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1.
Containerized plant production represents an extremely intensive agricultural practice with large amounts of moisture and fertilizer application. Hydro-physical characteristics such as water infiltration, texture and structure, particle size distribution affect the quality of the media used in containerized agricultural systems and the water availability to plants. Water retention characteristics depend on particle size distribution as well as the composition of the media used. Materials with coarser particles allow faster percolation of water and also retain relatively higher amounts moisture per unit weight due to higher porosity, while draining faster due to smaller surface area per unit weight. Faster drainage can result into airflow through coarser materials causing the media to dry. The objectives of this study were to characterize the selected hydro-physical properties of plant growth media that are commonly used by nurseries in South Florida. Characterization of the plant growing media can allow modeling of soil-water interactions and development of best management practices for more efficient use of water and agrochemicals by nurseries. Experimental analyses were performed to characterize the plant growth mixtures in terms of particle size distribution and hydraulic conductivity using three different methods (i.e., constant head permeability, falling head permeability test, and tension infiltrometer test). The saturated hydraulic conductivity of the mixtures measured by constant head method ranged from 0.029 to 0.042 cm/s (104-151 cm/h) and by falling head method ranged from 0.078 to 0.112 cm/s (281-403 cm/h). The saturated hydraulic conductivity of the mixtures measured by tension infiltrometer ranged from 0.02 to 0.34 cm/h. Understanding water retention and permeation characteristics of the plant growing media could assist development of best management practices (BMP) for containerized agricultural systems for efficient management of irrigation water and agrochemical use. 相似文献
2.
The introduction of polysaccharide producing benthic algae and bacteria could provide a low cost technique for seepage control in irrigation channels. The ability of algae and bacteria to produce polysaccharides proved to be successful in reducing the hydraulic conductivity of irrigation channel soil. Hydraulic conductivity was reduced to less than 22% of its original value within a month of inoculating soil columns with algae. Chlorophyll and polysaccharide concentrations in irrigation channel soil were measured in order to assess the growth of algae and extent of polysaccharide production, and their correlation with hydraulic conductivity of channel soil. Increases in polysaccharide occurred in the top layer (0–5 mm) of the soil column. The reduction of hydraulic conductivity was highly correlated with the amount of polysaccharides produced (r
2 = 0.92). Hydraulic conductivity decreased with increasing algal and bacterial numbers. The first few millimetres of the soil core where microbial activity was concentrated, seemed effective in controlling seepage. Incorporation of extra nitrate and phosphate into algal medium did not increase the production of polysaccharides by algae in channel soil. The effect of salinity and turbidity of irrigation channel water on channel seepage was studied by measuring the effects on hydraulic conductivity of channel soils. When the electrical conductivity (EC) of the water increased above a threshold value, the hydraulic conductivity increased because of the flocculating effects on clay particles in channel soils. A relationship between sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and EC of the channel water was established which indicated 15% increase in channel seepage due to increases in salinity. Increasing the turbidity of irrigation water (by increasing the concentration of dispersed clay) resulted in lowering the hydraulic conductivity of the channel soil due to the sealing of soil pores by dispersed clay particles. When the turbidity of the water was 10 g clay l–1, the hydraulic conductivity was reduced by 100%. An increase in clay concentration above 1 g l–1 resulted in significant reduction in hydraulic conductivity. Soil bowl experiments indicated that clay sealing with a coating of hydrophobic polymer on the surface could also effectively prevent seepage of saline water. 相似文献
3.
利用圆盘入渗仪测定土壤水动力参数的入渗特征试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过圆盘入渗试验,分析了4种土壤在5个负水头下(-1、-3、-6、-9和-12 cm)的入渗特征。结果表明,随着负水头的增加,4种土壤的稳定入渗率、吸湿率和非饱和导水率总体表现减小的趋势,同时,在相同负水头条件下,入渗率、吸湿率和非饱和导水率大小规律表现为塿土盐碱土3盐碱土2盐碱土1。根据实测资料确定了不同负水头下非饱和导水率的Gardner指数模型参数,为盐渍化土壤水力参数的确定提供理论参考。 相似文献
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6.
