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1.
Freshly deposited stream sediments from six urban centres of the Ganga Plain were collected and analysed for heavy metals to obtain a general scenery of sediment quality. The concentrations of heavy metals varied within a wide range for Cr (115–817), Mn (440–1 750), Fe (28 700–61 100), Co (11.7–29.0), Ni (35–538), Cu (33–1 204), Zn (90–1 974), Pb (14–856) and Cd (0.14–114.8) in mg kg-1. Metal enrichment factors for the stream sediments were <1.5 for Mn, Fe and Co; 1.5–4.1 for Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb; and 34 for Cd. The anthropogenic source in metals concentrations contributes to 59% Cr, 49% Cu, 52% Zn, 51% Pb and 77% Cd. High positive correlation between concentrations of Cr/Ni, Cr/Cu, Cr/Zn, Ni/Zn, Ni/Cu, Cu/Zn, Cu/Cd, Cu/Pb, Fe/Co, Mn/Co, Zn/Cd, Zn/Pb and Cd/Pb indicate either their common urban origin or their common sink in the stream sediments. The binding capacity of selected metals to sediment carbon and sulphur decreases in order of Zn > Cu > Cr > Ni and Cu > Zn > Cr > Ni, respectively. Stream sediments from Lucknow, Kanpur, Delhi and Agra urban centres have been classified by the proposed Sediment Pollution Index as highly polluted to dangerous sediments. Heavy metal analysis in the <20-μm-fraction of stream sediments appears to be an adequate method for the environmental assessment of urbanisation activities on alluvial rivers. The present study reveals that urban centres act as sources of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd and cause metallic sediment pollution in rivers of the Ganga Plain.  相似文献   

2.
三峡库区耕地重金属分布特征初步研究   总被引:23,自引:2,他引:23  
通过对三峡重庆库区16个市、县(区)旱地和水田土样分析、统计、评价,研究了库区耕地土壤主要重金属元素分布特征。结果表明,库区耕地土壤有不同程度污染,重金属As、Cd、Cu、Ni的含量均有超标,Cd有最大超标;旱地土壤重金属含量略高于水田,紫色土略高于黄壤,各采样点重金属含量差异大;重金属元素Cd、Pb、Cu、As、Zn间存在极显著正相关,土壤污染有复合污染趋势;主要淹水区县土壤环境质量评价结果显示,仅巫山县污染综合指数评价为中污染,主城区、开县为轻微污染,涪陵区、长寿区、奉节县为警戒级,其余为安全级;耕地土壤中重金属元素均未超过土壤环境基本容量,能够保证作物品质和农业持续发展。同时对三峡库区耕地重金属淹水和非点源污染进行风险分析,指出库区开展淹水重金属形态与非点源污染输出研究意义.  相似文献   

3.
Fischer  K.  Bipp  H.-P. 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2002,138(1-4):271-288
Aqueous solutions of the natural chelatingagents D-gluconic acid and D-glucaric acid (D[+]-saccharic acid) were tested for their ability to remove heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu,Ni, Pb, Zn) from a soil polluted by long-term application of sewage sludge. Batch equilibrium experiments were performed undervariation of fundamental process parameters, i.e. pH value, sugaracid concentration, batch solution volume, solid:liquid ratioand number of treatment cycles.The extractability of heavy metals was low under near-neutral andslightly basic pH conditions. It increased drastically between pH12.0 and 13.0. Pb and Cu were preferentially extracted metals.Compared with the extraction efficiency of pH adequate puresodium hydroxide solutions, the sugar acids enhanced thesolubilisation of Pb and Cr especially. The metal depletion fromsoil was the highest when applying 20 or 50 g L-1 solutionsof the chelating agents. Under strongly basic conditions solid:liquid ratios of 1:10 or 1:20 were proofed to be advantageous.Except Ni, multi-step extraction improved the metal removalstrongly. This effect was the greatest for Cr extraction. Underoptimised conditions the following metal extraction degrees wereachieved with strongly alkaline D-gluconic acid solutions: Ni 43%%, Cr 60%%, Cd 63%%,Zn 70%%, Pb 80%%, and Cu 84%%.  相似文献   

