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通过小区试验,以地表滴灌为对照,探究红枣间接地下滴灌模式下水分的分布特征及不同灌水量对枣树生理生态指标、产量、品质的影响。间接地下滴灌下,最大的含水率出现在15~30cm土层处;而地表滴灌下,最大的含水率出现0~10cm土层处。枣树各生理生态指标,随灌水次数的增加,各处理性状差异逐渐增大,间接滴灌下中供水和高等供水枣树长势较好,低供水处理下红枣的糖分含量高,中供水处理下红枣的有机酸和VC含量高;地表滴灌处理枣树的平均单株产量高,但水分利用率最低,中供水处理不明显降低红枣单果质量和平均单株产量的前提下可以提高水分利用率;综合考虑枣树长势、产量、果实品质及水分利用率,中供水是间接地下滴灌下最佳的灌水量。 相似文献
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修剪对黄土丘陵区枣树蒸腾的调控作用 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
对枣树树体进行梯度修剪,采用热扩散探针(TDP)液流监测系统和中子水分仪对枣树的蒸腾和土壤水分进行同步动态监测,通过2年连续监测发现:修剪对枣树不同时间尺度上的蒸腾均有显著影响。修剪可以显著降低枣树开花坐果期和果实膨大期的树体蒸腾,降低对土壤水分的消耗。与对照处理相比,轻度、中度和重度修剪的枣树全生育期蒸腾总量分别下降31.7%、52.0%和68.6%。通过线性和非线性的分析方法,分析了蒸腾和树体规格指标之间的关系,构建了自然降水量和修剪目标产量的数学模型。提出适宜的陕北枣林可持续经营的目标产量为1.2×104kg/hm2,适宜的节水型修剪调控树体指标为冠幅体积和新稍长度。 相似文献
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《Agricultural Water Management》1999,41(1):41-56
The purpose of the study was to evaluate and derive the optimum spacing of contour vegetative barriers (CVB) of locally adapted, drought resistant plant species as soil and water conservation measures for rainfed crop-fields in an arid region. Adapted perennial grasses performed the best and formed effective barriers against soil erosion. Runoff volume and specific peak discharge were reduced by 28 to 97% and 22 to 96%, respectively using CVB with negligible soil loss. The resultant increase in soil moisture storage increased pearl millet crop yield by 35%. Hydrologic processes with respect to crop response for digitally generated CVB layouts were simulated using the distributed numerical models SWAMREG (rainfall-runoff) and SWACROP (moisture storage-plant transpiration-crop yield), and a personal computer-based geographic information system (GIS) for designing optimum CVB spacing. Inputs needed for these models are soil hydraulic parameters, daily meteorological data, and crop characteristics. Simulated outputs were validated with the observed runoff, soil moisture storage and pearl millet yield data. At an optimum simulated vertical spacing of CVB between 0.5 and 0.6 m, 24% reduction in runoff resulted in better moisture regime and crop yield improvement by 70% over control. 相似文献
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考虑初始含水率沿程不均匀分布的畦灌技术要素调控 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
畦田土壤初始含水率是影响灌水质量的重要因素之一,由降雨产流导致的畦田土壤含水率沿程不均匀分布是华北平原农田常见的现象。为探究土壤初始含水率空间变异性对畦灌水流运动以及灌水质量的影响,本文开展一维土柱入渗试验与二维土槽灌溉试验,结合WinSRFR地面灌溉模拟模型,优化求解初始含水率沿程不均匀条件下的畦灌技术要素。结果表明：畦田土壤初始含水率沿程增幅越大,畦灌田面水流推进速度越快,田面水流消退速度越慢;相较于初始含水率均匀分布,畦田土壤初始含水率沿程不均匀分布条件下,灌水效率和灌水均匀度有所下降,储水效率无明显变化;当畦田土壤初始含水率沿程增加时,灌水效率和储水效率受畦田长度、入畦单宽流量及改水成数的影响,而灌后土壤水分均匀度仅受畦田长度和单宽流量的影响;当畦田土壤初始含水率沿程由0.189 0 m3/m3均匀增大至0.464 3 m3/m3时,畦田长度L为85 m、改水成数G为6、单宽流量q为7.0 L/(m·s)时可取得最优灌水质量。本研究结果可为降雨产流带来的畦田土壤初始含水率不均匀条件下的灌水技... 相似文献
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Retrieving Soil Moisture Storage in the Unsaturated Zone Using Satellite Imagery and Bi-Annual Phreatic Surface Fluctuations 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Ongoing research into net groundwateruse in Pakistan needed soil moisturestorage information to compute monthlysoil water balances. A methodology isdeveloped to retrieve soil moisture storagein the complete unsaturated zone from rootzone soil moisture content (based onthermal satellite imagery) and bi-annualphreatic surface fluctuations. A root meansquare error in volumetric soil moisturecontent of 0.05 cm3 cm-3 in theroot zone of irrigated fields was found forthe case study in Pakistan. A new simpleparameterisation of matric pressure headdistribution between the root zone and thephreatic surface was developed. Theabsolute root mean square error in dailyestimates of unsaturated zone storage forshallow (2 m) and deep groundwater tables(10 m) was found to be 7 cm (the averagetotal storage is 110 cm). It is concludedthat the spatial variation of the soilmoisture storage depends on the depth ofthe phreatic surface, whereas the temporalvariation is mainly controlled by the rootzone soil moisture changes. The resultsshow that for an area of 3 million ha, storagechanges of ± 10 cm month-1 occur,which is a significant quantity for monthlywater balance analysis. Conventionalmethods such as specific yield do notconsider moisture changes in the irrigatedtop soil when the groundwater table isdeep. The new method is, therefore, apossible alternative solution, especiallyin areas where hydrological data isscanty. 相似文献
