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2.
CARDIAC AND PULMONARY ARTERY MENSURATION IN FELINE HEARTWORM DISEASE   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
A retrospective study was undertaken to quantify thoracic radiographic changes in cats with heartworm diseases, ( Dirofilaria immitis ). Using a blinded study format, the cardiac silhouette, thoracic cavity and pulmonary arteries were measured from thoracic radiographs of 21 cats with feline heartworm disease and 30 cats without known cardiac or pulmonary vessel pathology. Measured data were normalized to the thoracic cavity or bony structures within the radiographic field of view. The measurements were compared between the two groups of cats using an unpaired, two-tailed Student's t -test, with a p value of < 0.05 being considered significant. Cats with feline heartworm disease had enlargement of the craniocaudal aspect of the cardiac silhouette and normalized cardiac:thoracic ratio (p < 0.05) on the lateral view. Also, there was significant enlargement of the central and peripheral caudal lobar pulmonary arteries and their normalized ratios (p < 0.05) in the heartworm infected cats as visualized on the ventrodorsal projection. Tortuosity of the pulmonary arteries was seen in three of the 21 infected cats. Eleven of the 21 cats with feline heartworm disease had pulmonary parenchymal changes. Based on the present study, central and peripheral pulmonary artery enlargement as viewed on the ventrodorsal radiograph was the single best radiographic indicator of feline heartworm disease.  相似文献   

3.
Thoracic radiographs of 11 normal cats were made in dorsal (VD) and ventral (DV) recumbency with a vertically directed x-ray beam. These radiographs were compared subjectively and objectively with each other and with an additional pair of radiographs made with the cats in dorsal and ventral recumbency using a horizontally directed x-ray beam. Differences were found between VD and DV thoracic radiographs but they were minimal. In VD radiographs the caudal mediastinum and accessory lobe regïon of the lung were more clearly seen but cardiac shape varied somewhat. In DV radiographs, the appearance of the heart was more constant and caudal lobar pulmonary arteries more clearly seen. The results of this study indicated that both VD and DV radiographs are satisfactory for radiographic examination of the feline thorax  相似文献   

4.
Measurements of the heart and thorax were made on lateral and ventrodorsal thoracic radiographs of normal cats. The degree of correlation between selected cardiac and thoracic measurements was determined. Absolute measurements and ratios of measurements in normal cats and in cats with certain cardiac diseases were compared and their diagnostic value was evaluated. It was concluded that on the lateral thoracic radiograph the ratio of the cranio-caudal width of the heart to the distance between the cranial border of the fifth rib and the caudal border of the seventh rib was a highly reliable indicator of cardiac enlargement. On the ventro-dorsal radiograph the ratio of the maxium width of heart to the width of the thorax at the same level was the best indicator of increases in cardiac size.  相似文献   

5.
In order to assess the influence of the vertebral heart scale (VHS) on the accuracy of the radiographic diagnosis of cardiac disease, thoracic radiographs of 50 dogs with proven cardiac disease, 26 with other thoracic diseases, and 50 with no clinical signs of cardiovascular or respiratory disease were mixed and examined by three independent, blinded observers chosen to represent a range of radiographic abilities. They first examined all the radiographs without making measurements of VHS and made a diagnosis. They then re-examined the radiographs, and measured VHS on both lateral and dorsoventral or ventrodorsal radiographs before again recording a diagnosis without reference to their original diagnoses. For all the observers, the dogs with cardiac disease had a higher mean VHS than the normal dogs. A VHS over 10.7 on the lateral radiograph was a moderately accurate sign of cardiac disease. The observers' accuracy of diagnosis did not change significantly as a result of using VHS as an adjunct to a subjective assessment of the radiographs.  相似文献   