4.
Sorption of Cd at low concentrations onto 12 Danish soils (coarse sands to sandy loams) was studied with respect to competitive effects of other heavy metals by means of laboratory batch experiments. Both a mixture of Ni, Co, and Zn and of Cr, Cu, and Pb effectively reduced the sorption of Cd onto the soils. The employed mixtures of competing heavy metals were considered to resemble moderately polluted conditions. Cadmium distribution coefficients were reduced 2 to 14 times due to competition, but at constant concentrations of competing heavy metals the shape of Cd isotherms was not affected. The effect of Ni, Co, and Zn, which like Cd is primarily governed in soil environments by sorption, was also studied individually. Apparently Zn, which is present in relatively higher concentrations than Ni and Co, accounts for most of the observed competition with Cd.  相似文献   

5.
【目的】高校校园地表灰尘重金属污染关系到师生健康,探究其地表灰尘重金属环境风险,可为高校校园管理提供数据支持。【方法】采集开封市某高校校园内外地表灰尘52个样品,测定样品中重金属镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、铜(Cu)、镍(Ni)、铅(Pb)和锌(Zn)的含量,使用地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法分析重金属的污染程度和生态风险。【结果】高校地表灰尘重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn平均含量分别为1.05、88.36、47.04、29.76、68.72和328.87 mg kg-1,其中Cd和Zn含量分别为当地灰尘背景值的3.49倍和4.26倍。地积累指数分析表明,地表灰尘重金属污染指数平均值由高到低依次为Zn> Cd> Pb> Cu> Cr> Ni,其中Zn与Cd处于偏中度污染,Pb,Cu和Cr处于轻度污染,Ni处于无污染状态。潜在生态风险评价表明,高校地表灰尘中6种重金属综合潜在生态风险指数为144.53,属于“轻微”生态风险等级,其中Cd是该高校地表灰尘中最主要的生态风险影响因子。正定矩阵因子分析法(PMF)表明,Cr和Ni主要来...  相似文献   

6.
云南滇池沉积物中重金属的形态分布特征   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
Fractionation of heavy metals in sediments can help in understanding potential hazards of heavy metals. The present study analyzed total concentrations and fractions of selected heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn) in surface sediments from Dianchi Lake, Yunnan Province, China, as well as factors that may affect distributions of the various heavy metal fractions. Total concentrations of the heavy metals decreased in the order Zn 〉 Cu 〉 Pb 〉 Cr 〉 Cd. These heavy metals, except Cr, were much higher than their background levels, indicating that Dianchi Lake was polluted by Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cu. Cadmium occurred mainly as the non-residual fraction (sum of the HOAc-soluble, reducible, and oxidizable fractions) (97.6%), and Zn (55.7%) was also predominantly found in the non-residual fraction. In contrast, most of the Cr (88.5%), Pb (81.8%), and Cu (59.2%) occurred in the residual fraction. Correlation analysis showed that total heavy metal concentrations, organic matter and reducible Fe were the main factors affecting the distributions of the various heavy metal fractions. In the Walhai section of Dianchi Lake (comprising 97% of the lake area), the concentrations of Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cu in the non-residual fraction were significantly lower (P ≤ 0.01 or 0.05) than those of the Caohal section (3% of the lake area). This indicated that potential heavy metal hazards in the Caohai section were greater than the Waihai section.  相似文献   

