共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 140 毫秒
1.
Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has been used predominantly for environments with low electrical conductivity like freshwater aquifers, glaciers, or dry sandy soils. The objective of the present study was to explore its application for mapping in subsurface agricultural soils to a depth of several meters. For a loamy sand and a clayey site on the North China Plain, clay inclusions in the sand were detected; the thickness, inclination, and continuity of the confining clay and silt layers was assessed; and a local water table was mapped. Direct sampling (soil coring and profiling) in the top meter and independent measurement of the water table were utilized to confirm the findings. Also, effective estimates of the dielectric number for the site with the dielectric number of moist clayey soils depending strongly on frequency were obtained. Thus, important properties of soils, like the arrangement and type of layers and in particular their continuity and inclination, could be explored with moderate efforts for rather large areas to help find optimal locations for the time-consuming and expensive measurements which would be necessary to detail a model of the subsurface. 相似文献
2.
Water Security Problem in North China： Research and Perspective 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：8
XIA Jun LIU Meng-Yu JIA Shao-Feng 《土壤圈》2005,15(5):563-575
This paper addresses the emergence of water security problems in North China with the aim of highlighting key water resources management and water security issues for the long-term development of North China. Three key problems related to water resources and security issues in North China in the 21st century are addressed, namely 1） the water cycle under environmental change, 2） agricultural water saving, and 3） water security. Development of international research related to these issues is also reviewed. The research plan developed recently by the Chinese Academy of Sciences （CAS） is discussed and suggestions on research and development of water resources science in North China are presented. Thanks to focus on experimental catchments and dedicated research stations, a detailed knowledge of the water cycle on North China farmland has been compiled. A range of techniques that include isotope tracers has been used to acquire hydrologic data. Much research has been devoted to developing distributed hydrological models at different scales. In the well irrigation district, five different water saving irrigation regimes have been investigated, and these regimes have had widespread application, and reduced water use 60-150 mm while they increased water use efficiency （WUE） by 20%-30%. Furthermore, preventing water pollution is the most essential step to ensure North China＇s water security. 相似文献
3.
A field experiment was conducted at the Shenyang Experimental Station of Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,to study the effects of soil management practices on water use and rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield in an axtuic brown soil during 2001 and 2002. A completely random experimental design with three replications was employed, having four soil management practices as treatments, namely: an undisturbed plow layer (CK), a thin plastic film (TN), a thick plastic film (TI) and subsoil compacting (CP). Results indicated no significant differences among all treatments for rice biomass and grain yields. Also, water consumption was about the same for treatments TN and CK, however the treatments TI and CP were much lower with more than 45% and 40% of the irrigation water in the treatments TI and CP, respectively,saved each year compared to CK. Therefore, water use efficiency was higher in the treatments TI and CP. These results will provide a scientific basis for the water-saving rice cultivation. 相似文献
4.
LI Xiao-kun 《水土保持研究》2007,14(4):19-23
By single-factor-index evaluation on water of earth＇s surface, the result shows that the water-quality keep Ⅲ grade on the whole in Yang-tze River, Jia-ling River and Wu River of the Three Gorges reservoir, it occurs no obviously deteriorated tendency in 2005. But some sub-grade rivers are polluted badly, cross-section amount of water-quality Ⅰ, Ⅱ ,Ⅲ only has 64 percent, their water-quality is bad. It is clear that the gap between the water environmental state and the object of keeping water- quality Ⅱin the Three Gorges reservoir is very big. This paper thoroughly analyses the problems and causes of the water environment, points out that the main factors resulting in the water pollution in recent years include the industrial sewage, solid wastes, soil and water loss, domestic rubbish and agricultural non-point source pollution, and finally puts forward the countermeasures for protecting of the water environment in the Three Gorges Reservoir. 相似文献
5.
亏缺灌溉对中国西北干旱区棉花生长、水分利用特征和产量的影响 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Water shortage is a key constraint to sustainable agricultural production in Xinjiang, Northwest China. To enhance the use efficiency of valuable irrigation water resources, a 2-year experiment(2010–2011) was conducted to quantify the response of cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.) growth and yield to different degrees of deficit irrigation(DI) regimes; to determine the effects of DI on the characteristics of water use for cotton, seasonal water use, available soil water in the root zone, soil water depletion, evapotranspiration(ET)-based water use efficiency and irrigation-based water use efficiency, and to determine the best DI regime for optimal water-saving and yield output. The plots were irrigated at 100%(100ET), 85%(85ET), 70%(70ET), 55%(55ET) and 45%(45ET) of the regional ET of cotton in northern Xinjiang. The effect of DI irrigation on water use characteristics was evaluated by analyzing available soil water and soil water depletion in the root zone along with water use efficiencies of cotton. The study showed that the growth, water use characteristics and yield of cotton varied with irrigation regime. Seasonal ET and seed cotton yield were linearly correlated with irrigation amount. The second-order polynomial equation best approximated water-yield relationship of cotton in the study area.Cotton yield response factor was 0.65, suggesting limited water conditions were suitable for cotton cultivation. Economic evaluation of DI treatments confirmed that the yield loss was less than 10% under 70 ET and 85 ET, which was acceptable for greater sustainability.The results suggested that proper DI schemes were necessary for sustainable cotton production in the region. While irrigation at 85 ET was safe for high cotton yield, irrigation at 70 ET was a viable alternative under limited irrigation water availability. 相似文献
6.