M. Rafiq Choudhry Abdul Khaliq W. F. Vlotman Habib-Ur-Rehman 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》1995,9(1):73-84
Three imported and four local synthetic envelope materials were tested in the laboratory with upward flow permeameters to determine their physical properties and hydraulic performance. The base soil was taken from the site of the Fourth Drainage Project, Faisalabad, Pakistan. The performance parameters included ratios of gradient and hydraulic conductivity of the interface of envelope material and base soil and the discharge through the permeameter, which were evaluated against established particle-retention and filter criteria.The study concluded that each of the tested materials satisfied the particle-retention criteria because the ratio of characteristic diameters of envelope (O90) and soil (d90) remained less than 2.5. The filter criteria, however, could not be met satisfactorily, particularly during receding hydraulic gradients, when the ratio of envelope and base soil hydraulic conductivities (Ke/Ks) dropped below 1, except in the case of one imported material. Blocking of the soil-envelope interface occurred due to the internal movement of soil particles, particularly during receding gradients. 相似文献
7.
Summary Fine textured soils (> 40% clay) form a major proportion of irrigated soils in northeastern Australia. More than half these soils are irrigated with groundwater, some of which has high salinity (electrical conductivity > 2.9 mS cm–1). A simple prediction of salt leaching was sought to aid in land management decisions.An empirical model of leaching fraction is presented based on rainfall and easily measured soil properties related to hydraulic conductivity. The model is based on data from 766 soils. To account for the complexity of interactions between soil properties, the data was stratified into groups based on clay content and mineralogy (expressed here as CEC/clay ratio). This allowed simple linear regressions using ESP and rainfall to be developed to predict leaching fraction.When applied to irrigated soils, a salinity correction term (ECrain+irrigation/ECrain) was used to account for the flocculation effects of the increased salinity of irrigation waters. The model gave good predictions of leaching fraction for two irrigation regions with widely differing soil properties (Fig. 4). 相似文献
8.
J. H. Moolman 《Irrigation Science》1985,6(1):19-28
Summary Recent studies conducted in the Breë River Valley in South Africa, have indicated that the return flow from the flood irrigated soils (using saline borehole water) add substantially to the salt load of the receiving river. In the present study an irrigation return flow model, developed at the USBR, was used to predict what the effect of a change in irrigation water quality would have on the chemical composition of the deep percolate of a saline-sodic soil. Three scenarios were investigated, i.e. irrigation with saline borehole water (TDS = 1,279 mg/1), irrigation with low electrolyte water (TDS=91 mg/1), and irrigation with the low electrolyte water in the presence of surface applications of gypsum. The results indicate that the present flood irrigation practices lead to deep percolation losses of ca. 155 mm/ha/a. In the case of the borehole water the TDS content of the deep percolate ranges between 5,500 and 6,400 mg/l, equivalent to salt loads of 8.59 and 9.98 t/ha/a respectively. By replacing the saline borehole water with the low electrolyte water the TDS content of the deep percolate will, over a five year period, be reduced to 2,100 mg/1, and the salt load to 3.3 t/ha/a. Surface applications of gypsum to prevent clay dispersion and hydraulic conductivity failures will, when compared to the low electrolyte scenario, increase the salt load by 1.2 t/ha/a. However, it will still be 4.84 t/ha/a less than is presently the case. It is concluded that by using the better quality irrigation water in combination with gypsum applications, the salt load in the receiving river attributable to irrigation return flow, can be reduced by approximately 10%. 相似文献
9.