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Water harvesting is viable alternatives for rainfed agricultural production in semiarid lands. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of a relatively new water harvesting technique, called sand ditch, for moisture and soil conservation. Twelve field plots of 10 m × 2 m were constructed in two adjacent fields having silt loam soils but varied in soil depth, 0.75 m and 2 m, and slope of 10% and 12%. A 130 L barrel was installed at the downslope end of the plots to collect water and sediments at the end of each rainstorm along the rainy season. Three types of treatments were used in duplicates (12 plots in total); sand-ditch plots in which a ditch of 2-m long, 1 m wide and 0.8 m deep was constructed in the middle of plots across the slope (2 in each field), two compacted plots and two plots covered with plastic mulch in addition to four control plots, 2 in each field. The total amount of runoff, sediment concentration, total infiltration and sediment loss for the experimental plots were measured or calculated after each storm during the winter season 2004/2005. Experimental results showed that sand-ditch technique significantly reduced runoff and sediment loss and increased infiltration and soil moisture compared to control or compacted plots. The overall average runoff and sediment reductions in the sand-ditch plots were 46% and 61% compared to control plots. Sediment losses from compacted plots were about 2.2 and 6 folds higher than control and sand-ditch plots, respectively making soil compaction unsuitable technique for rainfall harvesting under the current experimental and climatic conditions. Construction of sand ditch also increased the dry matter yield of native grass by an average of 62% and 40% in the two experimental fields compared to control. 相似文献
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《Agricultural Water Management》1988,15(1):37-46
Potassium transport in runoff from three agricultural soils was investigated in laboratory and field experiments using a kinetic equation describing soil K desorption. In the laboratory, this equation was used to study the effect of rainfall intensity and soil slope, cover, and residue incorporation on the effective depth of interaction between surface soil and runoff (edi), an important parameter in the kinetic equation. Using simulated rainfall, edi increased linearly (from 1.6 to 22.0 mm) with an increase in rainfall intensity (50 to 160 mm h−1) and soil slope (2 to 20%). edi was reduced an average 82% following incorporation of 5.0 t ha−1 of wheat straw (Triticum aestivum L. sp.) and 44% by a 0.5-mm2 mesh screen, simulating crop cover, compared to the control (4.5 mm). This reduction was attributed to a decreased turbulent mixing of water at the soil surface brought about by an increased physical protection of soil. For all soils and treatments, edi was logarithmically related to soil loss (r2 = 0.80), allowing estimation of edi under variable rainfall intensity, soil slope, type, and cover conditions from measured or estimated soil loss. The values of edi, thus estimated were used in the kinetic equation to predict solution K transport in runoff from eight agricultural watersheds in Oklahoma, U.S.A. Measured and predicted mean annual flow-weighted concentrations of solution K were not significantly different and were strongly correlated (r2 = 0.92). These results improve our capability to predict K transport in runoff under field conditions. These methods could also be applied to other agricultural chemicals transported in runoff and results used to improve management of soil and water. 相似文献