A waste water reuse engineering was designed and then operated in Hongshan,a small town in Zhejiang Province,China,in order to solve pollution and shortage of water resources due to the development of rural enterprises.The results showed that series-structure design and cycling model were two effective modes of saving water and decreasing pollutants into environment,and wetland strategy should be a component part of the integrated planning for waste water reuse of rural enterprises.This case study could provide a basis for the optimum utilization and pollution avoidance of water resources. 相似文献
7.
WANGLi-Gang JIANGXint YANDong-Yun S.FORSTER D.MARTENS 《土壤圈》2004,14(2):229-234
Two procedures were compared for extraction and clean-up of 20 organophosphorus and 19 pyrethroid pesticidesin sediment to identify the more effective procedure for groups of pesticides or individual compounds. In Procedure I,methanol/water and n-hexane were used for extraction, and 1:10 (v/v) dichloromethane in n-hexane and acetone wereused as eluents for eluting the analyte through the cartridge, with one evaporating steps on a rotary evaporator and twoeluting steps on the cartridge, n-hexane/acetone (2:1, v/v) was used for extraction and elution in Procedure II with oneevaporating step on a rotary evaporator and one eluting step oll the cartridge. All extractions were performed underan ultrasonic bath and gas chromatography and mass spectrometry were utilized for measurements. Procedure II wasdeveloped as a rapid, timesaving, less costly and safer substitute for Procedure I which was an old method. ProcedureII was more effective for almost all the organophosphorus pesticides tested and 11 of the 19 pyrethroid pesticides, whileProcedure I was more appropriate for analysis of 5 pyrethroid pesticides. However, recoveries of most pyrethroid pesticideswere fairly low. Thus, further studies should focus on adjustment and formulation of solvents for more efficient extractionand clean-up of pyrethroid pesticides from sediment samples. 相似文献
8.
A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of surface film-forming material(SFFM),a mixture of 16-18-octadecanols by emulsification,on water evaporation,Air-dired soil with distilled water was incubated firstly for 7days to reestablish soil biological activity and then for another 7 days atfer treated with SFFM at rates of 0,1,2,4,6,8 and 8 g m^-2，respectively,Everyday during the 7-day incubation after addition of SFFM,water losses due to evaporation were measured by an electronic balance.The rate of water evaporation with the addition of SFFM was reduced significantly compared with the control treatment and the effectiveness of SFFM on water evaporation reduced with time.According to the equation expressions of the effect of SFFM on water evaporation ,the half-life of effectiveness of SFFM on water evaporation was introduced and calculated to analyze quantitative relationship between the effectiveness of SFFM on water evaporation and the addition rate of SFFM.The calculaed half-life increased with the addition rate of SFFM and the confidence of the calculated values of the half-life was high,suggesting that the half-life of effectiveness of SFFM on water evaporation could be described quantitaively and may be helpful for ameliorating application method of SFFM and screening surface-film forming materials in order to improve nitrogen fetilizer use efficiency in floodey rice fields. 相似文献
9.
A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of surface film-forming material (SFFM), a mixture of 16~18-octadecanols by emulsification, on water evaporation. Air-dried soil with distilled water was incubated firstly for 7 days to reestablish soil biological activity and then for another 7 days after treated with SFFM at rates of 0, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 g m-2, respectively. Everyday during the 7-day incubation after addition of SFFM, water losses due to evaporation were measured by an electronic balance. The rate of water evaporation with the addition of SFFM was reduced significantly compared with the control treatment and the effectiveness of SFFM on water evaporation reduced with time. According to the equation expressions of the effect of SFFM on water evaporation, the half-life of effectiveness of SFFM on water evaporation was introduced and calculated to analyze quantitative relationship between the effectiveness of SFFM on water evaporation and the addition rate of SFFM. The calculated half-life increased with the addition rate of SFFM and the confidence of the calculated values of the half-life was high, suggesting that the half-life of effectiveness of SFFM on water evaporation could be described quantitatively and may be helpful for ameliorating application method of SFFM and screening surface-film forming materials in order to improve nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency in flooded rice fields. 相似文献
10.