B. Lesaffre 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》1987,1(2):105-121
To solve the problem of traverse drainage of sloping lands, the author extends continuity and motion equations to vertically heterogeneous soils and shows that the steady-state solution combines two asymptotic curves (gentle and steep slopes) and can be reduced to simple analytical equations, clearly revealing the influence of the slope; Boussinesq's first approximation (flow parallel to the impervious layer) should be used, rather than his second approximation (horizontal flow). A solution in the case of drains lying on the impervious layer is: $$\frac{L}{{H_m }}\left[ {4\frac{K}{R} + \left( {\frac{K}{R} - 1} \right)^2 s^2 } \right]^{1/2} $$ where K is the homogeneous and isotropic hydraulic conductivity, R the constant recharge-rate, s the slope, L the drain-spacing, Hm the maximal height of the water-table above the drains. This approximate solution yields results as accurate as other available solutions. Extensions are given for the case of drains located above the impervious layer and for vertically heterogeneous soils. 相似文献
10.
利用盘式负压仪测定土壤导水率的计算方法对比 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
土壤导水率作为重要的水力特征参数之一,准确测量和计算不仅有助于促进土壤非饱和带的水分运动过程理论研究,同时可为合理确定农田灌排技术参数提供科学依据.为了比较分析在盘式入渗仪下不同导水率计算方法的适用性,针对2种土地类型(菜地、茶园)进行了4个负压水头(-9,-6,-3,0 cm)、2个盘径(10,20 cm)的入渗试验,并通过不同计算方法计算导水率.结果表明:盘径对导水率影响不具有统计学意义,且不同计算方法结果趋于一致,因此在野外缺水条件下,可考虑选用小圆盘进行试验;对于不同的土地类型,建议选择不同的方法测量,作为耕作地的菜地,计算导水率时建议使用稳态流方法,而茶园导水率的测定则推荐使用瞬态流方法;在相同负压下,不同土地利用方式对导水率的影响具有统计学意义,且对于不同的计算方法,2种土地类型在4个负压下表现的导水率变化规律一致. 相似文献
11.
D. Moret-Fernández Y. PueyoC.G. Bueno C.L. Alados 《Agricultural Water Management》2011,98(12):1822-1827
Pasture productivity depends on soil hydro-physical properties, which in turn are deeply affected by livestock grazing. However, the comparative response of different soil types, and particularly gypseous soil types, to grazing has hardly been studied before. This paper compares the effect of grazing on the soil hydro-physical properties of silty gypseous (Gy) and non-gypseous (NGy) soils located in a semi-arid region (Middle Ebro Valley, NE, Spain). Two different soil managements were selected: ungrazed natural shrubland (N) and grazed shrubland (GR) soils. The gypsum, CaCO3 and organic matter content (OM), soil texture, soil bulk density (ρb), penetration resistance (PR), saturated sorptivity (S), hydraulic conductivity (K), and the water retention curve (WRC) for undisturbed soil samples from 1 to 10 cm depth soil layer were measured. The ρb and PR in NGy soils were significantly higher than those observed in the Gy ones. Soil compaction due to grazing treatment tended to increase ρb and decrease the K and S values. While no differences in PR were observed in the Gy soils between grazing treatments, the PR measured in the NGy soils under GR was significantly higher than the corresponding values observed under N. Differences in K and S between GR and N treatments were only significant (p < 0.05) in NGy soils, where K and S values under the N treatment were almost four times greater than the corresponding values measured under GR. Overall, no differences in the WRCs were observed between soil types and grazing treatments. While the WRCs of NGy soils were not significantly affected by the grazing treatment, Gy soils under N treatment present a significantly higher level of soil macropores than under GR treatment. The hydro-physical features of Gy soils tended to be less affected by grazing than those of the NGy soils. These results suggest that livestock grazing, in both Gy and NGy soils, has a negative effect on the physical soil properties, which should be taken into account by land managers of these semi-arid regions where silty gypseous and non-gypseous areas coexist. 相似文献
12.