7.
泉州走马埭典型土壤重金属的赋存形态分析   总被引:5,自引:3,他引:2  
何园  王宪  陈丽丹  郑盛华  蔡真珍 《土壤》2007,39(2):257-262
采用改进的Tessier连续萃取方法研究了泉州走马埭国家农田示范保护区典型土壤中重金属(Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb)的化学形态分布,通过土壤重金属的赋存形态分析比较了6种重金属的生物可利用性。研究结果表明,土壤中不同重金属元素化学形态分布具有不同的特点:Cr和Ni主要以残渣态存在,其余形态所占的比例很小;Cu以残渣态含量最高,碳酸盐结合态含量最低;Zn以残渣态为主,可交换态含量最低;Cd以可交换态和碳酸盐结合态为主,水溶态含量最低;Pb以残渣态和铁锰氧化物结合态为主,水溶态含量最低。土壤中除Cd外,Zn、Cu、Cr、Pb、Ni在正常自然条件下相对比较稳定。  相似文献   

8.
为了解粉煤灰充填复垦土壤重金属污染情况,通过实地试验与现场采样化验相结合的方法,对复垦时间不同的粉煤灰复垦土壤里砷(As)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、汞(Hg)、铅(Pb)、铜(Cu)、硒(Se)、锌(Zn)、、镍(Ni)和氟(F)等重金属和微量元素含量的时空变异性进行了研究。结果发现:以土壤本底值作为评价标准时,粉煤灰充填复垦土壤整体处于受污染状态。其中,表层复垦土壤受到Cd、Se、Zn、F 4种元素污染较重;粉煤灰充填复垦土壤适合旱作,不适合用作水田;随着复垦时间的增加,表层复垦土壤的污染指数呈递增趋势。  相似文献   

9.
矿产资源开采造成了严重的重金属污染,为选择合理植被恢复模式以修复土壤重金属污染,以淄博市四宝山破坏山体不同植被恢复模式为对象,测定土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾质量分数,pH值等主要化学性质,土壤多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、脲酶活性和Cu、Zn、Cd等7种重金属质量分数,分析不同植被恢复模式对土壤重金属质量分数及土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明:1)实验区土壤中重金属Zn轻度污染,Cu和Cd重度污染,其他重金属均不构成污染;2)各人工植被恢复模式土壤重金属质量分数均低于灌草丛的,其中黑松林对土壤Cu、Cd的修复效果最好,侧柏林对土壤Zn的修复效果最好;3)土壤重金属全量在垂直分布上规律复杂,有效量均表现为下层高于上层,土壤有效Cu、有效Zn、有效Cd下层比上层依次高9.24%~18.94%、0.97%~20.09%和5.48%~35.51%;4)在影响土壤酶活性的各种因素中,破坏山体土壤重金属有效量与土壤化学性质的影响最为明显,处于同等重要的地位.本研究发现,Cu、Zn、Cd均对4种土壤酶活性表现出了抑制作用,建议用土壤多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶活性作为破坏山体土壤重金属Cu污染的评价指标.  相似文献   

10.
城市化、工业化和农业集约化的发展影响着土壤环境和健康质量。本研究以位于长江三角洲地区的江苏省太仓市为典型区,采用地统计学方法对其耕层土壤中Cd、Cr、Cu、M、Hg、Pb、Zn和As等8种重金属结构特征和空间分布格局进行了分析,并用模糊数学法综合评价了土壤重金属的污染程度,结果表明:太仓市表层土壤Zn、Cu属强变异强度,呈对数正态分布;Cd、Ni、Hg、As、Cr和Pb属中等变异强度,呈正态分布。除Cd、Cr和Pb略低于背景值外,其他重金属均高于其背景值,其中以As污染指数和超标率最高。土壤重金属复合污染严重,模糊综合评价污染结果为一级。通过半方差函数模型拟合发现Hg、Cd符合球状模型,其他重金属均符合指数模型,8种重金属元素在一定范围内均存在空间相关性。采用Kriging最优内插法得到了耕层土壤重金属含量的空间分布图,发现土壤重金属含量与母质、土壤质地、有机质含量以及工业化、城市化和农业集约化程度密切相关。  相似文献   

