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1.
Two experiments were carried out to evaluate propionic acid-treated hay as a feed for sheep in which eighteen ewes (experiment 1) and eighteen ewe lambs (experiment 2) were fed ad libitum on hay only. At feeding, the propionic acid-treated hays had higher D-values and water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations, but a lower dry matter concentration, than the untreated hays. The voluntary feed intake and liveweight gain of the sheep fed on two acid-treated hays and on an untreated hay in experiment 1 were similar. In the second experiment an acid-treated moist hay was eaten in greater amounts by the sheep and liveweight gains were greater than on the corresponding untreated hay, but were not significantly different from those of sheep fed on field-cured hay.  相似文献   

2.
Two experiments were conducted to study the effect on nutrient loss and feeding value of making hay by different means, using a barn-drier, a forage-harvester, a crimper and conventional tedding. Both forage-harvesting and crimping of the herbage significantly increased the rate of drying, compared with tedding alone. In Exp. 2 this effect enabled the crimped and forage-harvested hays to be baled for storage 3 days earlier than the tedded hay. The use of the forage-harvester significantly reduced the yield of herbage compared with conventional mowing. Nutrient losses from cutting until storage were highest for the forage-harvested hays, the loss of dry matter between cutting and storage in the forage-harvested hays being 39·9 and 19·3%, respectively, in Expt 1 and 2 with corresponding losses in the conventionally made hays of 7·1% and 9·3%. Crimping the hay resulted in higher nutrient losses than tedding. In Expt 2 there was a loss of dry matter of 17·5% in the conventionally made hay during an 18-week storage period, compared with 3·6% in barn-dried hay, 10·8% in forage-harvested hay and 8·8% in crimped hay.
In Expt 2, in which digestibility determinations were made, conservation decreased the total digestible nutrients and starch equivalent in all treatments. The use of the barn-drier gave the most efficient conservation of total digestible nutrients, followed by the crimped, forage-harvested and conventional treatments in that order. The starch equivalent values of hays made from the same sward were 43·0 when barn-dried, 39·8 when crimped, 38·6 after forage-harvesting and 31·6 after tedding.  相似文献   

3.
This study evaluated the effect of two fibrolytic enzyme products, applied at baling, on the chemical composition and digestibility of alfalfa hay. Three replicate bales of alfalfa hay (82% dry matter) were produced with the application of one of five treatments including an untreated control and one of two fibrolytic enzyme products (DYC and ECO), either applied alone or in combination with a ferulic acid esterase‐producing bacterial additive. The enzyme products were applied on the basis of endoglucanase activity. The neutral detergent fibre (NDF) concentration and accumulated temperature after storage of hay produced using DYC‐ or ECO‐based treatments were greater (P < 0·05) than untreated hay, except for hay bales produced using ECO alone. Bales produced using ECO‐based treatments had a greater (P < 0·05) in vitro NDF digestibility compared with untreated bales. The application of fibrolytic enzymes at baling may potentially improve NDF digestibility without negatively affecting chemical composition or increasing aerobic deterioration. However, the effects of fibrolytic enzymes varied depending on the product applied. Combining ferulic acid esterase‐producing bacterial additives with fibrolytic enzymes did not improve the nutritive value of hay after storage.  相似文献   

4.
Three trials examined the impact on chemical composition, leaf-stem ratio and bale temperature of applying a low-acid stabilizer and a Lactobacillus fermentation product at baling lo moist (20–25% moisture) lucerne Medicago saliva L.) hay. Treatments evaluated were lucerne baled at: 17–20% moisture (dry control); 20–25% moisture with addition of 200 g or 400 g 100kg-1 of a low-acid stabilizer, with 4·1 ml or 8·1 ml 100kg-1 of a Lactobacillus fermentation product; and 20–25% moisture with no treatment (wet control). In trial 1, low-concentration acid treatment was effective in limiting the increase in bale temperature of moist hay. In trials 2 and 3, bale temperature for low-concentration acid and Lactobacillus fermentation product-treated hay was similar to untreated moist hay In trial 3, higher application rates of either product were not effective in further reducing bale temperature. In trials 1 and 3, levels of neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen were higher for moist hay than dry control. Nitrogen levels tended to be higher for moist hay. Leaf-stem data from trial 2 suggest that more leaves can be retained by baling relatively high-quality (late bud maturity) legumes at 20–25% moisture. In some circumstances use of a low-acid forage stabilizer for preservation of high-quality lucerne can minimize increases in temperature during storage of hay baled while moist (20–25%).  相似文献   

