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1.
杉木粉液化与液化产物树脂化的研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以硫酸为催化剂、苯酚为液化剂采用溶剂热法对杉木粉进行液化,用杉木粉液化产物制备出酚醛树脂;考察了反应温度、反应时间、液比(苯酚-木粉的质量比)和催化剂用量对杉木粉液化效率的影响,并初步探讨了液化产物残渣率对所制酚醛树脂性能的影响。实验结果表明,杉木粉液化的最佳工艺条件是:反应温度160℃,液化时间12 h,液比值3,催化剂用量3%,在此条件下残渣率约为10%。液化产物残渣率的测定表明,升高反应温度、延长反应时间、增加液比和催化剂用量可以降低残渣率,提高液化效率;液比值为0.5~1.5时残渣率随液比增加而显著降低,催化剂用量为0.5%~2%时液化效率的变化明显。红外光谱结果表明,由液化产物所合成的酚醛树脂中羟甲基含量较高。液化产物残渣率低时制备的酚醛树脂残碳率较高。 相似文献
2.
为了综合利用油茶饼粕,分析了油茶饼粕的基本组成,采用苯酚为液化剂,硫酸为催化剂,对油茶饼粕进行了液化实验。结果显示油茶饼粕中糖类、粗纤维和粗蛋白质的总质量分数约为75%,能够有效进行液化。研究了反应温度、苯酚与油茶饼粕的质量比(液比)、催化剂的用量及液化时间对液化反应的影响,实验得出较佳的液化工艺条件为:硫酸用量4%,液化时间1.5 h,液化温度140℃,液比值4,此时液化残渣率16.25%。利用傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)分析了油茶饼粕及其液化残渣和产物的结构特征,结果显示苯酚与油茶饼粕组分发生了明显酚化反应和醚化反应,形成了更多的活性官能团。油茶饼粕中蛋白质结构遭到破坏,蛋白质也发生了液化反应。 相似文献
3.
高温水热处理对马尾松木材物理力学性能的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《浙江林业科技》2017,(5)
以40年生马尾松Pinus massoniana木材为研究对象,采用不同水热处理温度(140,160,180,200℃)和不同时间(1,3,5 h)的热处理工艺,研究处理前后马尾松木材试件的主要物理力学性能变化。结果表明,试件的平衡含水率和失重率随水热处理温度升高和时间的延长呈逐渐降低的趋势;140℃处理的试件的气干密度、全干密度和基本密度随处理时间的增加变化不明显,但160,180,200℃处理下,随着处理温度升高和处理时间的延长,比处理前的试件均有所降低;马尾松木材的抗弯强度和抗弯弹性模量均随水热处理温度升高和时间的延长呈逐渐降低的趋势。实验显示,高温水热处理改性马尾松木材物理力学性能的较佳工艺为:处理温度160℃,处理时间3 h。 相似文献
4.
为了综合利用油萘饼粕,分析了油茶饼粕的基本组成,采用苯酚为液化剂,硫酸为催化剂,对油茶饼粕进行了液化实验.结果显示油茶饼粕中糖类、粗纤维和粗蛋白质的总质量分数约为75％,能够有效进行液化.研究了反应温度、苯酚与油茶饼粕的质量比(液比)、催化剂的用量度液化时间对液化反应的影响,实验得出较佳的液化工艺条件为:硫酸用量4％,液化时间1.5h,液化温度140℃,液比值4,此时液化残渣率16.25％.利用傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)分析了油茶饼粕及其液化残渣和产物的结构特征,结果显示苯酚与油茶饼粕组分发生了明显酚化反应和醚化反应,形成了更多的活性官能团.油茶饼粕中蛋白质结构遭到破坏,蛋白质也发生了液化反应. 相似文献
5.