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Micro-catchment water harvesting (MCWH) requires development of small structures across mild land slopes, which capture overland flow and store it in soil profile for subsequent plant uses. Water availability to plants depends on the micro-catchment runoff yield and water storage capacity of both the plant basin and the soil profile in the plant root zone. This study assessed the MCWH potential of a Mediterranean arid environment by using runoff micro-catchment and soil water balance approaches. Average annual rainfall and evapotranspiration of the studied environment were estimated as 111 and 1671 mm, respectively. This environment hardly supports vegetation without supplementary water. During the study period, the annual rain was 158 mm in year 2004/2005, 45 mm in year 2005/2006 and 127 mm in year 2006/2007. About 5000 MCWH basins were developed for shrub raising on a land slope between 2 and 5% by using three different techniques. Runoff at the outlets of 26 micro-catchments with catchment areas between 13 and 50 m2 was measured. Also the runoff was indirectly assessed for another 40 micro-catchments by using soil water balance in the micro-catchments and the plant basins. Results show that runoff yield varied between 5 and 187 m3 ha−1 for various rainfall events. It was between 5 and 85% of the incidental rainfall with an average value of 30%. The rainfall threshold for runoff generation was estimated about 4 mm. Overall; the soil water balance approach predicted 38-57% less water than micro-catchment runoff approach. This difference was due to the reason that the micro-catchment runoff approach accounted for entire event runoff in the tanks; thus showed a maximum water harvesting potential of the micro-catchments. Soil water balance approach estimated water storage in soil profile and did not incorporate water losses through spillage from plant basins and deep percolation. Therefore, this method depicted water storage capacity of the plant basins and the root zone soil profile. The different between maximum water harvesting potential and soil-water storage capacity is surplus runoff that can be better utilized through appropriate MCWH planning. 相似文献
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秸秆覆盖是防治水土流失最有效的措施之一。该文通过模拟降雨（降雨强度为60 mm/h,降雨历时1 h）研究坡耕地在不同土壤初始含水率状态下秸秆覆盖变化对产沙过程的影响。试验地位于中国科学院红壤生态实验站,土壤类型为耕作铝质湿润淋溶土,试验小区为12 m×3 m,坡度为9%。处理分为5个水平的覆盖度（0、15%、30%、60%和90%）和2种土壤初始含水率（干态和湿态）。结果表明,在0、15%、30%、60%和90%覆盖度下,干态土壤平均产沙速率依次为24.5、15.8、10.4、11.2和1.0 g/(m2·h),同一覆盖度下产沙速率在模拟降雨时段内略微增大。湿态土壤条件下平均产沙速率依次为115.6、70.0、49.6、34.8和31.9 g/(m2·h),同一覆盖度下产沙速率在模拟降雨时段内下降明显。0、15%、30%、60%和90%覆盖度下平衡时产沙速率依次为52.5、30.5、22.8、19.8和15.4 g/(m2·h)。另外,5个水平的覆盖度中,30%的花生秸秆覆盖降低不同前期含水率下土壤产沙速率50%以上。因此,不同前期含水率情况下土壤产沙速率对秸秆覆盖度变化的响应非常明显,30%秸秆覆盖具有较为经济的水土保持效果。 相似文献
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Petr Hlavinka Miroslav Trnka Jan Balek Michael Hayes Eric Hunt 《Agricultural Water Management》2011,98(8):1249-1261
The newly developed SoilClim model is introduced as a tool for estimates of reference (ETo) and actual (ETa) evapotranspiration, presence of snow cover, soil temperature at 0.5 m depth and the soil moisture course within two defined layers. It enables one to determine the soil moisture and temperature regimes according to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) soil taxonomy. SoilClim works with daily time steps and requires maximum and minimum air temperature, global solar radiation, precipitation, vapor pressure and wind speed as meteorological inputs as well as basic information about the soil properties and vegetation cover. The behavior of SoilClim was assessed using observations at 5 stations in central Europe and 15 stations in the central U.S. The modeled ETo was compared with atmometers so that the coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.91 and root mean square error (RMSE) was 0.53 mm. The estimated ETa was compared against eddy-covariance and Bowen ratio measurements (R2 varied from 0.74 to 0.80; RMSE varied from 0.49 to 0.58 mm). The soil temperature (at 0.5 m depth) was estimated with good accuracy (R2 varied from 0.94 to 0.97; RMSE varied from 1.23 °C to 2.95 °C). The ability of the SoilClim model to mimic the observed soil water dynamics was carefully investigated (relative root mean square error rRMSE varied from 2.8% to 34.0%). The analysis conducted showed that SoilClim gives reasonable estimates of evaluated parameters at a majority of the included stations. Finally, a spatial analysis of soil moisture and temperature regimes (according to USDA) within the region of the Czech Republic and the northern part of Austria under present conditions was conducted and diagnosed the appearance of Perudic, Subhumid Udic, Dry Tempudic (the highest frequency), Wet Tempustic and Typic Tempustic. The simulated mean soil temperature (0.5 m depth) varied from less than 7.0 °C to 11.0 °C throughout this region. Based on these results, the SoilClim model is a useful and suitable tool for water balance and soil climate assessment on local and regional scales. 相似文献
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为了实现黄土高原地区滴灌条件下枣树园土壤含水率的小范围快捷监测,根据FAO-56水分胁迫系数的定义和相关计算公式,得到了基于土壤水分胁迫系数的黄土高原地区滴灌条件下枣树根层土壤平均含水率估算公式．2009年4-9月将该公式应用于西北农林科技大学陕西米脂孟岔试验站的枣树试验园,配置了3种不同的土壤含水率控制下限,对枣树2个重要生育期的土壤含水率进行了估算,模拟了水分动态变化过程,并对估算值和实测值进行对比和误差分析．结果表明:采用基于FAO-56水分胁迫系数的计算公式对土壤含水率的动态模拟达到了较高的精度,估算值与实测值之间误差较小:其中开花坐果期各处理(灌水下限为60％,50％,40％的田间持水率)的估算值与实测值之间的相关系数分别为0828 0,0907 3,0935 1;标准误差分别为0055,0093,0068．果实膨大期各处理的相关系数分别为0777 2,0766 7,0905 5;标准误差分别为0057,0092,0079．估算值与实测值之间的相关系数随土壤含水率的增大而减小,随土壤水分胁迫程度的增大而增大,即土壤含水率较高时对公式精度有一定的影响．该方法较适用于黄土高原半干旱地区,对农业用水管理具有一定参考价值． 相似文献
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以枣树为研究对象,通过对自然生长枣林与矮化密植枣林、截干枣林、极端矮化的枣树及不同修剪强度枣林土壤水分进行监测,采用水量平衡法分析上述情况下枣林耗水特点及枣树水分利用效率。结果表明:自然生长枣林每年在土壤中耗水量较矮化密植枣林大6.54 mm,耗水深度较矮化密植枣林大13.3 cm,水分利用效率最小,2014、2015年分别为2.1、1.8 kg/m~3;12龄枣林实施截干处理3年,其林下土壤水分恢复深度达460 cm,每年恢复深度达153.3 cm,是形成干层速度的3.41倍;极端矮化枣树规格降低1/2,其耗水量为同龄枣林的25%,水分利用效率是同龄枣林的1.26倍;枣树不同修剪强度与其蒸腾耗水关系紧密,随着修剪强度加大枣树蒸腾耗水量减小,林下土壤含水率可提高。研究显示,枣林可以通过对枣树规格的缩小来实现枣林耗水量及水分利用效率的调控,黄土高原半干旱区年降水量波动较大,确定当地适宜修剪强度指标时,建议参考多年平均降水量来制定。 相似文献
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J.C. Melgar Y. Mohamed P.A. García-Galavís M.A. Parra R. Fernández-Escobar 《Agricultural Water Management》2009,96(7):1105-1113
Water demand for irrigation is increasing in olive orchards due to enhanced yields and profits. Because olive trees are considered moderately tolerant to salinity, irrigation water with salt concentrations that can be harmful for many of fruit tree crops is often used without considering the possible negative effects on olive tree growth and yield. We studied salt effects in mature olive trees in a long term field experiment (1998-2006). Eighteen-year-old olive trees (Olea europaea L.) cv. Picual were cultivated under drip irrigation with saline water composed of a mixture of NaCl and CaCl2. Three irrigation regimes (i. no irrigation; ii. water application considering soil water reserves, short irrigation; iii. water application without considering soil water reserves and adding a 20% more as a leaching fraction, long irrigation) and three salt concentrations (0.5, 5 or 10 dS m−1) were applied. Treatments were the result of the combination of three salt concentrations with two irrigation regimes, plus the non-irrigated treatment. Growth parameters, leaf and fruit nutrition, yield, oil content and fruit characteristics were annually studied. Annual leaf nutrient analyses indicate that all nutrients were within the adequate levels. After 8 years of treatment, salinity did not affect any growth measurement and leaf Na+ and Cl− concentration were always below the toxicity threshold of 0.2 and 0.5%, respectively. Annual and accumulated yield, fruit size and pulp:stone ratio were also not affected by salts. However, oil content increased linearly with salinity, in most of the years studied. Soil salinity measurements showed that there was no accumulation of salts in the upper 30 cm of the soil (where most of the roots are present) because of leaching by rainfall at the end of the irrigation period. Results suggest that a proper management of saline water, supplying Ca2+ to the irrigation water, using drip irrigation until winter rest and seasonal rainfall typical of the Mediterranean climate leach the salts from the first 0-60 cm depth, and growing a tolerant cultivar, can allow using high saline irrigation water (up to 10 dS m−1) for a long time without affecting growth and yield in olive trees. 相似文献