6.
Hypertrophic fellne musculer dystrophy has been reported as an X-linked inherited deficiency of a cytoskeletal myofiber protein called dystrophin. This report deserlbes the radiographic and ultrasonographic abnormalities of two male littermate domestic short-hair cats and reviews the previous reported findings assoclated with hypertrophic feline muscular dystrophy. The thoracic radiographic abnormalities included: progressive cardiomegaly, large convex, scalloped irregularities associated with the vetral aspect of the diaphragm, and variable degrees of esophageal dilation (megaesophagus) with associated cranioventral aspiration pneumonia. Echocardiographic features included: concentric left vetricular wall thickening, increased left ventricular and diastolic and systolic dimensions, and an increase in endocardial echogenicity. Abdominal radiographic abnormalities included: hepatosplenomegaly, peritoneal effusion, renomegaly, adrenal gland mineralization, and paralumbar and diaphragmatic musculature enlargement. Abdomlnal ultrasonographic abnormalities included: irregularly thickened muscular portion of the diaphragm; hypoechogenicity of the liver; peritoneal effusion; hepatosplenomegaly; renomegaly with hyperechoic cortex and medulla; and adrenal gland mineralization. The irregular scalloped appearance of the diaphragm (particularly along the ventral/sternal margin) was a consistenl radiographic abnormlity in the two cats with hypertrophic feline muscular dystrophy after the age of 7 months. This finding was confirmed by ultrasound as a thickened irregular, hyperechoic diaphragm. A diagnosis of hypertrophic feline muscular dystrophy should be strongly suspected if this abnormality is identified.  相似文献   

7.
Clinical manifestations of heartworm disease in cats are variable; most cats seem to tolerate the infection well for extended periods. Heartworm-infected cats may undergo spontaneous self-cure due to the natural death of parasites without any symptomatology, or they may suddenly show dramatic and acute symptoms. Sudden death in apparently healthy cats is not a rare event. Thoracic radiographs are important tool for the diagnosis of cardiopulmonary disease. However, thoracic abnormalities are often absent or transient and highly variable in heartworm-infected cats. Findings, such as enlargement of the peripheral branches of the pulmonary arteries, with a varying degree of pulmonary parenchymal disease and hyperinflation, are the most typical features consistent with infection. A field study was performed for cats referred to the Veterinary Hospital Città di Pavia from January 1998 to December 2001 for routine health examinations and procedures to evaluate the clinical evolution and radiographic findings of feline heartworm infection. Thirty-four asymptomatic cats diagnosed with feline heartworm infection by antibody and antigen tests together with an echocardiogram that allowed worm visualization were included in the follow-up study. Cats were routinely examined every 3 months from the time of heartworm diagnosis until the outcome (self-cure or death). Self-cure was defined as no positive serology for heartworm antigens and no visualization of worms by echocardiography. A final examination for antibodies was carried after 12 months as a final confirmation of self-cure. Twenty-eight cats (82.4%) self-cured; including 21 that showed no clinical signs of infection throughout the study. Six cats died. The most common clinical features observed were acute respiratory symptoms and sudden death. Infection lasted over 3 years in the majority of the cats enrolled in the study. Thoracic radiograph appearance was variable, and the most commonly observed findings were focal and diffuse pulmonary parenchymal abnormalities.  相似文献   

8.
OBJECTIVE: To determine absolute and relative heart size in clinically normal cats by correlating heart size and selected skeletal structures. DESIGN: Prospective radiographic study. ANIMALS: 100 cats that did not have thoracic radiographic abnormalities. PROCEDURE: Standardized measurements of the long and short axes of the heart, midthoracic vertebrae, and other structures were made. Measurements were recorded in millimeters and number of thoracic vertebral lengths spanned by each dimension, measured caudally from T4 in a lateral radiograph. The long- and short-axis measurements of the heart, expressed in vertebral lengths, were added to yield vertebral heart size. RESULTS: Mean +/- SD vertebral heart size in lateral radiographs was 7.5 +/- 0.3 vertebrae. The long-axis dimension correlated with the length of 3 sternebrae, measured from S2 to S4. The cardiac short-axis dimension correlated moderately with the length of 3.2 vertebrae, measured from T4 to T6. The cardiac short-axis dimension in ventrodorsal radiographs was 3.4 +/- 0.25 vertebrae. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The vertebral heart-size method is easy to use, allows objective assessment of heart size, and may be helpful in determining cardiomegaly and comparing heart size in sequential radiographs.  相似文献   

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10.
The thorax of nine dogs was radiographed with a vertical beam in both dorsal (VD) and ventral (DV) recumbency. The radiographs were evaluated subjectively and objectively for differences in appearance. To help explain appearance differences, lateral thoracic radiographs were made with the dogs in dorsal and ventral recumbency using a horizontally (laterally) directed x-ray beam. The appearance of thoracic viscera in VD and DV vertical beam radiographs differed. In VD vertical beam radiographs the craniocaudal axis of the heart appeared longer, the heart had a more consistent positional relationship to the thoracic spine, a larger area of the accessory lung lobe was visible, and a greater length of the caudal vena cava was visible. In DV radiographs the caudal lobar pulmonary arteries were more easily identified. The selection of dorsal versus ventral recumbency for thoracic radiography should be based on the clinical status of the patient and the reason(s) for which the radiograph is being made.  相似文献   