Measured and simulated soil wetting patterns under porous clay pipe sub-surface irrigation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Sub-surface irrigation with porous clay pipe can be an efficient, water saving method of irrigation for many less developed arid and semi-arid regions. Maximizing the efficiency of clay pipe irrigation requires guidelines and criteria for system design and operation. In this study, experimental and simulated (with HYDRUS (2D/3D)) soil wetting patterns were investigated for sub-surface pipe systems operating at different water pressures. Predictions of the soil water content made with HYDRUS were found to be in good agreement (R2 = 0.98) with the observed data. Additional simulations with HYDRUS were used to study the effects of various design parameters on soil wetting. Increasing the system pressure increased the size of the wetted zone. The installation depth affects the recommended lateral spacing as well as the amount of evaporative water loss. For a given water application, the potential rate of surface evaporation affected the shape of the wetted region only minimally. Soil texture, due to its connection to soil hydraulic conductivity and water retention, has a larger impact on the wetting geometry. In general, greater horizontal spreading occurs in fine texture soils, or in the case of layered soils, in the finer textured layers. 相似文献
13.
太湖地区主要水稻土的饱和导水率及其影响因素研究 总被引：9，自引：3，他引：6
主要研究了太湖地区3种主要水稻土(白土、黄泥土和乌栅土)的原状土和扰动土的饱和导水率,并分析了土壤的有机质含量、土壤质地、土壤容重、土壤团聚度、土壤结构系数等土壤基本性质对土壤饱和导水率的影响。结果表明:原状土的饱和导水率变化于5.16×10-4~11.62×10-4cm/s之间,扰动土饱和导水率变化于0.76×10-4~3.31×10-4cm/s之间;同一水稻土的剖面上的饱和导水率基本呈现由上向下逐渐减小的趋势,且原状土的饱和导水率普遍大于扰动土的饱和导水率。原状土和扰动土的饱和导水率均与土壤的各项主要物理性质之间都存在着一定的相关性。影响原状土饱和导水率的因素主要是土壤容重、团聚度、结构系数和有机质等,而不同类型的土壤饱和导水率之间相差较大。影响扰动土饱和导水率的因素除了容重、团聚度、结构系数和有机质外,还有土壤的质地(即粘粒含量)。为进一步探讨太湖地区土壤水分的合理利用与管理、环境的治理和农业的持续发展提供了参考的依据。 相似文献
14.
A.W. Al-Kayssi 《Agricultural Water Management》2011,100(1):46-57
Nigellone (dithymoquinone) is the main active constituent of volatile oil of black cumin (Nigella sativa) seeds. It is presently used in traditional medicines, for culinary as ornamentals, and is also considered for its abundant nectar secretion. While black cumin, investigated recently (for the oil, essential oil, and other biologically active constituents of their seeds) the effects of deficit irrigation on seeds Nigellone content produced on gypsifereous soils are not known. Randomized complete block design experiments were conducted with three replications and four irrigation treatments on soils with five different gypsum contents over two growing seasons (2008-2009 and 2009-2010). These experiments aim to monitor and quantify water stress and Nigellone volatile oil content of black cumin as a function of crop water stress index and soil gypsum content. The soil gypsum content treatments were 60.0 (G1), 137.6 (G2), 275.2 (G3), 314.2 (G4) and 486.0 (G5) g kg−1. Three irrigation treatments were based on replenishing the 0.60 m deep root zone to field capacity when the maximum allowable depletion (MAD) of the available soil water holding capacity of 25% (I1), 50% (I2) and 75% (I3) were maintained in the crop experiments. A dryland treatment (fully stressed, I4) was also included. The lower (non-stressed) and upper (stressed) baselines were measured to calculate crop water stress index. The crop water stress index behaved as expected, dropping to near zero following an irrigation and increasing gradually as black cumin plants depleted soil water reserves. The seasonal mean values of crop water stress index for the irrigation treatments; I1, I2, and I3 were increased from 0.189, 0.287, 0.380 to 0.239, 0.366, 0.467, respectively when the soil gypsum content increased from 60.0 to 486.0 g kg−1. The highest Nigellone volatile oil content of black cumin seeds was obtained for G1I1 treatment (5.1 g kg−1) while the lowest content (3.5 g kg−1) was obtained for G5I1 treatment. Equations that can be used to predict the Nigellone volatile oil content of black cumin seeds were developed for the three irrigation schedules of different maximum allowable depletion of available soil water holding capacity using the relationships between the Nigellone volatile oil content and the seasonal mean crop water stress index for different soil gypsum contents. The relationships between black cumin seed yield, Nigellone volatile oil content and seasonal mean crop water stress index values were primarily linear. These relations can be used to predict the yield of black cumin seeds, seeds Nigellone volatile oil content, and irrigation timing in soils with different soil gypsum contents. Thus, the obtained data will be beneficial for further research. 相似文献
15.