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Geospatial estimation of soil moisture in rain-fed paddy fields using SCS-CN-based model 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Paddy fields are characterized by standing water and saturation condition during the entire crop growth period. However, in sub-humid and semi-arid areas, scarce rainfall and intermittent dry spells often cause soil moisture depletion resulting in unsaturated condition in the fields. These distinctive characteristics of the paddy fields have significant influence on the runoff generation and soil moisture retention characteristics of the watershed. In this study, the objective is to extend the application of the Soil Conservation Services Curve Number (SCS-CN)-based models for the geospatial and temporal simulation of soil moisture to paddy field-dominated agricultural watersheds in the water scarce areas. Different SCS-CN-based models, integrated with the soil moisture balance equation, are used to estimate the surface runoff and soil moisture content wherein, the spatial variation in the soil hydraulic characteristics is used to calculate the geospatial variation in soil moisture content. Physical significance of the terms initial abstraction (Ia) and potential maximum retention (S) in these models and their influence on the estimation of runoff and soil moisture are analysed in detail. A new SCS-CN-based model for soil moisture simulation (SCS-CN-SMS), to improve the soil moisture estimation, is proposed in this paper. The proposed model is built up on the soil moisture balance equation to account for the effect of ponding condition and soil moisture variation between the dry and saturation condition. The method is tested with 3 years observed surface runoff data and crop production statistics from a part of the Gandeshwari sub-watershed in West Bengal, India. The entire study area is divided into cells of 20 m × 20 m. Various components of the soil moisture balance equation are estimated for each cell as a function of the soil moisture content. Remote Sensing Technique and Geographic Information System (GIS) are used to extract and integrate the spatially distributed land use and soil characteristics. The Hortonion overland flow concept adopted in the SCS-CN method is used to estimate the soil hydraulic characteristics of each cell in which the curve number is used to infer the spatial variation of the land use and soil characteristics. Even though the original SCS-CN method and the existing modified versions are efficient for runoff estimation, these models are found to be inappropriate for the estimation of soil moisture distribution. On the other hand, the proposed SCS-CN-SMS model gives better results for both runoff and soil moisture simulation and is, therefore, more suitable for the hydrological modeling of paddy field-dominated agricultural watersheds. 相似文献
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Lincoln Zotarelli Johannes M. Scholberg Rafael Muñoz-Carpena 《Agricultural Water Management》2009,96(1):23-34
Florida is the largest producer of fresh-market tomatoes in the United States. Production areas are typically intensively managed with high inputs of fertilizer and irrigation. The objectives of this 3-year field study were to evaluate the interaction between N-fertilizer rates and irrigation scheduling on yield, irrigation water use efficiency (iWUE) and root distribution of tomato cultivated in a plastic mulched/drip irrigated production systems. Experimental treatments included three irrigation scheduling regimes and three N-rates (176, 220 and 230 kg ha−1). Irrigation treatments included were: (1) SUR (surface drip irrigation) both irrigation and fertigation line placed right underneath the plastic mulch; (2) SDI (subsurface drip irrigation) where the irrigation