11.
Aortic and cardiac mineralization was found in 21 of 3443 (0.61%) canine thoracic radiographs. In none of 786 feline thoracic radiographs reviewed were such lesions present. Mineralizations were superimposed on the ascending aorta (19 dogs) or on the caudal cardiac silhouette (2 dogs). In 2 of 4 dogs mineralization was identified echocardiographically dorsal to the aortic valve in close proximity to coronary arteries. Computed tomography confirmed mineralization of the aortic arch and root in 2 of 2 dogs. Necropsy and histopathologic examination in 1 dog revealed multiple nodular aortic tunica media calcifications with adjacent areas of degeneration. Lesions were significantly overrepresented in older dogs and in Rottweilers, and regarded as dystrophic calcification, caused either by age-related degenerative changes or chronic disease-related processes. There was no evidence of clinical significance attributed to the mineralization in any dog. Aortic and cardiac mineralization should be recognized as an incidental, non-significant finding in dogs of advanced age and differentiated from pleural and pulmonary structures.  相似文献   

12.
The dorsal root origins of cutaneous nerves supplying the feline pelvic limb were determined electrophysiologically in 11 cats. Cutaneous nerves were surgically exposed and the presence or absence of an evoked potential in response to stimulation of individual dorsal roots was noted. The dorsal cutaneous branches of L3-L5 and S3, and the lateral cutaneous branch of L3 each arose solely from their parent spinal nerves. The L7, S1, and S2 dorsal cutaneous branches had multiple dorsal root origins. The lateral cutaneous femoral nerve originated from L3-L6 dorsal roots in 4 patterns of origin, and the saphenous nerve originated from L4-L6 dorsal roots in 2 patterns of origin. The lateral and caudal cutaneous sural nerves originated from L6-S1 roots in 2 and 3 patterns, respectively. The lateral and medial plantar nerves arose from L6-S2 roots in 4 and 2 patterns, respectively. The superficial and deep peroneal nerves originated from L6-S1 roots in 2 and 3 patterns, respectively. The caudal cutaneous femoral nerve or its branches arose from L7-S3 in 8 origin patterns. The dorsal nerve of the penis and the superficial perineal nerve arose from L7-S3 and S1-S3 roots, respectively, each in 4 patterns. A subtle correlation between plexus type and dorsal root origins of the cutaneous nerves was noted.  相似文献   

13.
Conflicting information has been published regarding the cause of a valentine‐shaped cardiac silhouette in dorsoventral or ventrodorsal thoracic radiographs in cats. The purpose of this retrospective, cross‐sectional study was to test the hypothesis that the valentine shape is primarily due to left atrial enlargement. Images for cats with a radiographic valentine‐shaped cardiac silhouette and full echocardiography examination were retrieved and independently reviewed. A subjective scoring system was used to record severity of radiographic valentine shape. Subjective radiographic evidence of left atrial enlargement in a radiographic lateral projection and a final diagnosis based on medical records were also recorded. A total of 81 cats met inclusion criteria. There was a strong positive correlation (P < 0.001) between echocardiographic left atrial size and severity of radiographic valentine shape. There was no effect of echocardiographic right atrial size on the severity of valentine shape, except when concurrent with severe left atrial enlargement. In this situation, right atrial enlargement increased the likelihood of observing a severe valentine shape. There was no effect of right atrial enlargement on the shape of the cardiac silhouette when left atrial enlargement was absent or only mild to moderate. There was no correlation between the category of final diagnosis of cardiac disease and the severity of valentine shape. Findings from this study supported the hypothesis that a valentine‐shaped cardiac silhouette in radiographs is due primarily to left atrial enlargement in cats, with right atrial enlargement only impacting the shape if concurrent with severe left atrial enlargement.  相似文献   