Satellite-based sensors provide data at either greater spectral and coarser spatial resolutions or lower spectral and finer spatial resolutions due to complementary spectral and spatial characteristics of optical sensor systems. In order to overcome this limitation, image fusion has been suggested to obtain higher spatial and spectral resolution images at the same time. Image fusion has been a valuable technique in digital image analysis and comparison because of the availability of multi-spatial and multispectral images from satellite and airborne sensors. It has been applied to merge coarser spatial resolution of multispectral images with a finer spatial resolution panchromatic image to enhance visual apprehension and to provide images that are more informative. Part I companion paper presented and discussed the image downscaling methods. In this paper (part II), the main objective is to review existing image fusion methods for their capability to downscale coarser spatial resolution images for irrigation management applications. A literature review indicated that image fusion methods have not been actively used in obtaining high-resolution land surface temperature (LST) and evapotranspiration (ET) images for irrigation management. However, there is a great potential for applying image fusion methods to retrieve finer LST and ET images from coarser thermal images by fusing them with finer non-thermal color or panchromatic images for irrigation scheduling and management purposes. 相似文献
16.
施加生物质炭对盐渍土土壤结构和水力特性的影响 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
以江苏省沿海围垦区盐渍土为研究对象,基于Micro-CT图像扫描技术,分析施加生物质炭后改良盐渍土土壤孔隙度、土壤水分特征曲线以及非饱和导水率等土壤特性的变化,并建立分形模型预测土壤水力性质,以此揭示施用生物质炭对于海涂围垦区盐渍土土壤结构和水力特性的影响。试验设置0、2%、5%(与表层0～20 cm土壤质量比) 3个生物质炭添加水平,重复3次。结果表明:施加5%生物质炭显著降低盐渍土土壤容重,增加土壤总孔隙度和大孔隙度;大于0. 25 mm水稳性团聚体质量分数显著增加,增加土壤孔隙分形维数;提高土壤饱和含水率和饱和导水率;结合Micro-CT图像扫描技术和孔隙分形理论预测改良盐渍土土壤水分特征曲线和非饱和导水率,预测效果精度高,能够用于实际问题的研究。 相似文献
17.