line was placed 0.15 m below the fertigation line which was located on top of the bed; and (3) TIME (conventional control) with irrigation and fertigation lines placed as in SUR and irrigation being applied once a day. Except for the “TIME” treatment all irrigation treatments were controlled by soil moisture sensor (SMS)-based irrigation set at 10% volumetric water content which was allotted five irrigation windows daily and bypassed events if the soil water content exceeded the established threshold. Average marketable fruit yields were 28, 56 and 79 Mg ha−1 for years 1-3, respectively. The SUR treatment required 15-51% less irrigation water when compared to TIME treatments, while the reductions in irrigation water use for SDI were 7-29%. Tomato yield was 11-80% higher for the SUR and SDI treatments than TIME where as N-rate did not affect yield. Root concentration was greatest in the vicinity of the irrigation and fertigation drip lines for all irrigation treatments. At the beginning of reproductive phase about 70-75% of the total root length density (RLD) was concentrated in the 0-15 cm soil layer while 15-20% of the roots were found in the 15-30 cm layer. Corresponding RLD distribution values during the reproductive phase were 68% and 22%, respectively. Root distribution in the soil profile thus appears to be mainly driven by development stage, soil moisture and nutrient availability. It is concluded that use of SDI and SMS-based systems consistently increased tomato yields while greatly improving irrigation water use efficiency and thereby reduced both irrigation water use and potential N leaching. 相似文献
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为探究不同灌水量对红枣坐果率、果实生长及产量的影响,以甘肃省民勤县当地7a生骏枣为试验材料,在砂管灌条件下设置3个不同灌水量（2 700、3 375和4 050 m3/hm2）和一个地表滴灌（4 050 m3/hm2）对照进行大田试验。结果表明:4 050 m3/hm2灌水量的坐果率和产量均达到最大值,分别为6.73%和12 589.2 kg/hm2,显著高于其他处理;果实纵、横径存在两个明显的膨大高峰期,且第1个膨大高峰期枣果的膨大速率远高于第2个;坐果率、果实膨大速率和产量均随灌水量的增加而增大;在相同灌水量条件下,砂管灌的各项指标均高于地表滴灌。结合当地环境状况,4 050 m3/hm2的灌水量适宜当地骏枣的生长 相似文献
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X.-Y. Li W.-W. Zhao Y.-X. Song W. Wang X.-Y. Zhang 《Agricultural Water Management》2008,95(5):539-544
A rainwater harvesting system on slopes using contour furrows with plastic-covered transverse ridges designed to be used in small rainfall dominated areas of the semiarid loess region of China has been tested from 2001 to 2004. The system consisted of constructing contour furrows on the loess slope at a distance of 5 m with plastic-covered transverse ridges built in the furrows between shrubs of Caragana korshinskii. There were three treatments in the study: (1) plastic-covered ridge with gravel-mulched furrows (T1), (2) plastic-covered ridge with bare furrows (T2), and (3) control (no ridge and no contour furrow) (T3).
The experimental results indicated that runoff from the natural loess slope was small and variable, and only produced from a few rainfall events with high intensity. Runoff efficiency averaged 13.8, 4.5, 1.4, and 0.4% in 2001, 2002, 2003, and 2004, respectively. However, the plastic-covered ridges accumulated runoff from most rainfall events, particularly from the light rains less than 5 mm. So the natural loess slope between the furrows and the plastic-covered ridges in the furrows can complement each other, i.e., the plastic-covered ridges induce runoff from small rainfall to the planted area, and the natural loess slope between the furrows concentrate runoff from heavy rainfall, thus improving rain use efficiency. The total runoff collected from both the natural loess slope and the plastic-covered ridges to the planted area in the furrows was 231, 143, 88, and 59 mm in 2001, 2002, 2003, and 2004, respectively. Soil moisture storage in the 200-cm deep soil layer was obviously higher for T1 and T2 than for T3, and C. korshinskii showed a significant improvement in growth for the T1 and T2 treatments. Therefore the combination of contour furrows and plastic-covered ridges as rainwater harvesting system may have a great potential development in the small rainfall dominated arid regions of China. 相似文献