Results of a 10-year decomposition experiment indicated that the annual mineralization rate of organic N in newly-formed humus varied with the type of original plant materials and the water regimes for decomposition,ranging from 0.028 to 0.074.The mineralization rate under waterlogged conditions was higher than that under upland conditions.The proportion of α-amino acid N in humus newly-formed under waterlogged conditions was slightly higher than that under upland conditions.It decreased gradually with time,while the proportion of nonhydrolyzable N showed no consistent trend,irrespective of the water regines for decomposition.The distribution of amino acids in humus newly-formed from different plant materials under various water regimes was quite similar with that in original plant materials,and only minor differences could be found among them.For example,in comparison to original plant materials,the newly-formed humus contained higher proportions of isoleucine,cysting,γ-amino-butyric acid and ornithine,and lower proportions of phenylalanine and proline.Moreover the proportion of phenylalanine was higher in the humus newly-fored under waterlogged conditions than that under upland conditions. 相似文献
11.
浑水膜孔灌多向交汇入渗及减渗特性 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
浑水灌溉是我国黄河流域引黄灌区灌溉的主要特点,其中浑水中的泥沙含量对土壤入渗特性有较大的影响,为揭示浑水膜孔灌交汇入渗的减渗特性,通过开展浑水及清水膜孔灌入渗试验,建立了浑水膜孔灌自由入渗相对于清水的减渗率及浑水膜孔灌多向交汇入渗相对于自由入渗的减渗率与入渗时间之间的量化关系,提出了由清水膜孔灌自由入渗量推求浑水膜孔灌多向交汇入渗量的模型。结果表明:浑水膜孔灌自由入渗较清水的减渗量随入渗时间的延长而增大,但增大幅度慢慢变小,入渗后期其减渗量基本呈线性增加,其减渗率随时间的增大先快速增大后缓慢减小,入渗后期减渗率基本稳定;当入渗产生交汇后,入渗能力明显减小,多向交汇入渗和单向交汇入渗相对自由入渗的减渗率均随入渗时间的增长而增大,多向交汇入渗相对单向交汇入渗也存在减渗作用,3条减渗率曲线的变化率随着时间的增长而逐渐减小。 相似文献
12.
13.
为评价池塘养殖中主要机械增氧方式的性能优劣,该文通过增氧清水试验和水产养殖池塘中实地试验,研究了几种机械增氧方式在清水试验中的增氧能力,动力效率和实际池塘中的溶解氧变化。结果表明,在清水中,叶轮增氧机增氧能力分别高出水车和螺旋桨增氧机4%和264%,动力效率分别高出12.7%和259%;在池塘中,叶轮增氧机对池塘水层的混合均匀时间要比水车和螺旋桨增氧机快40%,对溶解氧的增加值分别高115%和293%。叶轮增氧机综合增氧性能要高于水车和螺旋桨增氧机,螺旋桨增氧机综合增氧性能最差。该研究为在池塘养殖中合理运用机械增氧方式提供了有益的借鉴。 相似文献
14.
在对北京怀沙河的水质进行调查的基础上提出相应的防治对策.结果表明：怀沙河水质已重度富营养化,主要污染物为总氮、总磷,大部分河段总氮质量浓度严重超过Ⅴ类水环境标准,总磷质量浓度超过Ⅲ类水环境标准,综合评价整个流域,水环境为劣Ⅴ类,水资源质量属重富营型,远未达到规划要求的Ⅱ类水环境标准.提出的相应治理对策有：继续加大水环境保护及治理措施;加大清洁小流域建设力度;对潜在的污染因素及早发现,及早治理;采取严格的管理措施;加大水环境保护法规的宣传,提高群众环境保护意识;加大执法力度,提高违法成本,对违法水案件进行严查;加强水质监测和管护工作.该成果对建设清洁型小流域具有参考意义. 相似文献
15.
应用径流小区法,长期（1996-2006）定位研究福建中部尤溪县垦植方式对山地果园水土流失的影响,结果表明：1）该地区11年平均年降雨量1575.5mm,平均年蒸发量1461.1mm,5月、6月、8月是强降雨高发期,也是水土流失防治的关键期;2）在山地果园开发中,平台开垦的径流系数为0.0688,明显小于顺坡开垦（0.2865）;3）植草能使果园0-30cm土层的土壤含水量提高0.8％-0.9％;4）顺坡清耕区侵蚀模数为2388.2t／（km^2·a）,梯台清耕区土壤侵蚀量达10.3kg/m,土壤侵蚀主要源于台壁受冲刷,顺坡植草区、梯台植草区基本不发生土壤侵蚀。 相似文献
16.