5.
Two compositionally similar, mature grass hays, of dry matter contents 699 and 836 g kg-1, were treated with anhydrous ammonia at levels of 10, 20 and 30 kg NH3 t DM-1 and 20, 30 and 40 kg NH31 DM-1, respectively. Treatment at 10 kg t-1 did not inhibit moulding of the damp hay. The remaining treatments increased the nitrogen contents of damp and dry hay, respectively, from 12.5 and 13.8 g kg DM-1 to maxima of 250 and 270 g kg DM-1 and the water-soluble ammonia-nitrogen contents of oven-dried samples from 24 and 23 g kg-1 to maxima of 118 and 88 g kg-1 of total nitrogen. While all treated hays had reduced levels of insoluble hemicellulose, ammoniation increased the insoluble cellulose content of damp hay only. In trials of 37 and 80 days duration, respectively, the untreated and 20 and 30 kg t-1‘damp'-ammoniated hays and the untreated and 20, 30 and 40 kg t-1‘dry'-ammoniated hays were offered ad libitum, unsupplemented or supplemented with 2 kg d-1 of a barley-soya compound, to steers of 328 kg and 383 kg mean initial liveweight. Steers offered untreated and 20 and 30 kg t-1 ammoniated damp hays and untreated and 20, 30 and 40 kg t-1 ammoniated dry hays, all ad libitum and alone, consumed 5.50, 6.48 and 6.59 and 6.78, 782, 790 and 8.26 kg d-1 and gained 471,560 and 521 g d-1 and 490,699,794 and 572 g d-1, respectively. When supplemented, the same hays, again offered ad libitum, produced live-weight gains of 529, 515 and 736 g d-1 and 725, 705,726 and 895 g d-1, respectively. The apparent in vivo digestibilities of hay dry matter, organic matter, gross energy, hemiceliulose, cellulose and nitrogen were significantly increased by ammoniation.  相似文献   

6.
The changes in chemical composition during haymaking, the loss of nutrients in the field and during storage, and the nutritive value of swath-cured and tripoded hay were compared. In good weather no advantage was gained by tripoding the hay. The nutritive value of the hays made by the two methods was similar and the loss of dry matter in the field slightly lower in the swath-cured hay. In a bad season, however, the nutrient loss in the swath-cured hay greatly exceeded that occurring in the tripoded hay and the starch equivalent, as shown by the results of digestibility trials, was markedly lower for the swath-cured.  相似文献   