14.
CASE DESCRIPTION: A 5.5-month-old female domestic longhair cat was examined because of dorsal deviation of the caudal aspect of the sternum and progressively worsening dyspnea during play activities. CLINICAL FINDINGS: A diagnosis of pectus excavatum was made clinically and confirmed radiographically. The cardiac silhouette was shifted into the right hemithorax. The vertebral index (VI) and frontosagittal index (FSI), which are radiographic indices used to grade the extent of the deformity, were 5.2 and 3.0, respectively. Minimum thoracic height was 13 mm at this time. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: The sternal malposition was corrected during surgery; for stabilization, an internal splint was provided by use of a plate that was applied to the ventral side of the sternum. Radiographic indices improved until day 85; at that time, an increase in the distance between plate and sternum was detected, and plate removal was advised. The radiographic indices improved again after plate removal. At 310 days after surgery, VI was 9.6, FSI was 1.6, and minimum thoracic height was 34 mm. No dyspnea was evident during physical examination. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results of treatment suggest that this technique may be useful as an alternative surgical option for cats with pectus excavatum that have a noncompliant sternum.  相似文献   

15.
O bjective : To describe the radiographic appearance of pulmonary oedema in cats with cardiac failure.
M ethods : Thoracic radiographs of 23 cats presented to a first opinion practice with signs of cardiac failure were reviewed. All cats had tachypnoea and/or dyspnoea and enlarged left atrium on echocardiography.
R esults : Pulmonary oedema was characterised radiographically by an increased opacity associated with a range of patterns and variable distribution. All cats had evidence of a reticular or granular interstitial pattern. This occurred in combination with alveolar pattern in 19 (83 per cent) cats, including six with air bronchograms, with increased diameter of pulmonary vessels in 16 (71 per cent) cats and with bronchial pattern in 14 (61 per cent) cats. The distribution of pulmonary oedema was considered to be diffuse/non-uniform in 14 (61 per cent) cats, diffuse/uniform in four (17 per cent) cats, multi-focal in four (17 per cent) cats and focal in the remaining one (4 per cent). Nine (39 per cent) cats were considered to have a regional distribution of oedema, including five (22 per cent) with a ventral distribution, three (13 per cent) with a caudal distribution and one (4 per cent) cat with a hilar distribution. The distribution of pulmonary opacities was bilaterally symmetrical in five (22 per cent) cats.
C linical S ignificance : The variable appearance of feline pulmonary oedema is likely to complicate its radiographic diagnosis.  相似文献   

16.
A prospective study was undertaken to reconcile radiographic cardiomegaly and normal echocardiography in obese cats and to test a radiographic technique for better distinguishing between pericardial fat and the heart. Ten obese, but otherwise normal cats and 10 non-obese normal cats were used. A body condition scoring system was used to objectively group obese and non-obese normal cats. Two-dimensional echocardiograms were made to verify that all cats had a normal heart. Thoracic radiographs then were made using standard and altered exposure techniques. The hearts were measured on these radiographs using the metric and a vertebral scale system. Obese cats consistently had excessive fat around the heart especially if they also had a large amount of falciform fat. Altering exposure technique by increasing mAs and decreasing kVp sometimes enhanced the radiographic contrast between fat and myocardium. Enhanced radiographic contrast accentuated the double silhouette identifying the true cardiac silhouette within the fat expanded silhouette. Pericardial fat usually was distinguished more readily in lateral than in VD radiographs. In two cats, pericardial fat had a characteristic prominent square corner to the right cranial margin of the cardiac silhouette in VD radiographs. Obesity caused increased width and depth of the thoracic cage. 2D echocardiograms revealed normal cardiac dimensions in both groups of cats and increased precordial distance in the obese group.  相似文献   

17.
The ability to differentiate thoracic masses of mediastinal and pulmonary origins is often confounded by their complex spatial relationship. The objectives of this retrospective, observational cross‐sectional study were to assess radiographic differentiation of mediastinal versus pulmonary masses, and to determine if there are any correlations with specific radiographic findings. Thoracic radiographs of 75 dogs and cats with mediastinal and/or pulmonary masses identified on CT were reviewed. Radiographic studies were anonymized, randomized, and reviewed twice by three reviewers. Reviewers categorized the origin of each mass(es) as mediastinal, pulmonary, or both. On the second review, the presence or absence of 21 different radiographic findings was recorded for each mass. Agreement between the radiographic and CT categorization of mass origin, as well as inter‐ and intraobserver agreement, was calculated. Overall agreement between radiographs and CT was moderate for both mediastinal (68.6%) and pulmonary masses (63%). Overall, interobserver agreement was moderate (κ = 0.50‐0.74), with moderate to strong intraobserver agreement (κ = 0.58‐0.93). Masses within the mediastinum were significantly more likely to displace other mediastinal structures. Alternatively, masses lateral to midline and in the caudal thorax were found to be significantly positively correlated with a pulmonary origin. The results of this study highlight the limitations of radiography for differentiation of mediastinal and pulmonary masses, with mass location and displacement of other mediastinal structures potentially useful for radiographic findings that may help improve accuracy.  相似文献   