生活污水灌溉小白菜的盆栽试验研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
污水水质及灌溉制度是影响污水灌溉安全性的主要因素.盆栽试验设置了两种水质(清水和污水)和4个灌水下限(60?,70?,80?,90?),共8个处理,研究了污灌条件下不同灌水下限对小白菜生长及品质的影响.试验结果表明:生活污水灌溉会造成小白菜轻度减产,植株的硝酸盐含量和叶片叶绿素含量增加,植株重金属累积增加;灌水下限对小白菜生长状况和品质均有较大影响,污水灌溉条件下各项指标随灌水下限变化的变化规律不同于清水灌溉条件,表明污水灌溉的灌水下限不能直接移用清水灌溉的控制指标.综合分析表明污水灌溉80? 灌水下限条件下小白菜有较高的产量、水分利用效率和叶绿素含量,较低的硝酸盐含量和重金属富集,因此选择土壤相对含水率80?以及与此相对应的叶片细胞液浓度9.3%作为污水灌溉的灌水下限指标. 相似文献
17.
对江苏省海安县耕地环境质量调查分析结果表明,海安县96.67%的耕地符合无公害农产品生产基地环境质量要求,2/3耕地符合绿色食品产地环境质量要求,且水稻灌溉水达清洁水平。 相似文献
18.
大宝山矿区农田土壤重金属污染及其植物累积特征 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
对金属矿山选冶活动影响的农田土壤,不同灌溉水源会影响重金属的分布累积特征。根据实际情况将大宝山矿区农田土壤分为污水灌溉区、清水灌溉区、自然修复区和对照区,并进行土壤和植物样品采集,调查研究了土壤的基本理化性质,Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Mn 5种重金属的含量和化学形态分布,以及不同区域植物中重金属的含量。结果表明:污灌区Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn的含量最高,是自然修复区和清水灌溉区的1.75倍~10.51倍,对照区最低;Mn在各采样点的含量无显著差别。土壤Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb含量两两之间显著正相关,Mn与Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb呈负相关关系;土壤pH与重金属环境有效态关系密切。残渣态是5种重金属的主要存在形态,有机态含量也较高;Cd的环境有效态含量占总量的比例是其他4种重金属的2倍左右。稻米中5种重金属在清水灌溉区的含量均比污水灌溉区低,其中Cu和Zn的含量在两区域均未超标(NY861-2004),而Pb和Cd的含量严重超标。重金属在自然修复区和清水灌溉区呈现较低的土壤污染和人体健康风险,该研究数据可为金属矿区土壤污染控制提供科学的依据。 相似文献
19.
大田滴灌自清洗网式过滤器水头损失试验 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
自清洗网式过滤器是目前国内外大田滴灌应用最广泛过滤器之一,其水头损失是评价过滤器性能的关键参数。该文通过对自清洗网式过滤器清水和浑水水头损失的试验研究,重点分析了80和120目滤网对应的清水和浑水水头损失变化规律。在清水试验中,得出了2种滤网目数对应过滤流量与水头损失变化关系式;在浑水试验中,分别研究了流量一定(220m3/h)和含沙量一定(0.190g/L)条件下水头损失随过滤时间变化规律,重点研究了这2种条件下浑水水头损失的计算方法,并对2种情况下水头损失进行了计算,对各种组合条件下浑水水头损失计算公式进行了拟合,分别得到流量一定条件下10种不同含沙量和含沙量一定条件下5种不同流量的水头损失计算公式。结果表明:各公式拟合精度较高,决定系数均大于0.95,可以用于浑水水头损失计算,研究结果可为实际工程中自清洗网式过滤器水头损失的计算提供参考。 相似文献
20.
不同浓度浑水入渗试验研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
黄土高原地区暴雨径流形成高含沙浑水,其人渗特点直接影响着坡面产流产沙,探求不同浓度浑水入渗规律,对于坡面土壤侵蚀机理研究具有指导意义.以清水入渗为对照,试验测定了不同浓度浑水入渗特征、入渗过程和浑水减渗率等项目.分析结果表明,第1 min末的入渗速率、稳定入渗速率和累积入渗量均随浑水浓度增加呈指数函数关系递减,而减渗率随浑水浓度增加呈对数函数关系递增.两种关系均随着浓度增加呈稳定趋势.清水的累积入渗量在相同时段内始终最大,随着泥沙浓度增加,累积入渗量减小,说明浑水具有阻渗作用. 相似文献