7.
Data on total, seasonal and between-year variability in the productivity and nutritional quality of cut forages obtained from a range of lowland semi-natural grasslands are reviewed. Dry-matter production, as hay, from unfertilized species-rich semi-natural grasslands ranged from less than 20% to about 80% of the production that might be expected from agriculturally improved and intensively managed grasslands. Unfertilized species-rich grasslands had lower growth rates, reflecting low nutrient availability in spring and early summer. Low soil phosphorus availability appears to be a key factor allowing high species-richness to be maintained. The in vitro digestibilities of herbage cut for hay from semi-natural grasslands were 20%, or more, below values for conserved forages from intensively managed grassland. When losses incurred during the hay-making process were taken into account, then the nitrogen content of hays from many semi-natural grasslands appear to be sub-optimal for productive livestock. Metabolizable energy values of herbage cut for hay were 10–40% below values for intensively managed conserved grass. Phosphorus content of forages from most species-rich grasslands was either below the metabolic requirement of livestock or inadequate to sustain high individual animal performance. Potential problems associated with supplementation of the diet with phosphorus, and with high calcium-to-phosphorus ratios, are discussed. Although potassium content of most of the herbage cut for hay was adequate for productive ruminant livestock, exceptions arise with hay cut after July. The magnesium content of cut herbage from some semi-natural grasslands was below an adequate level for productive livestock. Most cut herbage appeared to contain adequate amounts of sodium. Inadequacy of the mineral content of hays from semi-natural grasslands for ruminant livestock will be exacerbated by nutrient losses incurred during the hay-making process and particularly so when hay- making is prolonged by wet weather. Few feeding studies using hays from semi-natural grasslands of high nature conservation interest have been conducted. Lack of such data makes it difficult to plan any integrated use of these hays in ruminant feed budgets for livestock systems.  相似文献   

8.
A review of American literature indicates that barn drying of hay and silage making are both greatly superior to the field curing of hay in preserving nutrients. This is true of total dry matter, crude protein, ether extract and ash; crude-fibre losses are greater in silage making. Energy losses run parallel with dry matter. Bam drying of hay with heat preserves a rather greater proportion of nutrients than does silage making.
Chemical composition and digestibility are mostly a function of stage of maturity of the crop at the time of cutting. Actual carbohydrate (energy) losses are greater than protein losses in all methods. The influence of method of conservation is unimportant if conservation is properly carried out, but considerable deterioration can result from bad application. Field-cured hay usually suffers most in this respect, due to weather damage.
The conservation processes reviewed have no influence per se on feeding value where each is applied under ideal conditions. Differences found in practice are usually linked to the stage of maturity or to weather damage, which explains the usually superior feeding value of silage and barn-dried hay over field-cured hay.
When the efficiency of each method is compared by determining the quantity of milk produced from equal areas of forage, conserved in the three different ways, barn-dried hay is somewhat superior to silage, but both are greatly superior to field-cured hay.  相似文献   

9.
A laboratory-scale experiment was conducted with lucerne (Medicago sativa) to determine the effects of acid treatment on proteolysis during ensiling and during subsequent in vitro ruminal protein incubations. Lucerne [300 g dry matter (DM) kg?1 forage] was either untreated (control) or treated with sulphuric, formic or trichloroacetic acid (a protein precipitant that stops enzyme activity) at levels sufficient to adjust immediately forage pH to 4·0, then conserved as either silage or hay. Time-course data indicated that non-protein nitrogen (N) formation was 70–90% complete after 1 d of fermentation in the silo. Non-protein N concentrations (g kg?1 total N) were 177 at ensiling and increased to 567 (control), 426 (sulphuric), 398 (formic) and 263 (trichloroacetic) after 60 d of ensiling. Because non-protein N in silage treated with formic and sulphuric acids was nearly three times greater than that in silage treated with trichloroacetic acid, it is clear that the typical acid treatments only slow proteolysis and do not destroy protease activity during ensiling. The ruminal protein degradation rate of conserved forages was slower than that of fresh-cut forage that was preserved with dry ice immediately after cutting. The degradation rate of all acid-treated forages was similar, indicating a consistent effect on ruminal degradation regardless of method of preservation. There was a clear effect of acid treatment on reducing the rate and extent of ruminal degradation of protein in lucerne hay.  相似文献   