蔗渣在四氢化萘中的液化反应 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
研究了以四氢化萘为溶剂，蔗渣分别在铁系催化剂和无催化剂作用下的液化反应。在无催化剂作用时，400℃下无论是反应10min或是1h，残渣率和产油率都分别保持在18％和30％左右不变；在500℃下将反应时间由10min延长到1h，残渣率升高1倍，产油率略有降低。在400℃下，蔗渣催化液化与相同温度下无催化剂液化残渣率相差不大，而产油率明显提高；而500℃下无论使用催化剂与否，产油率和残渣率都变化不大。其原因是，在400℃下，铁系催化剂促使氢自由基从四氢化萘转移到热解自由基和缩合的自由基碎片上，形成稳定的化合物，从而降低了自由基碎片分解汽化的几率，所以产油率明显提高。低温阶段蔗渣液化实质是热溶解过程，而高温液化过程是先热解后溶解。 相似文献
6.
《林产工业》2021,58(10)
以苯酚和木薯淀粉为原材料、硫酸为催化剂,通过单因素对照试验,研究了苯酚与木薯淀粉的液固比、硫酸用量与液化时间对木薯淀粉苯酚液化产物的影响。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)分析了木薯淀粉苯酚液化产物的化学官能团及化学反应,并通过X射线衍射法(XRD)分析研究了液化参数因素对液化产物结晶度及结晶形态的影响。结果表明:随着液固比、硫酸用量的增大,液化时间的延长,残渣率及液化产物结晶度降低,但结晶度在液化时间至3 h后不再下降;在酸性条件下木薯淀粉经苯酚液化后,残渣率均在0.32%以下,木薯淀粉液化产物在红外谱图中1 602、1 515 cm~(-1)附近有吸收峰,表明苯环上发生了取代反应;木薯淀粉在苯酚中液化后,X射线中有衍射峰消失,结晶度下降明显,结晶形态遭到破坏。 相似文献
7.
研究了硫酸催化条件下,将恩茅松在苯酚中液化用于制备酚醛树脂的技术工艺,分析了各工艺参数对思茅松液化效率的影响,测定了由液化产物制备的液化木基酚醛树脂的物理化学性质和胶合强度。结论如下：1）．液比、反应温度、时间和木粉目数是影响液化反应效率的重要因素,液化产物的残渣率均随上述工艺参数值的升高而降低。2）．残渣含量对树脂物化性质和胶合强度均有影响,残渣含量降低,树脂粘度减小,聚合时间缩短,游离酚含量降低,胶合强度升高。3）．甲醛／苯酚摩尔比对树脂的物化性质和胶合强度也有影响,甲醛／苯酚摩尔比增加,树脂粘度增加,聚合时间减少,游离酚含量减低,胶合强度升高。 相似文献
8.
以乙醇-苯酚为液化剂,浓硫酸为催化剂,采用高温高压(3.8 MPa)的方法对竹粉进行了液化处理。通过响应面分析法确定最佳液化工艺条件为:在苯酚和竹粉质量比(酚固比)为1∶1、乙醇和竹粉质量比(醇固比)为18∶1,浓硫酸用量(以竹粉质量计)5%,反应温度200℃,反应时间70 min时,液化率达98.5%。液化残渣的红外光谱(FT-IR)、扫描电镜(SEM)和热重分析(TG)结果证实了竹粉中化学组分的分子结构发生了明显的变化,复合溶剂液化使芳环上有不同取代基的化合物形成,液化残渣主要由木质素及其衍生物构成;竹粉液体产物(生物质油)的GC-MS分析结果表明,生物质油的成分比较复杂,主要包括酯、酚和酮等化合物,平台化合物乙酰丙酸乙酯GC含量为10.11%。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
12.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
13.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
14.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
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本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):472-479
Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken. 相似文献
18.
Srisuda Thippayarugs Banyong Toomsan Patma Vityakon Viriya Limpinuntana Aran Patanothai Georg Cadisch 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(2):137-148
In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic
or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts
(stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea
(Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content
as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest
N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized
to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea,
largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for
N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant
components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N
released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures
were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality
components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in
the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols.
Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest
age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its
components are mixed. 相似文献
19.
A. Rigueiro-Rodríguez M. R. Mosquera-Losada E. Gatica-Trabanini 《Agroforestry Systems》2000,48(3):245-256
The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste
disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization,
(2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha−1 target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two
pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha−1. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea
(Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m2, with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect
on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage
sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but
affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral
systems.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
20.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):166-178
This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes. 相似文献