11.
以江苏昆山市为典型区,对长三角地区土壤盐酸可提取态重金属含量的结构特征进行分析,得出该区盐酸可提取态重金属的空间分布格局并揭示了引起这种分布格局的成因和污染来源,结果表明:昆山市盐酸可提取态Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Hg属强变异,Ni和Co为中等变异。半方差函数模型拟合表明所有盐酸可提取态重金属元素均符合球状模型,8种重金属元素在一定范围内均存在空间相关性。采用Kriging最优内插法得到了盐酸可提取态重金属含量的空间分布格局,表明土壤盐酸可提取态重金属含量与工业活动、污水灌溉和大气降尘密切相关。通过主成分分析与地统计学相结合的方法,得出该区盐酸可提取态重金属由4个主成分构成,第一主成分为Cd、Cu、Pb、Cr和Zn,决定这一成分的主要因素为工业污水灌溉、大气降尘和元素地球化学特征;第二主成分为Ni,决定这一成分的主要因素为土壤内部因子;第三主成分为Hg,该成分主要受工业点源污染的影响;第四主成分为Co,该成分可能主要受地形影响。  相似文献   

12.
工业区周边农田重金属污染评价及来源分析   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
以新疆北疆某工业区周边农田土壤为研究对象,采集0~20 cm土壤样品254个,测定了Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Hg、Pb、Cd共8种重金属含量。运用相关性分析和主成分分析探讨工业区周边农田土壤重金属的来源,运用GS+进行数据拟合,选取最佳模型,再进行克里格插值分析重金属的空间分布格局。结果表明,Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Hg、Pb和Cd的含量分别为45.00、28.53、55.66、73.57、13.39、2.17、15.38和0.50 mg kg~(-1)。测量的金属除Cr之外均超过土壤的背景值,只有Hg处于中度污染,其余元素都处于非污染,而研究区综合潜在生态风险程度为严重型。重金属空间分布表明,Ni、Zn、As、Hg和Pb在东部和南部含量较高。来源分析表明,Hg来源受研究区内工业活动的影响;Cr、Ni、Zn和Cd主要来自于化肥、农药和地膜等农业活动和土壤母质的共同作用;As、Hg和Pb主要来源是受研究区内工业活动的影响。  相似文献   

13.
贵阳市城区土壤重金属分布特征及污染评价   总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12  
王济  张浩  曾希柏  白玲玉 《土壤》2010,42(6):928-934
调查了贵阳市不同功能区表层土壤中重金属含量及其分布特征,以基线为参比值,采用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对重金属的潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,贵阳市城区土壤重金属(Hg、Cd、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn)主要来源于工业、交通以及燃煤等活动,其平均含量分别为0.108、0.320、20.53、22.17、35.71、64.87、48.65、217.90mg/kg,除Cr外,均显著高于相应基线。工矿区土壤中Pb、Zn含量显著高于其他功能区(p0.05)。Hg和Cd是主要的生态危害因子,其污染已达强生态危害水平,其余均显示为轻微生态危害水平;不同功能区土壤重金属污染均已达强生态危害水平,且污染程度依次是:商务区工矿区文教区居民区城市绿地交通区。  相似文献   

14.
以北京市土壤重金属背景值为标准,对比分析了农业土壤中Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Ph、Hg 8种重金属的含量及累积情况,并采用单因子污染指数法和综合污染指数法进行了土壤重金属污染评价。结果表明,北京市农业土壤存在着一定的Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Cd累积趋势,其含量的平均值分别为53.61、21.95、65.42、9.14、0.125mg·kg^-1,比相应的背景值高79.9%、17.4%、13.8%、28.9%、5.0%;Ni和Pb的累积则不明显,平均值比相应的背景值低7.9%、29.2%,分别为24.84和19.04mg·kg^-1;而Hg含量的平均值与背景值一致,为0.08mg·kg^-1。从单因子评价结果来说,Cr污染指数在1.06-2.93之间,所有的样点都处于轻度或中度污染状态;As、Cu、Zn、Cd的污染指数相对较小,平均值分别为1.29、1.17、1.13、1.05,有50%以上的样点处于轻度污染状态;而Ni、Ph、Hg的污染指数均小于1,有60%以上的样点处于清洁或尚清洁状态,污染较轻。若从综合评价结果来说,综合污染指数处于0.96~2.16之间,平均值为1.45,几乎所有的土壤样点都属于轻度污染状态。  相似文献   