10.
The extent of visible fungal growth and the identity of the predominant fungi causing spoilage of baled grass silage were recorded on 180 farms in Ireland. Fungal growth was evident on bales on 174 of the 180 farms visited and on 331 of the 360 bales examined. The mean proportion of surface area of bale, that was affected, was 0·06. Silage‐making method, storage characteristics and geographical location were significantly associated with the level of fungal contamination on bales. Fungal contamination was higher (P < 0·001) in bales where the surrounding polythene stretch‐film was visibly damaged compared with bales where the film appeared intact. A strong positive relationship was found between polythene film damage and dry‐matter content of the silage. The predominant fungus affecting the largest numbers of bales was Penicillium roqueforti. Other fungi frequently isolated included Schizophyllum commune, Pichia fermentans and Penicillium paneum. The distribution of individual fungi on bales was associated with geographical location, weather at harvest, and lactic and butyric acid concentrations of the silage. Penicillium roqueforti and P. paneum were more common on bales harvested in dry weather and with higher concentrations of butyric and propionic acids in the silage. Overall, a high incidence of visible fungal growth was recorded on bales throughout the country and the extent of colonization and fungal species occurring were not random.  相似文献   

11.
THE USE OF PROPIONIC ACID AS AN ADDITIVE FOR MAIZE SILAGE   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Two clamps of maize silage were prepared in mid-October, one with 0·33% propionic acid applied during harvesting and one without additive. The treated silage had a peak temperature 3°C below that of the untreated silage. The estimated loss of DM during ensiling was 8% greater in the untreated silage. The stability and acceptability of the silages were tested after exposure to air. The treated silage was slightly more stable than the untreated milage and the intakes by heifers were sligbtly greater. The digestibilities of the two silages estimated in wether sheep were similar, averaging 68·6% digestible OM in the DM at maintenance level and 63·5% at a high level of feeding. The intakes and growth rates of calves and beifers oifered the two silages were also similar.  相似文献   

12.
The effect of harvest season (winter vs. summer), moisture content at baling and bale mass on hay physical quality and chemical composition of two varieties of Rhodes grass ( Chloris gayana ) was studied during bale storage. Three moisture levels (15–20%, 20–25%, 25–30%) and three bale masses (13 kg, 18 kg, 24 kg, at an equal volume) were tested in varieties Pioneer and Alimba - the most common cultivars in the Arabian Gulf region. Variety Alimba has a rougher texture with more stems and fewer leaves. This caused significantly higher water retention and consequently higher bale temperatures. In summer, bale temperatures of Alimba stored at 25–30% moisture content and 24 kg bale mass averaged 37.7°C compared with 28·2°C in variety Pioneer. Lowest dry-matter (DM) content was 793 g kg−1 and was recorded in the winter cut of variety Alimba baled at the upper moisture level (25–30%), whereas the highest was that of variety Pioneer. Lowest crude protein content was that of variety Pioneer (61 g kg DM−1). Prolonged heat build-up of some bales caused dark-brown discoloration, and, although colour variations were significant, they were not large. There was no contribution of bale mass to changes in DM content, indicating that the selected levels of bale mass in the experiment were lower than those expected to cause significant effects on hay chemical composition and nutritive value. In general, it is recommended to store Rhodes grass hay at moistures up to 30% and even higher in the summer season in the case of variety Alimba. Higher moisture contents at baling could preserve hay quality by minimizing shattering of leaves excessively dried under the prevailing hay-making conditions, especially in the variety Pioneer.  相似文献   

13.
In three separate feeding experiments using a total of thirty individually-housed Ayrshire cows three silages made from perennial ryegrass were given ad libitum together with supplements of four different hays in the long form. The in vitro D-values of the silages ranged from 0·298 to 0·283, and the hays from 0·280 to 0·200. The daily intake of hay DM varied from 0·2 to 4·2 kg per cow and was given either without or with a daily maximum of 2·2 kg concentrate DM containing 379–527 g CP per kg DM. On average, 1 kg hay DM decreased silage intake by 0·24 kg DM with a range of 0·21–1·20 kg. The hay supplements had only small and non-significant effects on total DM intake, milk yield and milk composition, but increased the daily intake of drinking water. In three behavioural studies, the eating and ruminating times expressed as min per kg DM did not differ significantly between the various supplement treatments. It is concluded that hay has only a marginal value as a supplement for grass silage, although the hay could serve as a useful 'buffer' feed if the amount of silage was limited.  相似文献   