High levels of soil sodicity, resulting from intensive irrigation with saline-sodic waters, lead to an increased soil susceptibility to seal formation and to severe problems of runoff and soil erosion. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of the addition of small amounts of an anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) to the irrigation water in controlling seal formation, runoff and soil erosion. Two predominantly montmorillonitic soils were studied, a grumusol (Typic Haploxerert) and a loess (Calcic Haploxeralf), having naturally occurring exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP)>12. The soils were exposed to 60 mm of simulated irrigation with commonly used tap water (TW, electrical conductivity=0.8 dS m–1; sodium adsorption ratio (SAR)=2), or saline water (SW, electrical conductivity=5.0 dS m–1; SAR>12). PAM effectiveness in controlling runoff and erosion from the sodic soils was compared with runoff and erosion levels obtained from untreated soils having low ESPs (<4). For both soils and for both water qualities and polymer concentrations in the irrigation water, PAM was efficient in controlling runoff at low ESP levels and inefficient at high ESP levels. At moderate ESP levels, PAM's efficacy in controlling runoff was inconsistent and varied with water quality and polymer concentration. Conversely, in general, soil loss originating from rill erosion, was significantly and effectively reduced in moderate and high ESP soils by addition of PAM to the irrigation water, irrespective of water quality and polymer concentration. PAM was more effective in reducing rill erosion than in reducing runoff in the moderate and high ESP samples, because the energy involved in generating runoff is much higher than that involved in rill erosion. PAM treated surface aggregates were not stable against the distructive forces leading to seal formation and runoff production; but they were stable enough to resist the hydraulic shear exerted by the runoff flow. 相似文献
18.
通过对黄淮海平原 3种主要土壤饱和导水率的研究 ,结果表明 :3种土壤的饱和导水率在 5 .95×1 0 - 6 ～ 1 .0 8× 1 0 - 2 cm/ s之间变化 ,并随着土壤剖面深度的增加呈现出上土层高、中间土层低、底土层又升高的趋势 ;扰动土与原状土的饱和导水率差异较大 ,达到极显著水平 ;土壤容重、孔隙度、有机质含量、粘粒含量和全盐含量等均对土壤饱和导水率有一定的影响。原状土的饱和导水率能反映田间水分运动以及孔隙状况 ,对研究土壤水量平衡和水土保持有重要的意义。扰动土的饱和导水率在农业工程上有参考价值。 相似文献
19.
围垦年限和土壤容重对海涂土壤水分运动参数的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为探讨围垦年限和土壤容重双因素对海涂土壤水分运动参数的影响,在室内试验的基础上结合理论计算,对海涂4个年限围垦区土壤2个不同容重下土壤导水率、水分特征曲线和扩散率的变化进行了研究。结果表明:围垦年限对土壤颗粒组成、结构及钠盐含量等影响显著,土壤饱和导水率随围垦年限的增长而减小;持水能力、土壤水分扩散率随围垦年限的增长而增大。土壤饱和导水率、吸渗率、土壤水分扩散率及相同土壤吸力下的含水率均随容重的增大而减小,随着围垦年限的增长,土壤容重对水分运动参数的影响更明显。 相似文献
20.
M. Aydin 《Irrigation Science》1994,15(1):17-23
A field study was carried out in the Cukurova Region, Southern Turkey to investigate the magnitude of the components of water balance, and the water uptake by cotton roots in relation to hydraulic properties of a clay soil. A plot cropped with cotton and with bare soil only were equipped with tensiometers, gypsum blocks, and access tubes for neutron probe to monitor soil water potential and water content.The hydraulic conductivity values, evaporation and drainage rates, and water withdrawal of roots were determined from field data with numerical calculations based on water flow equations.Results showed that the evaporation from bare soil was generally high during the three month period May to July varying between 4.5 and 1.0 mm/day. However, when soil water potential at 10 cm depth had decreased to -0.065 and -0.070 MPa in the drying phase, the evaporation from the soil decreased to 0.4 mm/day. The drainage rates were influenced by rainfall.The highest values of capillary flux toward the surface layer, and drainage rate from the cropped soil, were 2.0 and 1.8 mm/day respectively. Rates of water uptake by roots from the soil profile, not including the 0–10 cm layer, were high when compared with drainage and upward fluxes, changing between 7.7 and 1.4 mm/day during the experimental period. A good agreement between root length densities and water uptake was found; up to 80% of all roots were in the top 50 cm of the soil and 78% of the total water uptake was extracted from the same layer. Evapotranspiration was found to decline as a cubic function of the available water content of the top 120 cm of the soil profile. 相似文献