fishing across entire ecological communities and determine management actions to be taken to achieve the preset objectives according to decision rules. Data limited fisheries necessarily have limited resources for data collection and scientific studies and therefore could not support complex models. To overcome the data limitation and absence of modelling support, simple indicators have to be used to assess the current state and monitor changes of the fishery and its ecosystem. Such indicators should: (1) be observable and understandable by all stakeholders, (2) be based on easily obtainable and reliable data, (3) adequately reflect the condition of the resource, and (4) have associated reference values and responsive management measures. The paper also reviews the recent development and use of indicators and harvest strategies in both conventional and EAF management to better understand the differences and to shed light on the challenges of EAF, in particular for data limited fisheries. 相似文献
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小型中上层海洋鱼类是重要的渔业资源,目前其捕捞产量约占到全球海洋渔获量二分之一。小型中上层海洋鱼类具有生命周期短、生长速度快、分布不均匀、易受环境因素影响等生物学特点,近年来,一些小型中上层海洋鱼类渔获量出现下降趋势,为保证其资源的可持续利用,对其进行准确的资源评估研究和制定合理有效的管理策略显得尤为重要。以文献计量统计分析为基础,对20多年来应用于小型中上层海洋鱼类资源评估的模型方法以及所需数据类型进行归纳与回顾,同时对模型中重要的参数估计、不确定性来源进行总结。分析认为,由于缺乏完整、准确的生物学信息导致无法对小型中上层海洋鱼类使用传统的资源评估方法进行评估,因此,其资源评估研究仍处在发展阶段。建议今后研究中应开展以下工作:1)努力提高现有模型的评估精度,尽可能考虑更多影响因素; 2)要进行长期系统的渔业资源独立调查; 3)充分利用体长等易获得数据,开发体长结构模型和基于生态系统的评估模型,降低模型选择的局限性。 相似文献
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Integrated ecological–economic fisheries models—Evaluation,review and challenges for implementation 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Marine ecosystems evolve under many interconnected and area‐specific pressures. To fulfil society's intensifying and diversifying needs while ensuring ecologically sustainable development, more effective marine spatial planning and broader‐scope management of marine resources is necessary. Integrated ecological–economic fisheries models (IEEFMs) of marine systems are needed to evaluate impacts and sustainability of potential management actions and understand, and anticipate ecological, economic and social dynamics at a range of scales from local to national and regional. To make these models most effective, it is important to determine how model characteristics and methods of communicating results influence the model implementation, the nature of the advice that can be provided and the impact on decisions taken by managers. This article presents a global review and comparative evaluation of 35 IEEFMs applied to marine fisheries and marine ecosystem resources to identify the characteristics that determine their usefulness, effectiveness and implementation. The focus is on fully integrated models that allow for feedbacks between ecological and human processes although not all the models reviewed achieve that. Modellers must invest more time to make models user friendly and to participate in management fora where models and model results can be explained and discussed. Such involvement is beneficial to all parties, leading to improvement of mo‐dels and more effective implementation of advice, but demands substantial resources which must be built into the governance process. It takes time to develop effective processes for using IEEFMs requiring a long‐term commitment to integrating multidisciplinary modelling advice into management decision‐making. 相似文献
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The implementation of ecosystem management requires ecosystem modelling within the context of a natural resource management process. Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) is the most widely used modelling platform for investigating the dynamics of marine ecosystems, but has played a limited role in fisheries management and in multi-sector resource decision-making. We review 10 case studies that demonstrate the use of EwE to support operational resource management. EwE models are being used to inform tactical decision-making in fisheries and other ocean use sectors, as well as to identify key trade-offs, develop appropriate policy objectives, and reconcile conflicting legislative mandates in a variety of ecosystems. We suggest the following criteria to enhance the use of EwE and other ecosystem models in operational resource management: (1) a clear management objective that can be addressed through modelling; (2) an important trade-off and a receptive policy context amenable to trade-off evaluation; (3) an accessible and well-documented model that follows best practices; (4) early and iterative engagement among scientists, stakeholders, and managers; (5) integration within a collaborative management process; (6) a multi-model approach; and (7) a rigorous review process. Our review suggests that existing management frameworks are as much or more of a limitation to the operational use of EwE than technical issues related to data availability and model uncertainty. Ecosystem models are increasingly needed to facilitate more effective and transparent decision-making. We assert that the requisite conditions currently exist for enhanced strategic and tactical use of EwE to support fisheries and natural resource management. 相似文献
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以生态系统为基础的国际河流流域的管理制度 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
生态系统管理是指在对生态系统组成、结构和功能过程的最佳理解的基础上,在一定的时空尺度范围内将人类价值和社会经济条件整合到生态系统经营中,以恢复或维持生态系统的整体性和可持续性.在可持续理论的指导下,采用生态系统管理的方法对国际河流流域进行综合性的开发与管理是发展的必然趋势.因此,国际河流流域管理的理念与制度应向流域生态系统整体保护方向变革.在分析现代国际水法中有关综合性流域管理的法律制度缺失、关于国际水道生态系统保护与保全的规定又过于原则和不全面,严重制约和妨碍了国际河流流域的可持续发展的基础上,提出国际河流流域综合性管理,应以满足人类基本需要和保护生态系统为核心,不能将流域内的环境资源割裂开,应关注流域生态系统整体的保护,更要关注外界因素对流域生态环境的影响,把流域内有关的经济、社会问题也纳入流域管理范围.笔者认为,基于生态系统管理的国际河流流域管理制度的基本原则主要应包括:公平合理利用和不损害国外环境原则;可持续发展原则;整体性原则;预防原则;流域信息共享原则;对阈值进行识别与规定的原则;区域联合管理与国家管理相结合的原则.同时提出构建如下法律架构:行政综合决策制度;流域环境影响评价制度;流域水资源保护与分配制度;流域生态工业及循环经济产业制度;流域生态补偿制度;流域生态恢复与重建制度. 相似文献