14.
Formic acid, sodium diacetate, propionic acid and two of its ammonium salts, ammonium isobutyrate and tributyl phosphate, were examined for their antimicrobial effects with cultures of micro-organisms typical of the microflora of moist hay. The assays, which were conducted at pH 5, 6, 7 and 8, revealed that all potential preservatives discriminated against actinomycetes in particular and were least effective against fungi. In addition, it was apparent that antimicrobial properties were enhanced under slightly acid conditions and for this reason the use of mixtures of organic acids and salts in commercial hay preservatives is justified. Tributyl phosphate not only had the strongest antimicrobial properties of the compounds tested but was also the least affected by pH.  相似文献   

15.
Summary Pot and field experiments were carried out to test fertilizer treatments on the behaviour of potato tubers stores at 4°C and ≥90% relative humidity for 6 months. Weight losses (separated into water and dry matter) were enhanced after N and K fertilization and decreased by increasing P supply. Glucose and fructose contents were reduced at harvest by high N-fertilizer rates compared to no or low fertilization, but throughout storage reducing sugar accumulation was increased, sucrose reduction was decreased and ascorbic acid was increased. K fertilization affected the chemical composition of the tubers somewhat similar to that of nitrogen fertilization. High initial nitrate content of the tubers seemed to be increased and low nitrate values were decreased during storage. The tubers from pot experiments showed similar changes but of greater magnitude.  相似文献   

16.
The fermentation quality of small‐bale silage and haylage for feeding to horses in Sweden, and using a conventional high‐density hay baler, was investigated in two experiments. Treatments studied were use of additives (inoculants containing lactic acid bacteria and a chemical additive consisting of hexamethylenetetramine, sodium nitrate, sodium benzoate and sodium propionate), the influence of dry‐matter (DM) content of wilted herbage and the effect of number of stretch film layers on fermentation pattern and aerobic stability. All silages and haylages were made from predominantly Timothy swards and were well fermented as indicated by low levels of ammonia and butyric acid. Values of pH were higher and concentrations of organic acids were lower in haylages than in the silages. This was not considered to be indicative of a poor fermentation in the haylage but of a restricted fermentation due to the high DM content of the herbage. The additives enhanced aerobic storage stability because of inhibition of mould growth. The only statistically significant effect of varying the number of stretch film layers was a higher content of CO2 inside the bales when ten layers of stretch film were applied compared with six layers.  相似文献   

17.
An experiment investigating changes in fermentation variables and microbial composition during storage of small‐bale silage and haylage was performed. Haylage was defined as silage with a dry‐matter (DM) content exceeding 500 g kg?1. Grass was wilted to three different DM contents, and baled into silage (350 g DM kg?1), haylage with a low DM content (550 g kg?1) and haylage with high DM content (700 g kg?1) in small rectangular‐shaped bales (0·80 m × 0·48 m × 0·36 m) that were individually wrapped. Bales were stored for short (2 months) or long (14 months) periods before opening and sampling. Silage had higher concentrations of fermentation products and a lower pH than either of the two haylage types. In general, long‐term storage influenced all fermentation variables except concentrations of butyric acid and succinic acid, and yeast counts were higher after 14 months than 2 months of storage. However, silage changed in more fermentation variables during storage than the two haylage types. Although differences between short‐ and long‐term stored silage were found, linear correlations between short‐ and long‐term stored bales were present for all chemical variables. Pearson's correlation coefficients were highest for lactic acid, followed by pH.  相似文献   