15.
福建沿海农田土壤重金属污染与潜在生态风险研究   总被引:10,自引:1,他引:9  
分析了取自福建沿海农田185件表层土壤样品的重金属含量与分布特征,采用连续提出的方法研究重金属元素的赋存状态。结果表明福建沿海稻田土壤中的Hg、Cd、As、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn和Pb的平均含量分别为0.41mgkg-1、0.20mgkg-1、6.62mgkg-1、35.65mgkg-1、12.7mgkg-1、128.39mgkg-1、109.65mgkg-1和63.56mgkg-1。相对于区域土壤背景值与国家土壤环境质量标准,污染较突出的元素是Hg和Cd。有46%样品中的Hg含量高于土壤质量的Ⅱ标准值,有13%的样品的Cd高于土壤质量的Ⅱ标准值。Hg高含量的样品主要分布福州、漳州等城镇等附近,同时它在土壤中主要以有机结合态的形式存在,土壤中Hg含量的升高可能主要来自于后期污染的叠加。Cd高含量的样品的分布则较分散,并不都集中在工业活动区,同时它在土壤中是以残渣态和铁锰氧化物态的形式存在,说明其高含量可能更多是受到成土母质的地球化学背景影响。农田土壤中的Hg和Cd具有较高的生态风险。该区主要是栽种水稻,而水稻对Cd具有强吸收的特性,土壤酸化还会促进Cd的吸收。本区土壤呈酸性,所以Cd污染可能导致大米的食品安全应引起足够重视。  相似文献   

16.
The adsorption characteristics of heavy metals: cadmium(II), chromium(III), copper(II), nickel(II), lead(II), and zinc(II) ions by kaolin (kaolinite) and ballclay (illite) from Thailand were studied. This research was focussed on the pH, adsorption isotherms of single-metal solutions at 30–60 °C by batch experiments, and on ion selectivityin mixed and binary combination solutions. It was found that, except Ni, metal adsorption increased with increased pH of the solutions and their adsorption followed both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Adsorption of metals in the mixture solutions by kaolin was: Cr > Zn > Cu ≈ Cd ≈ Ni > Pb, and for ballclay was: Cr > Zn > Cu > Cd ≈ Pb > Ni. The adsorption of metals was endothermic, with the exception of Cd, Pb and Zn for kaolin, Cu and Zn for ballclay. Kaolin and ballclay exhibited relatively hard Lewis base adsorption site. The presence of other metals may reduce or promote the adsorption of heavy metals. The presence of Cr3+ induced the greatest reduction of metal adsorptiononto kaolin, as did the presence of Cu2+ for ballclay.  相似文献   

17.
水体沉积物是重金属元素的重要载体,其含量高低能反映水环境质量现状。采集滇池内湖滨带沉积物样品,分析了滇池内湖滨带表层沉积物中Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni、Fe、Mn 8种重金属元素含量特征,并用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法评价其生态危害,旨在为合理预防和治理滇池内湖滨带的重金属污染以及内湖滨带生态系统的修复提供基础资料。结果表明,与“全国土壤环境质量标准”对比,表层沉积物中主要是Cd、Cu、Zn超标,重金属污染强度总体上是草海>外海。不同重金属间的相关性分析结果表明,Cu-Cd之间呈极显著相关,说明这两种元素污染源可能相同,几种污染重金属与胶体矿物元素Fe、Mn间的相关性不大,说明在所调查沉积物中,Fe/Mn氧化物或氢氧化物共沉淀或吸附Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni元素量较少。由潜在生态风险评价结果可知,滇池内湖滨带表层沉积物已具极强生态危害,各重金属对滇池内湖滨带生态风险影响程度由高到低依次为:Cd〉Cu〉Pb〉Ni〉Zn≈Cr。  相似文献   