18.
Thoracic radiographs are used as a screening tool for dogs and cats with a variety of disorders that have no clinical signs associated with thoracic structures. However, this practice has never been supported by an evidence‐based study. The objective of this retrospective observational study was to determine if certain canine and feline populations have a higher proportion of radiographic abnormalities, and whether any of these abnormalities are associated with patient hospitalization and outcome. Patients were excluded if current or previous examinations revealed evidence of primary respiratory or cardiac disease, malignant neoplasia, or an abnormal breathing pattern consistent with pulmonary pathology. Any notable thoracic change in the radiology report was considered important and evaluated in this study. One hundred and sixty‐six of these included patients were dogs and 65 were cats. Of the 166 dog radiographs evaluated, 120 (72.3%) had normal thoracic radiographs, while 46 (27.7%) had radiographic abnormalities. Of the sixty‐five cats included, 36 (55.4%) had normal radiographs, while 29 (44.6%) had abnormal radiographs. Canine patients with abnormal radiographs had a significantly higher lactate level (P‐value 0.0348) and feline patients with abnormal radiographs had a significantly lower packed cell volume (P‐value 0.012). A large proportion of patients that had screening thoracic radiographs (32.5%) had documented abnormalities, but a relatively low percentage (6.5%) of our total population had their clinical plan changed as a consequence of detection of these abnormalities. Findings indicated that abnormal screening thoracic radiographs are more likely in dogs with an elevated lactate and cats with anemia, or a low normal hematocrit.  相似文献   

19.
Hyperthyroidism was diagnosed in 4 cats with congestive heart failure. Dyspnea and anorexia were observed in 3 of the 4 cats. In each cat, a holosystolic left and/or right apical heart murmur was auscultated. In 3 cats, a prominent extra heart sound (gallop rhythm) was auscultated. All cats had a palpably large thyroid lobe(s) and weight loss. The laboratory and ECG changes were similar to those reported for feline hyperthyroidism. Moderate-to-severe pleural effusion and cardiomegaly were detected via radiography in all cats. Some cats had radiographic signs of pulmonary venous engorgement and pulmonary edema. Echocardiography revealed cardiac dilatation and low left ventricular shortening fraction (wall motion) in all cats. Three cats responded initially to cardiac drugs and propylthiouracil or thyroidectomy. One of these died later, presumably from an adverse reaction to propylthiouracil, and the others died from recurrent congestive heart failure (1) or postoperative cardiac arrest (1). One cat did not respond to treatment, and died 2 days after diagnosis.  相似文献   

20.
Cats show a higher capability to supinate their forearms than dogs. This suggests a special arrangement of the collateral ligaments of the feline elbow joint. Therefore, the course of the ligaments was examined in 13 adult cats. The size of the ligaments was measured, and effects of passive joint movements were studied. Ligaments of five additional cats were examined histologically. The lateral collateral ligament (LCL) had a superficial and deep part, both originating from the humerus. The free humeral portion of the LCL was short and contained fibrous cartilage. Fibre bundles of the deep part inserted into the annular ligament, while the remaining deep fibres and the superficial part inserted with a long antebrachial portion on the radius. The medial collateral ligament (MCL) originated from the humeral epicondyle and divided into cranial and caudal parts. The caudal part inserted medioproximally on the ulna, while the cranial part attached primarily with a long thin part to the caudal aspect of the radius. During supination, the MCL loosened thus allowing medial widening of the joint space, up to 2 mm. A specific feature of the feline elbow is the long thin part of the MCL. Its course through a special furrow distal to the medial coronoid causes the tightening of the feline MCL during pronation. Apart from that, the feline collateral ligaments combine the features of both human and canine cubital anatomy. This explains the range of supination in cats, which is intermediate between humans and dogs.  相似文献   

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