18.
Indigenous non-refrigerated methods like heaps and pits are used in India for short-term storage of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) to avoid distress sale. Storing untreated potatoes generally results in high losses from sprouting, moisture loss and rotting. To reduce storage losses by inhibition of sprouting and to determine the suitability of stored potatoes for processing into crisps, a single spray application of a commercial formulation of 3-chlorophenyl carbamate (CIPC or chlorpropham) 50% a.i., (Oorja, United Phosphorus Limited, Mumbai, India) of CIPC (or chlorpropham) was tested on potatoes during storage from March to June under two traditional storage methods [heap (17–33 °C, 58–92% relative humidity (RH)) and pit (17–27 °C, 72–95% RH)] in 2 years [2005 up to 90 days of storage (DOS) and 2006 up to 105 DOS], using four cultivars and two rates of CIPC application (20 and 30 mg a.i. kg−1 tubers). The two rates of application were comparably effective in reducing weight losses, sprouting and sprout growth in stored tubers, and the effect was more pronounced in pit storage than in heap storage. By contrast to untreated tubers, CIPC-treated potatoes remained turgid under the two storage methods and fetched market prices comparable to those for cold-stored (2–4 °C) potatoes after 105 days of storage. Reducing sugar concentrations in treated potatoes decreased during storage especially in 2006 when the initial reducing sugar concentration was higher than in 2005. Crisp colour improved only in 2005 after 90 DOS, but it deteriorated in 2006 during storage up to 105 DOS. Sucrose concentration increased tremendously during storage in 2 years. Only one cultivar (Kufri Chipsona-1) with low initial reducing sugar concentration and less sucrose accumulation during storage could produce acceptable colour crisps after storage in both years. The remaining three cultivars—with high initial reducing sugar concentration—were suitable for processing after storage in heap and pit in 2005, but not in 2006. Stored potatoes were safe for human consumption as the CIPC residue concentrations were far below the permissible level of 10 mg kg−1 as prescribed by the European Union. Single spray application of CIPC (20 mg kg−1 treatment) can effectively reduce storage losses in potatoes stored in traditional non-refrigerated methods of heap and pit and extend the storage life by 90 to 105 days.  相似文献   

19.
Data from thirty-three experiments conducted at three ADAS Experimental Husbandry Farms were used to compare unwilted non-additive-treated silage with silage treated with formic acid, a formalin and formic-acid mixture, a calcium-formate and sodium-nitrite mixture, a formalin and sulphuric-acid mixture and wilted silage made without or with formic acid or a formalin and formic-acid mixture.
Formic acid significantly reduced pH and wilting significantly increased silage pH compared with other treatments. Formalin-acid mixtures significantly reduced pH compared with untreated silage. Formic acid in conjunction with formalin or wilting significantly increased water-soluble carbohydrate in silage compared with other treatments except wilting. Formic acid either alone or combined with either formalin or wilting significantly reduced silage butyric acid content compared with other treatments. Formic acid treatment either alone or combined with formalin significantly increased lactic acid as a proportion of total silage acids compared with other treatments except sulphuric acid-formalin.
All treatments significantly increased silage dry matter (DM) intake compared with untreated silage and intakes of wilted silage were significantly greater than of unwilted silage. Daily liveweight gains on all treatments were significantly higher than on untreated silage.
Herbage water-soluble carbohydrate necessary for successful preservation as silage without additive use was approximately 30 g (kg DM)−1 and with additives containing formic acid it was approximately 25 g (kg DM)−1.
It is suggested that formic acid application to unwilted silage either alone or in conjuction with formalin was the best treatment for improving subsequent preservation as silage, and that animal performance was enhanced by addition of acid-formalin additives to unwilted herbage or formic-acid application to unwilted or wilted herbage.  相似文献   

20.
The dry-matter intake of silage was increased when the silage had a higher dry-matter content and when the time of access to the silage was increased from 3 to 24 h. Concentrate supplementation had a greater influence in depressing the intake of hay than that of silage. Only a small difference was observed in the replacement of hay by concentrates when the concentrates were given with two hays of different dry-matter digestibility. Concentrates with a relatively high protein content depressed roughage intake to a lesser extent than concentrates with a low protein content.  相似文献   

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