18.
通过盆栽实验,以小白菜(上海青)、大白菜和萝卜为指示作物,研究了酸雨作用下Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd,Cr和Ni复合污染物在土壤-作物系统中的吸收与富集情况。结果表明,酸雨-重金属复合污染处理使Cu,Pb,Cr和Ni在蔬菜中积累量明显高于对照处理;Zn和Cd一般只有在复合污染处理中外源Zn或Cd含量较高时才明显高于对照处理。与对照相比,酸雨-重金属复合污染处理使Pb和Ni的富集系数增大,Cu的富集系数多数情况下增大,Cd的富集系数多数情况下减小,Zn和Cr富集系数的变化在不同蔬菜之间存在较明显的差异;重金属在不同蔬菜中的富集系数一般表现为萝卜>上海青>大白菜,蔬菜中不同重金属富集系数一般表现为Zn>Cd>Ni>Cu>Pb>Cr。酸雨-重金属复合污染条件下蔬菜中重金属积累量与其在土壤中总量之间的相关性均达到显著或极显著水平。以大宗蔬菜上海青、大白菜和萝卜为指示作物对酸雨地区蔬菜地中重金属的健康风险基准进行了估算,这对开展酸雨地区土壤重金属环境容量评价、重金属污染修复目标及地方性土壤环境质量标准的制订提供了参考依据。  相似文献   

19.
Heavy metal content of roots and shoots of vines (Vitis vinifera L.) after fertilization with garbage-sewage-sludge-compost The enrichment of Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Co, Ni and Cr from garbage-sewage-sludge-compost in vineyard soils, vines and must was studied in field-and pot-experiments. The following results were obtained: 1. In a field experiment, in which garbage-sewage-sludge-compost was applied, a marked soil enrichment of Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd and Cr was found. It was most evident at the 0–20 cm depth but also obvious at the 40–60 cm depth thus indicating downward migration. The soil was not enriched with Co and Ni. The heavy metal content of leaves, berries and must of riesling vines did not increase on the plots treated with garbage-sewage-sludge-compost. 2. In a pot trial, using an acid and an alkaline soil each mixed with garbage-sewage-sludge-compost, it was observed that only the uptake of Zn and Cu increased into the leaves, tendrils and wood of the riesling cuttings. In relation to the content of the substrate, the heavy metals were detected in the roots percentually in the following order: Cu, Cd > Zn > > Pb, Co, Ni, Cr The root contents were mostly substantially higher than those of the shoot. The migration from root to shoot decreased in the following percentual order: Zn > Cu > Cd, Pb 3. The heavy metal content decreased considerably from the roots to the upper plant organs. This was reflected in low concentrations of heavy metals in the vine must.  相似文献   

20.
[目的]了解潍坊市土壤重金属污染现状及其在空间上的分布规律,为该区土壤重金属污染防治和农业生产的合理安排提供指导。[方法]在土壤重金属污染调查的基础上,以ArcGIS为操作平台,采用地质积累指数分析潍坊市土壤重金属污染状况,并绘制空间分布图。[结果]潍坊市大部分地区土壤重金属未产生污染,但在某些地区镍的污染等级达到3级;8种重金属污染程度依次为:HgNiZnCrPbCdCuAs;土壤中Cd,Ni,Pb,Hg受土壤质地影响,Cd,Ni,Pb易在砂土中富集,Hg易在黏土中富集;重金属元素浓度与土壤pH值相关性较差;Hg的浓度与土壤有机质有着非常显著的正相关关系(p0.01);Ni污染存在着复合现象;重金属元素中,Cu,Cr,Ni在空间的分布主要集中于青州—临朐—昌乐交界处和安丘—诸城交界处。[结论]土壤重金属污染分布与人类活动有关,应加强地区交界处的环境管理力度。  相似文献   

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